Deck 7: Memory

Question 1

 Implicit memory is ____. 

A)is memory that occurs with awareness
B)is the unconscious use of memory
C)memory for facts
D)memories for events

Answer 1

is the unconscious use of memory

Question 2

 Bits of information stored in our memory are called ____. 

A)encoders
B)memory traces
C)bins
D)bytes

Answer 2

memory traces

Question 3

 Explicit memory is ____. 

A)memories for classically conditioned feelings
B)memory that occurs without awareness
C)the conscious use of memory
D)memory for skills

Answer 3

the conscious use of memory

Question 4

 The encoding function of memory refers to ____. 

A)consolidating information with other related information
B)inputting information into memory
C)processing information in memory
D)recalling information from memory

Question 5

 One difference between human memory and computer memory is that ____. 

A)human memory does not include encoding, storing, and retrieving
B)computers do not have explicit memory
C)humans do not have implicit memory
D)humans do not have a working memory

Question 6

 What is the best example of the use of explicit memory? 

A)remembering how to knit a sweater
B)remembering how to drive a car
C)remembering the name of an old friend
D)remembering how to hit a curve ball

Question 7

 What is an example of the use of implicit memory? 

A)remembering how to knit a sweater
B)remembering where you parked your car at the mall
C)remembering the name of an old friend
D)remembering the answer to a test question while taking an exam

Question 8

 The three major processes of memory are ____. 

A)encoding, storage, and retrieval
B)integration, consolidation, and modification
C)activation, reactivation, and completion
D)implicit, explicit, and semantic

Question 9

 When you study for an exam,you are most likely engaging in the ____ function of memory. 

A)retrieval
B)parallel
C)storage
D)review

Question 10

 When you take a test and have to recall specific pieces of information to do well on the test,you are using your ____. 

A)information memory
B)explicit memory
C)validated memory
D)implicit memory

Question 11

 On exam day,as you attempt to answer the questions on the exam,you are primarily engaged in the ____ of memory traces. 

A)review
B)storage
C)retrieval
D)encoding

Question 12

 When you momentarily forget a friend's name,the function of memory that has failed is the ____ function. 

A)storage
B)reproduction
C)retrieval
D)encoding

Question 13

 Saving the paper you just wrote to the hard drive of a computer is most analogous to the ____ of new memory traces. 

A)storage
B)decay
C)encoding
D)retrieval

Question 14

 Typing information into a computer is most analogous to the ____ of memory traces in humans. 

A)storage
B)review
C)retrieval
D)encoding

Question 15

 Frika is washing dishes and she automatically puts the forks in the side drawer,despite the fact that she moved the forks to another drawer last week.Frika's error is most likely the result of ____ memory. 

A)implicit
B)episodic
C)explicit
D)sensory

Question 16

 You have never paid attention to and cannot think of which wrist your professor wears her watch on (even if you remember many other things about her).Which function of memory has most likely failed you? 

A)application
B)retrieval
C)encoding
D)storage

Question 17

 When you tie your shoes,you are most likely making use of your ____. 

A)episodic memory
B)implicit memory
C)explicit memory
D)semantic memory

Question 18

 The greatest difference between computers and the human mind is the mind's ability to ____. 

A)store memories
B)encode information
C)retrieve memories
D)experience consciousness

Question 19

 The computer's processes ultimately fails as an analogy for the human mind because ____. 

A)humans do not encode information, but computers do
B)computers do not store information, but humans do
C)computers retrieve information, but humans do not
D)humans have conscious awareness, but computers do not

Question 20

 Implicit memory is to ____ as explicit memory is to ____. 

A)unconscious; conscious
B)conscious; unconscious​
C)short-term; long-term
D)long-term; short-term

Question 21

 Echoic memories are a type of ____. 

A)procedural memory
B)short-term memory
C)sensory memory
D)long-term memory

Question 22

 Iconic memory is to ____ as echoic memory is to ____. 

A)short-term memory; long-term memory
B)visual sensory memory; auditory sensory memory
C)sensory memory; short-term memory
D)auditory sensory memory; visual sensory memory

Question 23

 A principle that seems to underlie the three stages model of memory is that ____. 

A)consciousness of things we remember is not necessary until the long-term memory stage
B)the more you process something that you want to remember, the more likely it will end up in long-term memory storage
C)forgetting is more influenced by biological factors than anything else
D)memories need to spend a large amount of time in each stage before they can be remembered long-term

Question 24

 According to the three stage model of memory,____. 

