Deck 10: Social Psychology

Question 1

 Which of the following is a situation in which the person would likely feel dissonance?​ 

A)Jack, who loves roller coasters, decides to ride one.
B)Madge, who wants an A in a class, decides to study this weekend instead of going to the movies.
C)Tyrone, who dislikes Millie, decides not to ask her to the movies this weekend.
D)Kenitha, who loves camping, decides to go shopping instead of camping this weekend.

Answer 1

Kenitha, who loves camping, decides to go shopping instead of camping this weekend.

Question 2

 The liking or disliking we have for people,places,and things in our world are known as ____. 

A)prejudices
B)attributions
C)attitudes
D)impressions

Answer 2

attitudes

Question 3

 Operant conditioning influences the formation of attitudes through the ____. 

A)association of two stimuli leading to an emotional response
B)development of cognitive schemes
C)observation of others' behavior and the consequences they experience
D)consequences we receive for our own behaviors

Answer 3

consequences we receive for our own behaviors

Question 4

 Which condition is least likely to foster strong attitude-behavior consistency? 

A)when an attitude is difficult to retrieve from memory
B)when we are very certain about our attitude
C)when we have learned an attitude through direct experience with the attitude object
D)when the cognitive and affective (emotional) aspects of the attitude are both negative

Question 5

 Rick sees himself as athletic.He works out,eats right,and takes vitamins.According to dissonance theory,Rick is in a state of ____.​ 

A)dissonance
B)discord
C)consonance
D)harmony

Question 6

 Which statement would be most likely create a state of cognitive dissonance,as defined by social psychologists?​ 

A)believing that "honesty is the best policy," but cheating on a test
B)learning that you were right about something
C)finding out that your partner is buying you a nice anniversary present
D)wanting something particular for a birthday gift and not getting it

Question 7

 Whereas operant conditioning can influence attitudes through the power of ____,classical conditioning can influence attitudes through the power of ____.​ 

A)nature; nurture
B)consequences; association
C)feeling; thinking
D)cognition; behavior

Question 8

 Throughout his childhood,Brett saw his father watching football every Monday night.Now that Brett is an adult,he also loves football and watches it every Monday night.Which of the following best explains Brett's football watching behavior? 

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)habituation
D)observational learning

Question 9

 Cognitive dissonance is most associated with ____.​ 

A)cognitive inconsistency
B)an unchanged attitude
C)the fundamental attribution error
D)the self-serving bias

Question 10

 The attitudes that people hold tend to be ____ the attitudes held by their parents. 

A)similar to
B)more conservative than
C)more liberal than
D)the exact opposite of

Question 11

 Fran was recently treated very kindly by a man from Cuba.As a result,Fran feels at ease around people from Cuba.Fran's emotional response to Cubans is most likely the result of ____. 

A)classical conditioning
B)mere exposure
C)habituation
D)social learning

Question 12

 Cognitive consistency theories are specifically used to explain ____.​ 

A)how we come to know ourselves
B)how we resolve conflict between ourselves and others with whom we interact
C)why and when we change our attitudes
D)the steps we go through when developing logical thinking skills

Question 13

 Classical conditioning most often explains the ____ aspect of an attitude. 

A)emotional
B)cognitive
C)information

Question 14

 Cognitive dissonance theory most directly explains ____.​ 

A)attitude change as a result of external persuasion
B)conformity to a social norm
C)obedience to an authority figure
D)attitude change as a result of internal motivation

Question 15

 Psychologists who study attitude-behavior consistency point out that ____.​ 

A)men and women show great differences in this area
B)we often engage in behaviors that go against our attitudes
C)children show inconsistency between their attitudes and behaviors, but adults rarely do
D)we rarely behave inconsistently with our attitudes

Question 16

 Which of the following is an attitude? 

A)liking spinach soufflé and parsnips
B)knowing how to bake cookies
C)recognizing the color green
D)believing that El Salvador is in Central America

Question 17

 Cognitive consistency theories refer to people being ____.​ 

A)comfortable with inconsistencies between their attitudes and behavior
B)comfortable with inconsistencies between their attitudes and other attitudes
C)uncomfortable with inconsistencies between their attitudes and behaviors
D)able to model well their behaviors after the attitudes of others they observe

Question 18

 Cognitive dissonance theory is an attempt to explain ____.​ 

A)attitude inconsistency
B)behavior inconsistency
C)behavior constancy
D)attitude change

Question 19

 Raul dislikes jalapeno peppers because every time he eats them,he has acid reflux.Consequently,he does not eat them anymore.Raul's avoidance of jalapenos is most likely due to ____. 

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)habituation
D)respondent conditioning

Question 20

 The study of how people think and behave in social situations we experience is called ____. 

