Deck 11: Personality

Question 1

 In Freud's iceberg analogy,the tip of the iceberg represents a person's ____. 

A)conscious mind
B)id
C)unconscious mind
D)superego

Answer 1

conscious mind

Question 2

 According to Freud,a child's ego begins to develop ____.​ 

A)at birth
B)in response to an awareness of "right" and "wrong"
C)at the same time as the superego
D)when it becomes necessary to deal with reality

Answer 2

when it becomes necessary to deal with reality

Question 3

 Kelly was sexually abused as a child but has no memory of the event.According to Freud,Kelly's memory of the abuse probably resides in her ____. 

A)conscious mind
B)unconscious
C)preconscious
D)ego

Answer 3

conscious mind

Question 4

 The ego is to ____,as the id is to ____. 

A)pleasure; reality
B)reality; pleasure
C)angelic; devilish
D)devilish; angelic

Question 5

 The ego operates according to ____. 

A)inherited archetypes
B)the reality principle
C)the Oedipal complex
D)the pleasure principle

Question 6

 A young child begins to wait patiently for his favorite food while his father prepares it,rather than crying uncontrollably until he gets what he wants.Freud would say the child has now developed his ____. 

A)ego
B)id
C)superego
D)conscience

Question 7

 In psychoanalytic theory,preconscious is to ____ awareness,as unconscious is to ____ awareness. 

A)current; past
B)imperfect; perfect
C)deep; superficial
D)potential; lack of

Question 8

 Freud emphasized that human drives are ____. 

A)similar to animals
B)similar to machines
C)different from animals because of our ability to think rationally
D)different from machines because of our ability to experience emotion

Question 9

 An adult who cannot resist an impulse to gamble all of his money is responding to the energy of his ____. 

A)id
B)superego
C)preconscious
D)ego

Question 10

 According to Freud,which part of a person's personality is the largest? 

A)conscious
B)id
C)unconscious
D)ego

Question 11

 Daniel hits his sister when he is mad at her.According to Freud,Daniel's aggression is an impulse stemming from his ____. 

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)reality principle

Question 12

 Your newborn niece's personality consists of ____. 

A)ego, superego, and id
B)only an ego and id
C)only an ego
D)only an id

Question 13

 A sexually promiscuous teenage girl may not realize that her motivations stem from conflicting emotions surrounding growing up without a father.Freud would most likely say that her motivations are arising from her ____. 

A)unconscious
B)interdependent self
C)sense of cognitive dissonance
D)preconscious

Question 14

 Freud believed that personality is a product of ____. 

A)the environment
B)​the interaction between conscious and unconscious forces
C)high level logical and reasoned thinking
D)the Oedipal complex

Question 15

 Personality is ____. 

A)a manner of acting characterized by uniqueness and appeal
B)a collection of characteristics that defines how a person behaves in different situations
C)the part of a person that is exhibited only when in the presence of others
D)the unpredictable actions of individuals that are typical of most people at least some of the time

Question 16

 Before reading this question you probably were not thinking of the events surrounding your last birthday.If you can now remember your last birthday,Freud would most likely say that its memories existed in your ____. 

A)anteconscious
B)conscious
C)preconscious
D)unconscious

Question 17

 According to Freud,the ____ is protected by defense mechanisms. 

A)subconscious
B)superego
C)id
D)ego

Question 18

 Freud believed that a person's ____ always influences behavior. 

A)unconscious
B)past
C)childhood
D)genetic background

Question 19

 Which sequence correctly represents the developmental order for the three components of personality according to Freud? 

A)ego, id, superego
B)id, superego, ego
C)superego, ego, id
D)id, ego, superego

Question 20

 The job of the ego is to ____. 

A)satisfy the demands of the id only
B)satisfy the demands of the superego only
C)satisfy the demands of both the id and the superego
D)eliminate the demands of both the id and the superego

Question 21

 The Electra complex refers to a young ____. 

A)boy's desire to bond with his mother
B)girl's desire to bond with her father
C)boy's desire to bond with his father
D)girl's desire to bond with her mother

Question 22

 When a young boy experiences the Oedipal complex,he resolves it by ____. 

A)identifying with his father
B)sublimating his energy into a new hobby
C)repressing his intimacy needs
D)developing an attraction toward girls his own age

Question 23

 A difference between a Freudian slip and a defense mechanism is that ____. 