A)forgetting only occurs at the long-term memory stage
B)information is held for up to 30 seconds in sensory memory
C)short-term memory holds a vast amount of information for up to several hours
D)we keep all permanent memories in our long-term memory

Question 25

 Sensory memories help us to ____. 

A)retain impressions of our sensory experiences forever
B)process sensations long enough to send them on to short-term memory
C)use sensory experiences to recall other information​
D)process emotional memories

Question 26

 Which statement is TRUE regarding sensory memory? 

A)Haptic sensory memory involves stimuli we touch.
B)Sensory memory is so short that we are never consciously aware of it.
C)Iconic sensory memory processes information we hear.
D)Echoic sensory memory deals with stimuli we see.

Question 27

 In the three stages model of memory,in which stage does encoding of the environment first occur? 

A)short-term memory
B)semantic memory
C)sensory memory
D)long-term memory

Question 28

 Very brief memory for visual material is known as ____. 

A)haptic sensory memory
B)short-term memory
C)echoic sensory memory
D)iconic sensory memory

Question 29

 A person without iconic memory probably would not be able to remember anything that he or she ____. 

A)saw
B)felt
C)thought
D)heard

Question 30

 When you are not paying attention to your teacher and then suddenly realize that something important may have been said,you are often able to hear what was just said by reflecting on your experience over the past couple of seconds.This is possible because of ____. 

A)iconic memory
B)short-term memory
C)haptic memory
D)echoic memory

Question 31

 In the three stages model of memory,the briefest stage of memory is ____. 

A)short-term memory
B)semantic memory
C)long-term memory
D)sensory memory

Question 32

 Your friend asks you if it is possible in the three stages model of memory for memories to go directly from sensory memory to long-term memory.How should you answer? 

A)The three stages model does not address this issue. So, who knows?
B)The model predicts that this can happen, but only in rare instances.
C)No, the model says that information has to travel in sequence from one stage to the next.
D)Sure, the three stages model accounts for this common occurrence.

Question 33

 Let's say that you are able to remember the words in this question as you are reading it.This is because memory for the words is most likely residing in your ____. 

A)eidetic memory
B)sensory memory
C)short-term memory
D)episodic memory

Question 34

 Echoic sensory memory is most like a(n)____. 

A)sound bit
B)reading a book
C)mopping the floor
D)map

Question 35

 To move information from iconic sensory memory to short-term memory,you must ____. 

A)connect it to things you already know
B)repeat it over and over
C)pay attention to the information
D)keep it in iconic memory as long as you can

Question 36

 In the three stage model of memory,the second stage of memory is ____ memory. 

A)semantic
B)short-term
C)sensory
D)implicit

Question 37

 Iconic memory is most like a(n)____. 

A)tickle
B)trail
C)sound bit
D)snapshot

Question 38

 Traditionally,memory has been described as having ____ distinct stage(s)of storage. 

A)three
B)two
C)one
D)four

Question 39

 Which statement is TRUE about sensory memory? 

A)When something is sensed but not processed any further, it will not be remembered in the future.
B)We have only one sensory memory that codes and consolidates information from all of our senses.
C)Some information that enters our memory from the outside world does not pass through our senses.
D)Sensory memories are transferred to long-term memory whether we pay attention to them or not.

Question 40

 You are explaining the three stages model of memory to your friend.What would you call the first stage of memory? 

A)long-term memory
B)working memory
C)short-term memory
D)sensory memory

Question 41

 Suppose we use the bookshelf analogy to explain the capacity of short-term memory.When you use chunking to increase that capacity,____. 

A)you are able to pack a virtually unlimited number of items into larger chunks or "books"
B)the size of the bookshelf is actually changed
C)you are changing the length of the shelf but not the depth of the shelf
D)you are not actually changing the size of the bookshelf

Question 42

 If a new memory has made it to the short-term memory stage,it has definitely been ____. 

A)either seen or heard
B)given at least a slight amount of attention
C)given a great amount of rehearsal
D)processed by the implicit memory system

Question 43

 Short-term memory uses a dual-coding system for storing memories.This means that ____. 

A)memories stored in short-term memory are usually stored in long-term memory at the same time
B)memories in short-term memory are coded to indicate both where the memory came from and where it is going
C)short-term memories are stored in twice as quickly as other memories to reduce the likelihood of forgetting
D)short-term memories are usually stored either acoustically or visually

Question 44

 Short-term memories are encoded either ____ or ____. 

A)visually; acoustically
B)explicitly; consciously
C)semantically; kinesthetically.
D)haptically; implicitly

Question 45

 If we do not pay attention to sensory memories,they will most likely ____. 

