Deck 22: B: Physiology of the Cardiovascular System

Question 1

Which of the following is not a mechanism that increases blood volume and therefore venous return of blood to the heart?

A) Antidiuretic hormone
B) Aldosterone
C) Atrial natriuretic hormone
D) Renin-angiotensin mechanism

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The primary fluid flow principle of circulation is based on all of the following except a fluid:

A) flows only when a pressure gradient is absent.
B) does not flow when the pressure is the same in all parts of it.
C) flows only when its pressure is higher in one area than in another.
D) flows always from its higher-pressure area toward its lower-pressure area.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The first heart sound heard,or the "lub" sound,is caused by the _____ and the _____ valves closing.

A) ventricles contracting; AV
B) atria contracting; SL
C) atria contracting; SL
D) ventricles relaxing; AV

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Cardiac output is determined by the:

A) return of blood to the heart and the heart rate.
B) strength of contraction of the left ventricle.
C) stroke volume and heart rate.
D) systolic discharge and stroke volume.

Question 5

Which of the following would not cause an ectopic beat?

A) Bundle of His
B) Purkinje fibers
C) SA node
D) AV node

Question 6

The Fick formula is used for determining:

A) cardiac output.
B) blood vessel resistance.
C) mean pressure of the arteries.
D) cardiac cycle.

Question 7

Which of the following most accurately describes what is measured by an electrocardiogram?

A) Electrical conductivity
B) Number of contractions per minute
C) The speed and strength of contractions
D) Any abnormal functioning

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true regarding local control of arterioles?

A) Local vasodilation is also referred to as reactive hyperemia.
B) Nitric oxide causes vasoconstriction.
C) Endothelin causes vasodilation.
D) All of the above statements are true regarding local control of arterioles.

Question 9

All of the following will increase heart rate except:

A) sympathetic stimulation.
B) a decrease in aortic blood pressure.
C) a decrease in carotid blood pressure.
D) stimulation of cold receptors in the skin.

Question 10

A cause of a heart murmur may be:

A) incomplete closing of a valve.
B) incomplete contraction of the atria.
C) narrowing of a valve (stenosis).
D) both A and C.

Question 11

Heart sounds are made by the _____ valves.

A) closing of the AV
B) closing of the semilunar
C) movement of blood through the
D) Both A and B are correct.

Question 12

Hypokalemia can cause an increase in the size of which of the following?

A) P wave
B) QRS complex
C) T wave
D) U wave

Question 13

If the AV node were forced to assume pacemaker activity,the resulting pulse rate would be _____ beats per minutes.

A) 10 to 30
B) 20 to 40
C) 30 to 50
D) 40 to 60

Question 14

The QRS complex represents:

A) depolarization of the atria.
B) repolarization of the atria and depolarization of the ventricles.
C) depolarization of both the atria and ventricles.
D) repolarization of the ventricles.

Question 15

Which of the following factors increases heart rate?

A) Sudden, intense pain of visceral organs such as the intestines and the gallbladder
B) Stimulation of skin receptors by cold
C) Anxiety and fear
D) Grief

Question 16

Which of the following is not true of the baroreceptors?

A) They are stretch receptors.
B) They are sensitive to changes in the oxygen content of the blood.
C) They send afferent nerve impulses to the cardiac control centers.
D) They are located in the carotid sinus and the aorta.

Question 17

Peripheral resistance is affected primarily by:

A) the length of myocardial fibers.
B) blood viscosity and the diameter of arterioles.
C) the capacity of the blood reservoirs.
D) elasticity of the heart.

Question 18

An increase in heart rate tends to increase:

A) cardiac output.
B) arterial blood volume.
C) blood pressure.
D) all of the above.

Question 19

Which of the following is not a true statement about cardiac output?

A) It can be calculated by dividing the stroke volume by the heart rate.
B) It is the amount of blood that flows out of a ventricle per unit of time.
C) In can be computed by using Fick's Formula.
D) All of the above are true statements about cardiac output.