A)defense mechanisms are intentionally implemented by the ego
B)defense mechanisms are implemented by the superego
C)a Freudian slip is intentionally implemented by the ego
D)a Freudian slip is implemented by the superego

Question 24

 A person whose oral needs were not met as a child would develop a(n)____. 

A)Oedipal complex
B)alternate personality
C)reaction formation
D)oral fixation

Question 25

 The Oedipal complex and the Electra complex occur in the ____ stage of psychosexual development. 

A)genital
B)phallic
C)latent
D)anal

Question 26

 Defense mechanisms are used ____. 

A)only by those who are mentally ill
B)by everyone on a regular basis
C)primarily by adults
D)primarily by children

Question 27

 The phallic stage and the genital stage are similar in that they both ____. 

A)become repressed as one gets older
B)involve conscious desires to have an intimate relationship with the opposite-sex parent
C)involve the genitals as the primary erogenous zone
D)were added to Freud's stages by neo-Freudians

Question 28

 When Wendy kisses James,she says,"I love you,Bill." Followers of Freud would say that this is ____. 

A)sublimation
B)a reality principle
C)rationalization
D)a Freudian slip

Question 29

 When an adult has an unhealthy personality,____. 

A)her ego has become overwhelmed by the id or the superego
B)her ego has become overly strong
C)she has not been using her defense mechanisms
D)all of her unconscious conflicts have become conscious

Question 30

 Freud's phallic stage occurs from ____ years of age. 

A)1 to 3
B)3 to 6
C)6 to 11
D)11 to 14

Question 31

 The principle that drives the instincts of the id is the ____ principle. 

A)repression
B)reality
C)Oedipal
D)pleasure

Question 32

 Freud's psychosexual stages reflect ____. 

A)the development of social skills necessary for emotional health
B)changes in the use of defense mechanisms as one gets older
C)natural shifts of pleasure from one part of the body to another
D)an unfolding of biological archetypes for healthy development

Question 33

 Anal-retentiveness is an example of a ____. 

A)reaction formation
B)Freudian slip
C)fixation
D)transference

Question 34

 Which sequence correctly represents the order of Freud's psychosexual stages? 

A)phallic, latency, oral, anal, genital
B)anal, genital, oral, latency, phallic
C)oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
D)latent, oral, genital, phallic, anal

Question 35

 Freud's latency stage most differs from the other stages in that the latency stage does not involve ____. 

A)erogenous zones
B)defense mechanisms
C)the Oedipal complex
D)psychic energy

Question 36

 A Freudian slip is ____. 

A)an error that Freud made in his theory of personality
B)a type of defense mechanism used to avoid anxiety
C)an unconscious id impulse that is expressed before the ego can control it
D)the desire to have an intimate relationship with the opposite-sex parent

Question 37

 According to Freud,behaviors such as smoking,chewing gum,and biting one's fingernails probably can be traced back to unmet needs during which psychosexual stage? 

A)genital
B)phallic
C)oral
D)anal

Question 38

 In which psychosexual stage would Freud predict that same-sex friendships would be the most predominant? 

A)anal
B)phallic
C)latency
D)genital

Question 39

 Rosalinda wants a new Bratz doll,but she has no money.The thought of stealing the doll crosses Rosalinda's mind,but she decides not to steal because stealing is wrong.According to Freud,Rosalinda's decision not to steal is most influenced by the ____. 

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)Eros

Question 40

 The superego is ____. 

A)your rational, logical self
B)your moral conscience
C)motivated to seek pleasure
D)controlled by instinctual energy

Question 41

 Alfred Adler emphasized the idea of ____. 

A)birth order
B)archetypes
C)aggression
D)basic anxiety

Question 42

 Freud's concept of the ego would be most similar to which Jungian archetype? 

A)the persona
B)the shadow
C)the anima
D)the animus

Question 43

 For Carl Jung,an archetype is a(n)____. 

A)dream symbol relating to male genitalia
B)element of personality that strives for self-fulfillment and pleasure
C)innate desire to fulfill one's natural potential
D)mental representation that predisposes people to respond to the world in predictable ways

Question 44

 Who among the following is a neo-Freudian? 

A)Carl Jung
B)Abraham Maslow
C)Carl Rogers
D)B.F. Skinner

Question 45

 Which of the following best describes Freud's effect on modern thought? 