A)get transferred to short-term memory
B)be forgotten forever
C)be forgotten until you recall them at a later date
D)end up in explicit memory

Question 46

 Mila received a new DVD player that she is trying to connect to the back of her television by feel alone.The first stage of memorizing how to make the connection would be through ____. 

A)iconic sensory memory
B)haptic sensory memory
C)short-term memory
D)long-term memory

Question 47

 Which statement is TRUE regarding chunking? 

A)Chunking, if done effectively, can make the capacity of short-term memory virtually unlimited.
B)Chunking can increase the efficiency of short-term memory, but as the size of the chunks increases, the number of chunks that can be stored effectively will decrease.
C)Chunking can increase the capacity of short-term memory to an average of 16 bits of information.
D)Chunking makes it easier to remember seven bits of information in short-term memory, but it does not actually increase the original number of bits of information that can be stored effectively.

Question 48

 When you attempt to remember the definition of implicit memory by repeating the definition over and over again,you are using ____ rehearsal. 

A)elaborative
B)maintenance
C)rote
D)repetitive

Question 49

 The process that determines which memory information gets transferred from sensory memory to short-term memory is ____. 

A)transduction
B)attention
C)bottom-up processing
D)capitulation

Question 50

 Imagine that you are participating in a research study in which you are shown a list of numbers and then immediately afterwards you are asked to recall as many of them as you can.Most likely,the researcher is studying the ____. 

A)capacity of long-term memory
B)capacity of short-term memory
C)capacity of sensory memory
D)duration of long-term memory

Question 51

 In the 1950s,George Miller showed that the capacity of short-term memory is ____. 

A)I7 ± 2 bits of information
B)20 chunks of data
C)about 5 facts, 2 concepts, and 1 feeling
D)15 items

Question 52

 The duration of short-term memory is about ____. 

A)7 ± 2 seconds
B)2 hours
C)2 seconds
D)30 seconds

Question 53

 If you were trying to store a list of single digit numbers in your short-term memory,about how many should you be able to store on average? 

A)15
B)2
C)7
D)10

Question 54

 Imagine that you are a subject in a study in which you are asked to remember a sequence of 20 letters of the alphabet dictated to you at the rate of one letter every two seconds.Immediately after the dictation,you are asked to recall the original sequence of letters.Most likely the researcher is studying what aspect of memory? 

A)apacity of echoic sensory memory
B)capacity of long-term memory
C)capacity of iconic sensory memory
D)capacity of short-term memory

Question 55

 You have the phone number of the local pizza parlor in your iconic memory right now.What do you have to do with this information to move it to short-term memory? 

A)Write it down on a piece of paper.
B)Pay attention to it.
C)Associate it with something you already know.
D)Repeat it over and over.

Question 56

 The duration and capacity of short-term memory are best described as ____. 

A)large in capacity and long in duration
B)small in capacity and long in duration
C)small in capacity and short in duration
D)large in capacity and short in duration

Question 57

 The phrase "7 ± 2 bits" describes the ____. 

A)capacity of short-term memory
B)duration of short-term memory
C)capacity of sensory memory
D)duration of sensory memory

Question 58

 You are watching a recording of your professor's lecture.The doorbell rings and you go to see who is there.Assuming that you don't pay further attention to the part of the lecture you were watching,what will likely happen to the information? 

A)If you were moved by the lecture, it will stay for a short time in haptic sensory memory.
B)The words will fade away forever.
C)An auditory sensory impression of the lecture words will be recorded.
D)A visual sensory impression of the lecture will be made and stay in memory for a few minutes.

Question 59

 If you look up a phone number to the local theater and are unable to write it down or rehearse it,how long do you have before this information fades from your short-term memory? 

A)60 seconds
B)120 seconds
C)30 seconds
D)3 seconds

Question 60

 The limited capacity of short-term memory may be due to how neurons in the ____ code and store information.​ 

A)corpus callosum
B)amygdala
C)hippocampus
D)reticular formation

Question 61

 Suppose you prepare for your test on memory by relating the information to your grandfather's memory problems due to Alzheimer's disease.In this case,you are using ____ rehearsal. 

A)story
B)maintenance
C)elaborative
D)picture

Question 62

 Which statement is most accurate about maintenance rehearsal? 

A)Maintenance rehearsal is effective in transferring information to long-term memory, but is not effective in transferring short-term information.
B)Maintenance rehearsal can sometimes be effective in transferring information to long-term memory.
C)Maintenance rehearsal is not effective at all in transferring information to long-term memory.
D)The effectiveness of maintenance rehearsal is based on effort; any amount of effort to use maintenance rehearsal will be rewarded with an equal benefit in the success of transferring information to long-term memory.