Question 20

The normal pattern of impulse conduction through the heart is:

A) AV node, SA node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers.
B) AV node, SA node, Purkinje fibers, and bundle of His.
C) SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibers, and bundle of His.
D) SA node, AV node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers.

Question 21

The blood in the subclavian vein of the chest had a P₁ of 15 mm Hg.For the blood to flow back to the heart,the P₂ in the superior vena cava:

A) would have to be greater than 25.
B) would have to be between 15 and 25.
C) would have to be less than 15.
D) could be at any value.

Question 22

Which artery in the arm is used for measuring blood pressure?

A) Brachial
B) Radial
C) Ulnar
D) Axillary

Question 23

Which of the following arteries is not one of the six major pressure points used to stop arterial bleeding?

A) Brachial
B) Femoral
C) Subclavian
D) Axillary

Question 24

Which of the following events would tend to cause a decrease in blood viscosity?

A) An increase in red blood cell count
B) Marked anemia
C) An increase in blood protein concentration
D) Both A and C

Question 25

Which of the following blood vessels has the largest total cross-sectional area?

A) Capillary
B) Aorta
C) Vena cava
D) Arteriole

Question 26

A decrease in total plasma volume results from the _____ mechanism.

A) atrial natriuretic hormone
B) antidiuretic hormone
C) renin-angiotensin
D) aldosterone

Question 27

On an ECG,the T wave represents:

A) depolarization of the atria.
B) repolarization of the atria.
C) depolarization of the ventricles.
D) repolarization of the ventricles.

Question 28

The pulse in the neck is felt over which artery?

A) Temporal
B) Common carotid
C) Esophageal
D) Vertebral

Question 29

Depolarization of the ventricles is:

A) clearly depicted by the QRS complex.
B) masked by the massive ventricular depolarization.
C) masked by the massive ventricular repolarization.
D) none of the above.

Question 30

A collection of mechanisms that influence the circulation of the blood is the definition for:

A) baroreceptors.
B) hemodynamics.
C) minute volume.
D) the Fick law.

Question 31

The greatest resistance to blood flow occurs in the:

A) arteries.
B) arterioles.
C) venules.
D) capillaries.

Question 32

Peripheral resistance to blood flow comes about because of:

A) friction between the blood cells and vessel walls.
B) an increase in "arteriole runoff."
C) constriction of the veins at the end of the capillary bed.
D) both A and C.

Question 33

Vasomotor control mechanisms influence:

A) diameter of capillaries.
B) stroke volume.
C) cardiac output.
D) diameter of arterioles.

Question 34

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Stimulation by the vagus nerve slows the heart rate.
B) Stimulation by the cardiac nerve slows the heart rate.
C) Parasympathetic stimulation occurs through the cardiac nerve.
D) Both B and C are true.

Question 35

Which part of the QRS complex represents the repolarization of the atria?

A) Q wave
B) R wave
C) S wave
D) None of the above

Question 36

Minute volume is equal to the:

A) central venous pressure divided by the resistance.
B) mean arterial pressure divided by the central venous pressure.
C) pressure gradient divided by the resistance.
D) difference between the mean arterial pressure and the resistance, divided by the central venous pressure.

Question 37

The pulse in the wrist is felt over which artery?

A) Radial
B) Brachial
C) Ulnar
D) Axillary

Question 38

When you take a blood pressure reading,the first sound that you hear (top reading)is the:

A) systolic sound, indicating the relaxation of the ventricles.
B) systolic sound, indicating the contraction of the ventricles.
C) diastolic reading, indicating the contraction of the atria.
D) diastolic sound, indicating the relaxation of the ventricles.

Question 39

The best description of pulse pressure is the:

A) pressure of blood against artery walls during ventricular systole.
B) pressure of blood against artery walls during ventricular diastole.
C) pressure of blood against artery walls during atrial systole.
D) difference between the systolic and the diastolic blood pressures.

Question 40

Which of the following is not part of the vasomotor control mechanism?