A)Freud was one of the most influential thinkers of the 20th century.
B)Freud's theories have contributed nothing to psychology.
C)Freud's theories about the unconscious explain more of human behavior than any other theory currently in use.
D)Because Freud developed his theories while under the influence of cocaine, they are more helpful in explaining the intoxicated mind than normal mental processes.

Question 46

 Your psychology teacher believes that the unconscious includes archetypes,which are universally inherited predispositions to respond to the world in a certain way.Your teacher's views are most similar to those of ____. 

A)Carl Rogers
B)Carl Jung
C)Alfred Adler
D)Karen Horney

Question 47

 Pedro has been arguing with his spouse lately,and this arguing has begun to cause Pedro serious problems in his marital relationship.Karen Horney would most likely say that Pedro's argumentative behavior stems from his ____. 

A)basic inferiority
B)basic need for power
C)basic anxiety
D)drive toward self-actualization

Question 48

 While Freud emphasized ____ motivation,Jung emphasized ____ motivation. 

A)social; biological
B)sexual; spiritual
C)learned; unlearned
D)normal; abnormal

Question 49

 Bruce is a ruthless lawyer who will stop at nothing to win a case and thereby achieve more recognition and power from his peers.According to Horney,Bruce's behavior is due to ____. 

A)the development of mistrust in infancy
B)the shadow archetype
C)basic anxiety
D)an inferiority complex

Question 50

 Tomas has never felt very good about his accomplishments and typically will focus on any mistake he has made as a way of proving that he is not worthy.According to Adler,Tomas ____. 

A)had difficulty resolving the trust vs. mistrust stage
B)is suffering from basic anxiety
C)has developed an inferiority complex
D)has not yet developed a personal unconscious

Question 51

 What do Karen Horney,Carl Jung,and Alfred Adler all have in common? 

A)They all emphasized the idea of a collective unconscious.
B)They all disagreed with Freud's idea of operant conditioning.
C)They all disagreed with Freud's emphasis on instinctual sexual drives.
D)They all emphasized the importance of birth order in personality development.

Question 52

 Karen Horney believed that ____. 

A)biology and instincts are primary factors in personality development
B)the Oedipal complex contributes significantly to superego development
C)culture, family, and early relationships can affect basic anxiety levels
D)we each inherit universal images and ideas from the earliest development of the human psyche

Question 53

 In Jung's theory,persona is to ____,as shadow is to ____. 

A)visible; hidden
B)good; bad
C)personal unconscious; collective unconscious
D)inferiority complex; superiority complex

Question 54

 Neo-Freudians ____. 

A)placed less emphasis on sex and aggression
B)rejected the concept of the unconscious
C)placed less emphasis on the activities of the ego
D)rejected the concept of internal motivation

Question 55

 Vladimer witnessed an armed robbery and now has no memory of the event.According to Jung,Vladimer's memory of the event resides in his ____. 

A)unconscious
B)collective unconscious
C)conscious
D)personal unconscious

Question 56

 For Carl Jung,the persona and shadow are ____. 

A)external forces that shape our personality development
B)elements of ourselves that we either show or hide from the world
C)defense mechanisms related to projection
D)part of Freudian theory that Jung rejected as unimportant

Question 57

 Carl Jung is to ____,as Karen Horney is to ____. 

A)inferiority; the shadow
B)id psychology; Oedipal conflict
C)animus; ego psychology
D)archetypes; basic anxiety

Question 58

 Which of the following is regarded as one of Freud's valuable contributions to psychology? 

A)the idea that adult behavior is influenced by childhood experiences
B)his rigorous use of the scientific method
C)his emphasis on developing objective measures of his constructs
D)the idea that personality is associated with specific regions of the brain

Question 59

 Alfred Adler's beliefs that birth order is an important factor in personality development have ____. 

A)been supported by many studies
B)been supported in studies on males, but not in studies of females
C)been supported in studies on females, but not in studies of males
D)not been supported by research

Question 60

 Freud's theory of personality is difficult to support,yet also difficult to disprove.This is ____. 

A)considered to be a strength of his theory
B)considered to be a weakness of his theory
C)not considered to be a weakness or a strength of his theory
D)no longer correct, as new technology has allowed more sophisticated testing of his theory

Question 61

 Whereas Freud focused on the scientific goal of ____,trait theorists focus on the goal of ____. 