Question 63

 Maintenance rehearsal involves ____ processing and elaborative rehearsal involves ____ processing. 

A)recall; recognition
B)implicit; explicit
C)proactive; retroactive
D)a shallow level of; a deep level of

Question 64

 Maintenance rehearsal describes the ____. 

A)process of creating a mental image of something in order to remember it
B)attempt to remember something by repeating it over and over
C)attempt to keep memory skills strong by engaging in simple memory tests
D)process of keeping something in memory by changing its form or structure

Question 65

 Maintenance rehearsal is most closely associated with ____ while elaborative rehearsal is most closely associated with ____. 

A)semantic memory; episodic memory
B)short-term memory; long-term memory
C)implicit memory; explicit memory
D)visual memory; auditory memory

Question 66

 According to the three stages model of memory,the explanation for the recency effect in the serial position curve is that ____. 

A)the last items are still in short-term memory
B)the middle items are still in sensory memory
C)the first items have been transferred to long-term memory
D)both the first and last items are still in short-term memory

Question 67

 When studying recall of visual information,the serial position curves for younger and older subjects would most likely be ____. 

A)different for items placed in memory both first and last
B)very similar
C)different for items placed in memory last
D)different for items placed in memory first

Question 68

 If you are just introduced to a group of individuals and then immediately asked to recall their names,you would probably have most difficulty remembering the names of individuals who were presented ____. 

A)last
B)both first and last
C)first
D)in the middle

Question 69

 Which of these types of memory is most affected by normal aging? 

A)position memory
B)primacy memory
C)serial memory
D)recency memory

Question 70

 The fact that elaborative rehearsal is a more effective means of transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory is consistent with the ____ model of memory. 

A)levels-of-processing
B)reconstruction
C)pyramid
D)reciprocal determinism

Question 71

 If you use maintenance rehearsal to prepare for your next test in psychology,you will likely ____. 

A)not do well on the questions that are based on facts and information, but do well on the questions based on concepts
B)do quite well
C)not do well
D)do well if the test is next week, but not well if the test is sometime after that

Question 72

 Elaborative rehearsal involves trying to store something in long-term memory by ____. 

A)listening to subliminal learning tapes during non-REM sleep
B)repeating it over and over again, whether you are paying attention or not
C)taking memory enhancing pills like B vitamins or ginkgo
D)associating it with something you already have stored in long-term memory

Question 73

 One of the reasons why the middle items in a long list of items are less likely to be accurately recalled than items at the beginning and the end of the list is because the middle items ____. 

A)do not benefit from the proximity effect
B)do not benefit from either the recency or the primacy effect
C)are subject to the contextual effect
D)are subject to the contiguity effect

Question 74

 You attend a lecture in which a politician lists the 20 points of her platform in a relatively short period of time.After leaving the lecture,you are least likely to recall the points from the ____. 

A)end of the list
B)ones with which you have had personal experience
C)beginning of the list
D)middle of the list

Question 75

 In order to provide the best chance of doing well on your final exam,you should use ____ rehearsal to learn the material. 

A)maintenance
B)serial
C)declarative
D)elaborative

Question 76

 The last items in a long list of items to be remembered are usually remembered better than items in the middle of the list.This is referred to as the ____. 

A)primacy effect
B)law of effect
C)continuity effect
D)recency effect

Question 77

 When advertisers use a catchy jingle to help us remember something in their ads,they are facilitating our use of ____. 

A)elaborative rehearsal
B)good continuity
C)bottom-up processing
D)maintenance rehearsal

Question 78

 The serial position curve shows that when attempting to recall a list of items immediately after being exposed to them,____. 

A)all items are recalled at equal levels
B)the items at the beginning and the end of the list are better recalled than the items in the middle of the list
C)the items at the end of the list are better recalled than the items at the beginning or the middle of the list
D)the items at the beginning of the list are better recalled than the items in the middle or the end of the list

Question 79

 Maintenance rehearsal is ____. 

A)the forming of associations between what you want to remember and what you already remember
B)the most effective tool for transferring memories into long-term memory
C)most effective in keeping memories in short-term memory
D)used to keep items in our long-term memory storage

Question 80

 The first items in a long list of items to be remembered are usually remembered better than items in the middle of the list.This is referred to as the ____. 

A)law of effect
B)continuity effect
C)primacy effect
D)recency effect