A) The vasoconstrictor center in the medulla
B) Sympathetic stimulation of smooth muscles surrounding the resistance vessels
C) Sympathetic stimulation of the heart to increase cardiac output
D) All of the above are part of the vasomotor control mechanism.

Question 41

The period between the filling of the ventricles and the opening of the semilunar valves is called:

A) atrial systole.
B) isovolumetric ventricular contraction.
C) isovolumetric ventricular relaxation.
D) passive ventricular filling.

Question 42

Which of the following is not a means by which venous blood is returned to the heart?

A) The semilunar valves in the vein
B) Respiration, which reduces pressure in the thorax and increases pressure in the abdomen
C) The contraction of skeletal muscles pushing blood through the veins
D) All the above are means by which venous blood returns to the heart.

Question 43

The chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies are particularly sensitive to:

A) hypercapnia.
B) hypoxia.
C) a decrease in blood pH.
D) an increase in the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood.

Question 44

Which of the following is true of the conduction system of the heart?

A) It is made of cardiac muscle.
B) It is made of nervous tissue.
C) It continues its contractile roll even while conducting an impulse.
D) Both A and C are true of the conduction system of the heart.

Question 45

Atrial systole causes blood to:

A) leave the heart.
B) move through the semilunar valves.
C) move through the cuspid valves.
D) do both A and B.

Question 46

Blood in the veins of which organ is not considered part of the "blood reservoir" system?

A) Skin
B) Skeletal muscle
C) Spleen
D) Liver

Question 47

Circulatory shock caused by an acute allergic reaction is called _____ shock.

A) cardiogenic
B) hypovolemic
C) anaphylactic
D) septic

Question 48

Match each part of the conduction system of the heart to the description of its location or function.
a.Interatrial bundles
b.Atrioventricular node
c.Sinoatrial node
d.Purkinje fibers
e.Bundles of His
f.Internodal bundles
branches that are at the terminal ends of the bundles of His

Question 49

Circulatory shock caused by a drop in the amount of blood in the circulatory system is called _____ shock.

A) cardiogenic
B) hypovolemic
C) anaphylactic
D) septic

Question 50

The period between the closure of the semilunar valve and the opening of the atrioventricular valves is called:

A) atrial systole.
B) isovolumetric ventricular contraction.
C) isovolumetric ventricular relaxation.
D) passive ventricular filling.

Question 51

Which of the following factors would cause fluid to leave the blood vessel at the arterial end of the capillary?

A) High hydrostatic pressure of the blood
B) High hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid
C) High colloid pressure of the plasma proteins
D) All of the above

Question 52

Circulatory shock caused by the effects of infectious agents is called _____ shock.

A) cardiogenic
B) hypovolemic
C) anaphylactic
D) septic

Question 53

The effect of what substance is to increase the total blood volume?

A) ADH
B) ANH
C) Aldosterone
D) Both A and C

Question 54

Which of the following statements is not true of the cardiovascular system?

A) For the body to survive, all parts of the body must be equally supplied with blood.
B) The cardiovascular system contains much less blood than the system could hold.
C) Blood must be directed to the cells that need it most.
D) Blood must move constantly through the cardiovascular system.

Question 55

The period during which blood is pumped out of the atria and into the ventricles is called:

A) atrial systole.
B) isovolumetric ventricular contraction.
C) isovolumetric ventricular relaxation.
D) passive ventricular filling.

Question 56

When trying to stop arterial bleeding by applying pressure,why is it necessary to apply pressure between the bleeding part and the heart?

A) Because blood flows from the heart through the arteries to the injured part, pressure placed between the heart and the bleeding point cuts off the source of blood flow to that point.
B) Because blood pressure is greater in the arteries coming from the heart, pressure placed between the heart and bleeding point reduces pressure, thus cutting off the source of blood flow to that point.
C) Because venous blood pressure changes by alternate contraction and relaxation of the atria, pressure placed between the heart and bleeding point cuts off the source of venous blood flow to that point.
D) Because arterial blood pressure changes by alternate contraction and relaxation of the atria, pressure placed between the heart and bleeding point cuts off the source of arterial blood flow to that point.