A)social psychology
B)social cognition
C)attitude psychology
D)group psychology

Question 21

 Attitude change that occurs in response to persuasion is said to be ____. 

A)internally caused
B)externally caused
C)long-lasting
D)short-lasting

Question 22

 The two routes to persuasion that are described in the textbook are ____.​ 

A)attitudinal and behavioral
B)central and peripheral
C)education and coercion
D)self-choice and indoctrination

Question 23

 Persuasion that occurs in response to superficial aspects of a persuasive appeal is most closely associated with the ____. 

A)central route to persuasion
B)peripheral route to persuasion
C)cognitive dissonance theory of persuasion
D)attribution model of persuasion

Question 24

 To receive extra credit in your political science class,you attend a lecture in which a politician from another state argues that her state must raise tuition to maintain their university system.According to the routes to persuasion described in the textbook,you are most likely to process the politician's arguments on the ----____ route.​ 

A)central
B)systematic
C)peripheral
D)tertiary

Question 25

 According to the American Association of Advertising Agencies Americans have as many as ____ exposures per day to persuasive messages from various sources.​ 

A)200 to 225
B)500 to 525
C)600 to 625
D)900 to 925

Question 26

 Cognitive dissonance is to ____ attitude change,as persuasion is to ____ attitude change.​ 

A)internal; external
B)temporary; permanent
C)valid; invalid
D)superficial; deep

Question 27

 According to dissonance theory,which individual should experience the greatest change in attitude? 

A)a homeless person who tells a lie to earn $5
B)a drug dealer who tells a lie to earn $500
C)a humanitarian who tells a lie to earn $20
D)a hedge fund manager who tells a lie to earn $1,000

Question 28

 Attitude change that occurs as a result of cognitive dissonance is most likely ____. 

A)short-lasting
B)long-lasting
C)externally caused
D)internally caused

Question 29

 In which venue would an attractive actor be BEST able to persuade people? 

A)on a television ad
B)giving a lecture to a college class
C)speaking at a political rally
D)when testifying in court

Question 30

 Any method that reduces or eliminates a person's state of cognitive dissonance returns that individual to a state of ____.​ 

A)disbelief
B)anxiety
C)depression
D)consonance

Question 31

 A person who is trying to persuade another person will be most persuasive if the ____.​ 

A)other person is aware that the persuader is trying to persuade
B)persuader is of average attractiveness
C)persuader is not necessarily an expert on the issue
D)persuader gives both sides of the argument

Question 32

 When you listen to an advertisement for a cellular phone service and pay particular attention to the information provided about the long-distance plan,the coverage,and the clarity of the calls,you are using the ____.​ 

A)dissonance model of persuasion
B)peripheral route to persuasion
C)central route to persuasion
D)cognitive consistency model of persuasion

Question 33

 The central route to persuasion is to ____,as the peripheral route to persuasion is to ____.​ 

A)television advertising; print advertising
B)men; women
C)logical reasons; superficial reasons
D)external motivation; internal motivation

Question 34

 The distinction between the central route to persuasion and the peripheral route to persuasion is the ____. 

A)type of cognitive process engaged in by the audience
B)length of exposure to the persuasive attempt
C)amount of attention given to both sides of the argument
D)use of emotional arguments in the persuasive attempt

Question 35

 The use of critical analysis and logic in response to a persuasive appeal is most closely associated with the ____.​ 

A)central route to persuasion
B)peripheral route to persuasion
C)cognitive dissonance theory of persuasion
D)attribution model of persuasion

Question 36

 Winnie recently discovered that her favorite recording artist supports a political party that she dislikes very much.According to dissonance theory,how might this news affect Winnie's attitudes?​ 

A)She will start liking the recording artist more.
B)She will start liking the recording artist less.
C)She will not experience any attitude change as a result of this news.
D)She will start liking both the artist and her favorite political party less.

Question 37

 A persuader who acknowledges the other side of an argument will be perceived as more trustworthy by the audience.This is most directly a(n)____ variable of persuasion.​ 

A)audience
B)message
C)communicator
D)consistency

Question 38

 Which individual is most likely to process arguments on the central route of persuasion?​ 

A)Dave, a sport fisherman, who is listening to a politician argue that a local lake should be drained to make way for new housing.
B)Lucy, who is watching an infomercial on TV while cooking dinner and cleaning the kitchen.
C)Mika, who is listening to a talk radio debate on the environment in the hopes that it will cure her insomnia and put her to sleep.
D)Falco, who is listening to a lecture in class, while secretly worrying about the calculus test he will take in an hour.