A)prediction; control
B)explanation; description
C)control; explanation
D)observation; prediction

Question 62

 If your psychology teacher subscribes more to trait theory than to other personality theories,she is likely to believe that personality ____. 

A)is a product of social and environmental situations
B)is largely shaped by personal choice and free will
C)has a strong biological basis
D)reflects unconscious forces

Question 63

 Freud viewed personality as ____. 

A)predetermined based on genetics
B)set in stone
C)dynamic
D)static

Question 64

 Which statement would be most agreeable to a trait theorist? 

A)The focus in studying personality should be to find the characteristics that all people share.
B)People tend to behave differently depending upon the situation they are in.
C)A healthy personality is defined by a strong ego.
D)Personality characteristics tend to remain relatively stable as we age.

Question 65

 Sofia is giving a lecture in which she discusses Freud's sources of information for his theory of personality.She is most likely to argue that Freud's ____. 

A)experiments were very carefully and tediously conducted
B)experiments were not tightly controlled
C)case studies reflected a biased sample of individuals
D)use of naturalistic observation reflected an over reliance on that method

Question 66

 The id operates according to the ____. 

A)pleasure principle
B)reality principle
C)thanatos instinct
D)Electra complex

Question 67

 Sensation seekers tend to experience low levels of ____. 

A)norepinephrine
B)dopamine
C)MAO
D)serotonin

Question 68

 According to Freud,the oral stage lasts from birth to ____ of age. 

A)12 months
B)18 months
C)2 years
D)3 years

Question 69

 Which theorist is associated with the idea of the collective unconscious? 

A)Adler
B)Jung
C)Horney
D)Anna Freud

Question 70

 According to Gordon Allport,if a person is very assertive in most situations,assertiveness would be considered a ____ of that person. 

A)secondary trait
B)primary trait
C)central trait
D)self-trait

Question 71

 Freud called the holding place for easily acceptable memories the____. 

A)anteconscious
B)preconscious
C)working conscious
D)supraconscious

Question 72

 Were it to speak,your id would most likely say ____. 

A)I'm not sure that's a good idea.
B)Who cares? I want it now.
C)You probably should not do that.
D)Which choice is better?

Question 73

 Who among the following would be considered a trait theorist? 

A)B.F. Skinner
B)Hans Eysenck
C)Karen Horney
D)Alfred Adler

Question 74

 Why is Freud's theory of personality difficult to disprove? 

A)Freud's theory is so well constructed that it is difficult to find substantial flaws within it.
B)It is so widely accepted that few scientists are willing to attempt any research that would disprove the theory.
C)The research to disprove the theory would require such large investments of time and money that the research would be impractical.
D)The major concepts of Freud's theory are based on the unconscious and are therefore difficult to measure.

Question 75

 For Gordon Allport,central traits are ____,whereas cardinal traits are ____. 

A)expressed across most situations; expressed across all situations
B)expressed across all situations; expressed across most situations
C)observed most often by others; perceived most often by the self
D)perceived most often by the self; observed most often by others

Question 76

 As used by Horney,basic anxiety refers to ____. 

A)fear of death​
B)children's feelings of helplessness
C)fear that the id will run wild
D)fear that the self is omnipotent

Question 77

 Were it to speak,your superego would most likely say ____. 

A)It is wrong to do that.
B)I really want that chocolate.
C)I wish I knew what to do.
D)Are you sure that is a good choice?

Question 78

 Which of the following is considered a valid criticism of Freud's theories? 

A)Because his theories were based primarily on case study and self-analysis, his observations may not have been objective.
B)Freud's emphasis on spiritual and religious concepts ultimately gave his ideas a narrow perspective.
C)An overemphasis on environmental and social factors led Freud to underemphasize sexual and aggressive instincts.
D)Many of Freud's ideas reflect a bias toward female superiority.

Question 79

 According to Adler,feelings of inferiority motivate us towards ____. 

A)anxiety
B)seeking easy pleasure
C)interpersonal closeness
D)achievement

Question 80

 Jet is extremely outgoing to the point that he almost never stays in for an evening--and he does not just go hang out with friends at the coffee shop.He is constantly doing things like skydiving,bungee jumping,and rappelling.If he is with friends,he is usually at the parties that are huge and involve lots of drugs and alcohol.He loves to go out dancing and drinking.Jet is probably a(n)____. 

A)psychopath
B)opportunist
C)sensation seeker
D)introvert