Question 57

Which part of the conduction system of the heart is referred to as the pacemaker?

A) Purkinje fibers
B) Sinoatrial node
C) Atrioventricular node
D) Atrioventricular bundles

Question 58

Match each part of the conduction system of the heart to the description of its location or function.
a.Interatrial bundles
b.Atrioventricular node
c.Sinoatrial node
d.Purkinje fibers
e.Bundles of His
f.Internodal bundles
structure that is located below the atrial epicardium at its junction with the superior vena cava

Question 59

Which of the following factors would cause fluid to be reabsorbed into the blood vessel at the venous end of the capillary?

A) High hydrostatic pressure of the blood
B) High colloid pressure of the plasma proteins
C) Hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid
D) Both B and C

Question 60

Which of the following tasks must the circulation control mechanism accomplish?

A) Maintain circulation.
B) Vary the volume and distribution of the blood circulated.
C) Make sure that all cells receive the same amount of blood to maintain nutrient and oxygen levels.
D) Both A and B are correct.

Question 61

List two major factors that promote the return of venous blood to the heart.Explain how each facilitates venous return.

Question 62

Explain how a drop in blood protein can cause edema (the collection of fluid)in the tissues.

Question 63

Draw a normal ECG.Identify the physiological activity within the heart during each ECG deflection and interval.

Question 64

Match each part of the conduction system of the heart to the description of its location or function.
a.Interatrial bundles
b.Atrioventricular node
c.Sinoatrial node
d.Purkinje fibers
e.Bundles of His
f.Internodal bundles
bundles that come from the atrioventricular node

Question 65

Explain how the Starling law relates to cardiac output.

Question 66

Match each ECG wave or complex with the corresponding action in the cardiac cycle.a.QRS complex
b.P wave
c.T wave
d.U wave
atrial depolarization

Question 67

What part of the heart should serve as the normal pacemaker?

Question 68

Match each part of the conduction system of the heart to the description of its location or function.
a.Interatrial bundles
b.Atrioventricular node
c.Sinoatrial node
d.Purkinje fibers
e.Bundles of His
f.Internodal bundles
bundle that facilitates the rapid conduction to the left atrium

Question 69

Match each ECG wave or complex with the corresponding action in the cardiac cycle.a.QRS complex
b.P wave
c.T wave
d.U wave
ventricular repolarization

Question 70

Explain why a transplanted heart would beat even if the nerves to the heart were not reconnected.

Question 71

As compared with the body's own heart pacemaker,what is the major disadvantage of a mechanical pacemaker?

Question 72

Match each part of the conduction system of the heart to the description of its location or function.
a.Interatrial bundles
b.Atrioventricular node
c.Sinoatrial node
d.Purkinje fibers
e.Bundles of His
f.Internodal bundles
structure through which conduction moves most slowly

Question 73

Explain how the forces of osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure work to maintain a balance of fluid moving into and out of the capillary.

Question 74

Describe the passage of a normal impulse through the conduction systems of the heart.

Question 75

List two factors that affect peripheral resistance.Explain how these factors influence arterial blood pressure.In normal blood flow,where is the major peripheral resistance encountered?

Question 76

Explain the primary principle of circulation as related to Newton's first and second laws of motion.

Question 77

Match each part of the conduction system of the heart to the description of its location or function.
a.Interatrial bundles
b.Atrioventricular node
c.Sinoatrial node
d.Purkinje fibers
e.Bundles of His
f.Internodal bundles
bundles that carry impulses to the atrioventricular node

Question 78

What are two functions that circulation control mechanisms must accomplish?

Question 79

Match each ECG wave or complex with the corresponding action in the cardiac cycle.a.QRS complex
b.P wave
c.T wave
d.U wave
late repolarization of the Purkinje fibers,larger with hypokalemia

Question 80

Match each ECG wave or complex with the corresponding action in the cardiac cycle.a.QRS complex
b.P wave
c.T wave
d.U wave
ventricular depolarization