Question 39

 Cognitive dissonance is most accurately described as stemming from ____.​ 

A)social pressure to conform
B)fear of appearing foolish
C)the need to get along with the group
D)inconsistencies among attitudes or between attitudes and behavior

Question 40

 Which individual is likely to feel the greatest dissonance?​ 

A)Deb, a conservative who voted for a conservative Republican in the last local election
B)George, an environmentalist who recycles his trash
C)Ira, a teacher who volunteers at a literacy program
D)Jonathon, a physician who owns stock in a fast food restaurant

Question 41

 Witnessing a restaurant server drop a food plate on the ground,and then concluding that the server is uncoordinated,would be an example of ____.​ 

A)bystander apathy
B)the self-serving bias
C)the fundamental attribution error
D)cognitive dissonance

Question 42

 Whose attitudes most likely stem from classical conditioning? 

A)Dianna, who feels anger towards men after being robbed by a man at gunpoint
B)Merlyn, who is praised for his jokes about women and so, continues to make jokes
C)Carletta, whose friends acknowledge her brilliance when she expresses opinions similar to theirs
D)Gale, who saw his parents protesting injustices as a child, and now attends protests himself

Question 43

 A psychologist who studies impression formation is interested in ____.​ 

A)the characteristics of people who have a high degree of charisma
B)the amount of influence that certain people have over other people
C)how we understand and make judgments of others
D)what makes an argument persuasive or not

Question 44

 A trait attribution is to ____,as a situational attribution is to ____. 

A)right; wrong
B)personality; environment
C)heuristic; algorithm
D)cognitive miser; cognitive spender

Question 45

 A psychologist who states that humans are cognitive misers generally means that humans tend to ____.​ 

A)feel happy when in the company of others
B)be mean to each other
C)conserve cognitive resources when possible
D)be pessimistic

Question 46

 You see a man slip and fall in the parking lot and you decide that he must have tripped over a broken curb.In making this judgment,you have made a ____ attribution.​ 

A)trait
B)situational
C)false
D)correct

Question 47

 The study of attribution is concerned with the ____. 

A)process of assigning cause to behavior
B)relationship between attitudes and behavior
C)components of a persuasive message
D)development of stereotypes and prejudices

Question 48

 Which conclusion about the impact of audience variables is warranted by the current state of research?​ 

A)The lower your self-esteem, the easier you are to persuade.
B)The smarter you are, the harder you are to persuade.
C)It is impossible to make blanket statements about the effect of each audience variable on persuasion.
D)In all circumstances, positive mood will enhance one's vulnerability to persuasion.

Question 49

 Who is most likely the easiest to persuade?​ 

A)Jenna, who is listening to an attractive actor make the case for a beauty product
B)Joe, who is weighing the arguments for and against a new car purchase
C)Sunni, who is thinking carefully about the benefits and costs of a medical treatment
D)Bertram, who is pondering what portion of his budget to give to a particular charity

Question 50

 When you are in a good mood and subjected to a persuasive attempt,you are ____.​ 

A)more likely to be persuaded
B)more likely to be persuaded if you are female
C)less likely to be persuaded if you are male
D)less likely to be persuaded

Question 51

 People from ____ cultures are less likely to engage in the fundamental attribution error.​ 

A)Western
B)European
C)individualistic
D)collectivistic

Question 52

 Rhonda is interested in buying a car.At the car dealer's lot,there is pleasant music playing overhead,free hot dogs,and free soft drinks.In this festive atmosphere,which Rhonda finds quite enjoyable,how is she likely to respond to the salesperson's attempts to get her to buy a car? 

A)She will likely be more resistant to being persuaded.
B)She will likely be more easily persuaded to buy a car.
C)She will likely feel like partying, but she is unlikely to buy a car.
D)There will likely be no effect on Rhonda.

Question 53

 The study of attribution is most closely associated with ____. 

A)social influence
B)persuasion
C)conformity
D)impression formation

Question 54

 The fundamental attribution error is more likely to be committed by ____. 

A)men than women
B)women than men
C)collectivistic cultures than individualistic cultures
D)individualistic cultures than collectivistic cultures

Question 55

 We commit the fundamental attribution error when ____. 

A)we discount situational explanations for behavior and rely more on trait explanations
B)we change an attitude to match our behavior
C)we view the actions of others from their perspective
D)we conform to a group norm even though we do not really want to

Question 56

 You see a woman yelling at her child in the store and you decide that she must not be a very good mother.In making this judgment,you made a ____. 

A)trait attribution only
B)situational attribution only
C)correct attribution only
D)trait and correct attributions

Question 57

 In which of the following situations would the audience most likely trust the communicator?​ 

A)a politician giving a speech lauding the merits of her platform
B)a salesperson telling you all about the benefits of his product
C)a car salesperson telling you about the pros and cons of the newest models
D)a person working for a charity explaining why you should donate to her cause

Question 58

 If the average person saw a man picking up trash on the side of the road,what type of attribution would they most likely make for his behavior?​ 

A)trait
B)situational
C)an unbiased one
D)This is impossible to tell from the information given.

