Deck 3: Inflammation and the Pathophysiology of Chronic Disease

Question 1

Nutrient Triage Theory refers to

A)the nutrient partner principle.
B)nutrients being preferentially used for functions important for survival during poor dietary supply.
C)nutrients being preferentially used to fuel inflammation.
D)nutrients being preferentially used to resolve long-latency nutrient insufficiencies.

Answer 1

B
The concept of Nutrient Triage Theory states that during poor dietary supply, nutrients are preferentially utilized for functions that are important for survival.The nutrient partner principle refers to the symbiosis between two nutrients such as calcium and vitamin D.Long-latency nutrient insufficiencies result from chronic poor intake and contribute over a period of time to the development of chronic disease.

Question 2

_________ is a toxic substance within a biologic organism that is not normally present and does damage to the metabolism.

A)Antioxidant
B)Xenobiotic
C)Glutathione
D)GALT

Answer 2

B
Xenobiotics are toxic substances not normally found in the organism that damage metabolism.Glutathione is a powerful antioxidant, and GALT refers to the immune tissue in the GI tract.

Question 3

Medical nutrition therapy for maintaining a healthy gut microbiome includes

A)fermented foods.
B)avoiding processed foods.
C)prebiotics.
D)all of the above.

Answer 3

D
Medical nutrition therapy recommendations for increasing fermented foods, lowering intake of processed foods, and avoiding gastrointestinal irritating foods and any known antigens for an individual are basic to improving the microbial ecology.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a biomarker of inflammation?

A)Hemoglobin A1C
B)Sedimentation rate
C)High-sensitivity C-reactive protein
D)TNF-alpha

Question 5

The ___________system is more vulnerable to toxic exposures.

A)cardiovascular
B)gastrointestinal
C)neurologic
D)reproductive

Question 6

Chronic inflammation is associated with ______________.

A)a progressive shift in the type of cells present at the site of inflammation
B)production of cytokines
C)loss of the body's ability to recognize "self"
D)all of the above

Question 7

Increased intestinal permeability is associated with ___________.

A)blocking of large molecules to prevent passage into the internal microenvironment
B)an allogenic state
C)decreased antigenic load
D)more severe food sensitivity or allergy

Question 8

Which of the following nutrients may contribute physiologically to all immune responses?

A)Vitamin E
B)Vitamin C
C)Vitamin D
D)Folate

Question 9

Essential fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids are converted to what?

A)Insulin
B)Cytokines and adipokines
C)Prostaglandins
D)Interleukin-6

Question 10

Allostasis is

A)a test for inflammation.
B)a root cause of obesity.
C)lysosomal degradation.
D)a condition of metabolic stability with adjustments for environmental influences.

Question 11

Curcumin is a powerful flavonoid found in ___________.

A)turmeric
B)apples and onions
C)green vegetables
D)fatty fish

Question 12

Cytochrome P450 enzymes are essential for

A)production of cholesterol.
B)detoxification transport of toxins for elimination.
C)production of prostacyclins.
D)all of the above.

Question 13

Dietary factors that help to maintain healthy fluid viscosity and therefore a healthy immune system include all EXCEPT

A)carbohydrate.
B)hydration.
C)vitamin E.
D)monounsaturated fat.