Deck 23: Nutrition in Exercise and Sports Performance

Question 1

How does intensity of the exercise affect the use of fuel sources?

A)As intensity decreases, carbohydrate is the larger fraction of the energy source.
B)As intensity increases, fatty acids are the larger fraction of the energy source.
C)As intensity increases, carbohydrate is the larger fraction of the energy source.
D)As intensity decreases, fatty acids are the larger fraction of the energy source.

Answer 1

C
High-intensity activities rely on anaerobic metabolism of carbohydrates.Moderate-intensity activities rely mostly on aerobic metabolism of carbohydrates and some utilization of fatty acids.Low-intensity activities also rely on aerobic metabolism of carbohydrate and fatty acids; however, as the duration of activity increases, more fatty acid utilization occurs.This is part of the reason that the Dietary Guidelines recommend 60 to 90 minutes of activity for people wishing to lose weight.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT one of the benefits of caffeine use as an ergogenic aid?

A)Enhances fatty acid mobilization
B)Facilitates calcium transport in muscle contractility
C)Reduces fatigue by reducing plasma potassium accumulation
D)Cleanses out metabolic end products by promoting diuresis

Answer 2

D
The diuretic effect of caffeine can have a negative effect on the athlete by promoting excessive fluid losses and potential dehydration.High intake of caffeine before events is banned by the International Olympics Committee because of the benefits of conserving glycogen by promoting fatty acid mobilization, enhancing muscle contractility, and reducing fatigue.

Question 3

Which of the following activities relies heavily on the anaerobic pathway in muscle cells?

A)Jogging
B)Sprinting
C)Hiking
D)Dancing

Answer 3

B
Activities that involve high intensity and short duration rely on anaerobic metabolism for energy.Sprints or running drills use muscle glycogen anaerobically to provide the energy quickly.Longer duration activities such as jogging, hiking, and dancing cause a switch to aerobic glycolysis of the glucose produced from muscle glycogen breakdown.

Question 4

A daily intake of less than one-third of the RDA for thiamin, riboflavin, B₆, and vitamin C can lead to a significant decrease in

A)muscle tone.
B)glutathione peroxidase.
C)antioxidant levels.
D)VO2 max.

Question 5

A desirable pre-event meal 3 to 4 hours before competition is one that provides

A)high fiber and vitamin content.
B)200 to 350 g of carbohydrate and is low in fat.
C)an equal mix of protein and carbohydrate.
D)200 to 350 g of protein and fat and is low in carbohydrate.

Question 6

Which of the following molecules is required in mitochondria of muscle cells to use fatty acids as energy resources?

A)Carbon dioxide
B)Acetyl CoA
C)Myoglobin
D)Lactic acid

Question 7

Which of the following is a potential androgenic effect of taking steroids?

A)Decreased body fat
B)Increased libido
C)Changes in genital size
D)Vocal cord changes

Question 8

Which of the following pathways is NOT used to generate energy in muscle cells during any type of exercise?

A)Glycogenolysis
B)Gluconeogenesis
C)Glycolysis
D)Beta oxidation

Question 9

During extended physical activity, such as endurance events, the major fuels used for cellular energy are

A)glucose and fatty acids.
B)glycogen and ketones.
C)amino acids and fatty acids.
D)glucose and ketones.

Question 10

What is the first source of glucose for the exercising muscle?

A)Blood glucose
B)Liver glycogen
C)Muscle glycogen
D)Muscle protein

Question 11

Which of the following best characterizes the role of iron in exercise?

A)Low serum ferritin levels can have a detrimental effect on exercise performance.
B)Exercise performance is affected only in cases of severe iron deficiency anemia.
C)Mild iron deficiency has no detrimental effects.
D)Iron plays no significant role in muscle activity.

Question 12

________ can be the result of inappropriately low fluid replacement after athletic competition.

A)Impaired thermoregulation
B)Decreased calcium levels and fatigue
C)Cerebral edema and bradycardia
D)Diuresis and osmotic diarrhea

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT involved in the anaerobic production of ATP through the lactic acid pathway?

A)Pyruvic acid
B)Creatine phosphate
C)Nicotinic acid dehydrogenase
D)Adenosine diphosphate

Question 14

For athletes participating in events lasting more than 1 hour, what can a pre-event high-carbohydrate intake do?

A)It can cause hyperglycemia.
B)It can increase muscle glycogen stores.
C)It can cause hypotension.
D)It can improve strength during an event.

Question 15

What is the primary source of energy for exercise of low to moderate intensity?

A)Fatty acids
B)Glycogen
C)Amino acids
D)Glycerol

Question 16

Which of the following ergogenic aids is used to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity to increase VO₂ max and endurance?

A)Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB)
B)Iron supplements
C)Steroids
D)Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 17

Carbohydrate intake immediately after a training session is important because

A)energy stores are depleted.
B)carbohydrate is needed to reverse the feeling of fatigue.
C)hypoglycemia is a common end result of prolonged exercise.
D)the most effective glycogen replacement occurs after a training session.

Question 18

Athletes need to increase their water intake to

A)enhance renal excretion of waste products from muscle activity.
B)improve intestinal absorption of nutrients after digestion.
C)maintain water balance in the body as a whole and within cells.
D)increase skin evaporation of water as a cooling mechanism.

Question 19

How much protein should be consumed daily by athletes in strength training?

A)0.8 to 1 g/kg
B)1 to 1.5 g/kg
C)1.2 to 2 g/kg
D)2 to 3 g/kg