Question 59

 Generally,having your audience process persuasive arguments on the peripheral route is more persuasive than processing on the central route for ____.​ 

A)everyone
B)females
C)males
D)children and teenagers

Question 60

 Which individual is not listed in your text as an audience variable affecting one's response to persuasion?​ 

A)race
B)intelligence
C)self-esteem
D)mood

Question 61

 Making an attribution of another person and not knowing that person's perspective on the situation would most likely lead to ____.​ 

A)the fundamental attribution error
B)cognitive dissonance
C)the self-serving bias
D)the mere exposure effect

Question 62

 The actor-observer bias suggests that we ____.​ 

A)are more aware of the situational explanations of our own behavior than we are for the behavior of others
B)are more likely to make trait attributions than situational attributions for our own behavior
C)have a tendency to take credit for good things and blame something else for bad things
D)have a tendency to think that we are unique compared to other people

Question 63

 The most common motive underlying hate crimes in the U.S.is ____ prejudice.​ 

A)racial
B)religious
C)gender
D)sexual orientation

Question 64

 Which of the following reflects a self-serving bias?​ 

A)seeing another person trip and assuming the person is uncoordinated
B)receiving an A on a test and thinking that the test was easy
C)being turned down for a job and believing that the interviewer was biased against you
D)watching another person play the guitar and thinking the person is very talented

Question 65

 When engaging in the attribution process,the actor's focus tends to be on ____.​ 

A)the actor
B)the observer
C)the environment
D)themselves

Question 66

 A stereotype is the ____ component of an attitude. 

A)Behavioral
B)Affective
C)Emotional
D)cognitive

Question 67

 Which individual is least likely to exhibit the fundamental attribution error?​ 

A)Han from Germany
B)Miranda from Canada
C)Ethan from England
D)Hoshi from Japan

Question 68

 In 2012,the FBI investigated ____ hate crimes in the U.S. 

A)3,790
B)4,790
C)5,790
D)6,790

Question 69

 Making an attribution about your own behavior and having a clear understanding of the context surrounding the behavior would most likely lead to ____.​ 

A)a fundamental attribution error
B)cognitive dissonance
C)the actor-observer bias
D)the mere exposure effect

Question 70

 Cody is known to be judgmental and tends to harshly describe others as lazy or stupid when they require assistance.Cody is demonstrating ____.  

A)self-serving bias
B)cognitive dissonance
C)individualistic bias
D)the fundamental attribution error

Question 71

 Both the fundamental attribution error and the actor-observer bias can be explained by ____.​ 

A)our desire to be cognitively consistent
B)the focus of our attention
C)our motivation to be accurate
D)the level of our self-esteem

Question 72

 Randa just failed her history exam because she neglected to study.Afterwards,she attributes her failure to the fact that her boyfriend kept her up too late the night before when he refused to turn down the stereo so that she could sleep.The next day she aces her biology test.Randa attributes her success on it to her own intelligence.Randa appears to be engaging in which attributional bias?​ 

A)fundamental attribution error
B)self-serving bias
C)actor-observer effect
D)cognitive dissonance

Question 73

 Tom dislikes all people of a certain race because he feels that they are somehow less capable than him.  Tom would most specifically be described as ____.​ 

A)having a prejudice
B)engaging in discrimination
C)being homophobic
D)holding a stereotype

Question 74

 The motivation behind the self-serving bias appears to be to ____.​ 

A)make correct attributions
B)make ourselves feel better
C)perceive the world from the perspective of others
D)perceive the world more quickly and efficiently

Question 75

 The fundamental attribution error is to ____,as the actor-observer bias is to ____.​ 

A)the formation of attitudes; the changing of attitudes
B)individualistic cultures; collectivistic cultures
C)men; women
D)others' behavior; our own behavior

Question 76

 A stereotype is a ____. 

A)negative emotional reaction to a group of people
B)set of beliefs and information about a group of people
C)belief that a group of people are "bad" in some way
D)belief that a person is "bad" in some way

Question 77

 Mariko comes from a culture that emphasizes group behavior and group success over individual success.Her culture would best be described as ____. 

A)traditional
B)individualistic
C)collectivistic
D)fundamentalist

Question 78

 The actor-observer bias suggests that ____.​ 

A)everyone has some type of prejudice that stems from natural cognitive processes
B)we have a different focus when observing ourselves compared to when we observe others
C)we tend to view ourselves more favorably than we view others
D)if many people observe a person in need of help, the chances of that person getting help are low

Question 79

 When engaging in the attribution process,the observer's focus tends to be on ____. 

A)the actor
B)the observer
C)the environment
D)other people around the actor

Question 80

 A prejudice differs from a stereotype in that it includes ____.​ 

A)actions
B)a negative emotional reaction
C)a cognitive component
D)a positive emotional reaction