Deck 22: The Lymphatic System and Immunity

Question 1

Compared to blood capillaries,lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following except that they

A)have no basement membrane.
B)have only a tunica interna.
C)have walls of endothelial cells that overlap like shingles.
D)are smaller in diameter.
E)are frequently irregular in shape.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells.

A)B
B)plasma
C)helper T
D)cytotoxic T
E)suppressor T

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Lymphocytes provide an adaptive or specific defense known as the

A)phagocytic response.
B)adaptive defense.
C)immune response.
D)lymphocytic response.
E)inflammation of tissues.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

________ are clusters of lymphatic nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine.

A)Tonsils
B)Adenoids
C)Peyer's patches
D)Immune complexes
E)Lymph glands

Question 5

The term lymphadenopathy refers to

A)a congenital lack or malformation of lymph nodes.
B)a chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes.
C)accumulations of lymph in the tissue space.
D)the lack of lymphocytes in peripheral circulation.
E)increased numbers of circulating lymphocytes.

Question 6

The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are ________ cells.

A)NK
B)plasma
C)helper T
D)thymus
E)liver

Question 7

In general,lymphocytes

A)spend most of their time in lymphatic tissue.
B)have relatively short life spans.
C)have two nuclei.
D)are produced and mature only in red bone marrow.
E)are located primarily in the blood stream.

Question 8

The medullary cords of a lymph node contain ________ lymphocytes and plasma cells.

A)cytotoxic T
B)medullary
C)NK
D)B
E)cordal

Question 9

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the

A)right lymphatic duct.
B)thoracic duct.
C)cisterna chyli.
D)hepatic portal vein.
E)dural sinus.

Question 10

All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it

A)activates B cells.
B)reaches its greatest relative size during the second year of life.
C)involutes after puberty.
D)produces T cells.
E)lies in the anterior mediastinum.

Question 11

Lymphocytes

A)are actively phagocytic.
B)destroy red blood cells.
C)respond to antigens.
D)are primarily found in red bone marrow.
E)decrease in number during infection.

Question 12

The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ________ cells.

A)B
B)plasma
C)helper T
D)cytotoxic T
E)suppressor T

Question 13

The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ________ cells.

A)NK
B)B
C)helper T
D)cytotoxic T
E)suppressor T

Question 14

The lymphatic system does all of the following except

A)helps maintain normal blood volume.
B)transports gases to and away from lymph nodes.
C)eliminates variations in the composition of interstitial fluid.
D)transports lipids from the digestive tract.
E)fights infection.

Question 15

The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions except the

A)right knee.
B)right breast.
C)left arm and shoulder.
D)pelvic viscera.
E)right knee and the right breast.

Question 16

Lymph nodes do all of the following except

A)produce antibodies through B cells.
B)monitor the contents of lymph.
C)remove debris and pathogens from the lymph.
D)accumulate cancer cells.
E)remove excess nutrients from the lymph.

Question 17

The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except

A)lymphatic vessels.
B)the venae cavae.
C)the spleen.
D)lymph nodes.
E)lymph.

Question 18

Lymphocytes may be found in which of the following tissues or organs?

A)tonsils
B)spleen
C)lymph nodes
D)thymus
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 19

The primary function of the lymphatic system is

A)the transport of hormones.
B)circulation of nutrients and dissolved gases.
C)defending the body against both external and internal threats.
D)the production and distribution of plasma proteins.
E)the production and maturation of leukocytes.

Question 20

________ are large lymphatic nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx.

A)Tonsils
B)Peyer's patches
C)Lymph nodes
D)Immune complexes
E)Spleens

Question 21

Lymphatic organs differ from lymphatic tissues in what way?

A)They contain T lymphocytes and lymphatic tissues do not.
B)They are found in the digestive tract and lymphatic tissues are found in the thorax.
C)They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphatic tissues are not.
D)They cannot produce antibodies,whereas lymphatic tissues can.
E)They occur throughout the body except in the head.

Question 22

Stem cells that will form B cells or NK cells are found only in the

A)red bone marrow.
B)liver.
C)spleen.
D)thymus.
E)kidneys.

Question 23

Lymphatic capillaries are known for

A)being the starting point of the lymphatic circulation.
B)being the smallest lymphatic vessels.
C)having larger diameters and looser walls than blood capillaries.
D)having shingle-like endothelial cells.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 24

Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with

A)hyaline cartilage.
B)blood vessels.
C)adipose tissue.
D)sensory nerve endings.
E)both blood vessels and adipose tissue.

Question 25

The merging of ________ forms the right lymphatic duct.

A)the right jugular,right subclavian,and right bronchomediastinal trunks
B)the right lumbar,right subclavian,and right bronchomediastinal trunks
C)two great vessels
D)the thoracic and mediastinal ducts
E)superior and inferior lymphatic ducts

Question 26

If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins,we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of

A)B lymphocytes.
B)NK cells.
C)T cells.
D)neutrophils.
E)red blood cells.

Question 27

Dividing lymphocytes can be found in the ________ of the lymphatic nodule.

A)sinus regions
B)germinal center
C)cortical layer
D)capsular space
E)stroma

Question 28

T Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except

A)the thymus.
B)lymphatic nodules.
C)lymph node organs.
D)the spleen.
E)the brain.

Question 29

Stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes are concentrated in the

A)circulation.
B)thymus.
C)red bone marrow.
D)spleen.
E)yellow marrow.

Question 30

Lymphocyte production and maturation involves

A)bone marrow.
B)thymus tissue.
C)peripheral lymphatic tissues.
D)stem cells.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 31

Which class of cells is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen?

A)T lymphocytes.
B)free and fixed macrophages.
C)B lymphocytes.
D)neutrophils.
E)Natural Killer cells.

Question 32

Lymphatic vessels are located in almost all portions of the body except the

A)CNS.
B)periphery.
C)renal arteries.
D)groin.
E)throat.

Question 33

The cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the ________ cell.

A)B
B)T
C)plasma
D)nodule
E)NK

Question 34

The white pulp of the spleen is populated by

A)lymphocytes.
B)trabeculae.
C)arteries.
D)veins.
E)fibrous connective tissue.

Question 35

T is to ________ as B is to ________.

A)top-located; bottom-located
B)thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived
C)thyroid-drawn; bowel-developed
D)non-thymus-dependent; bottom-located
E)trabeculae-descended; bursa-origin

Question 36

Lymph nodes range in diameter from

A)1 nm to 10 nm.
B)1 inch to 2 inches.
C)1 mm to 25 mm.
D)1 cm to 25 cm.
E)1 cm to 1 inch.

Question 37

Lymphatic tissue is found in the greatest quantity in

A)the adult spleen.
B)the adult thymus.
C)bone marrow.
D)the tonsils.
E)Peyer's patches.

Question 38

Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as

A)Peyer's patches.
B)adenoids.
C)white pulp.
D)red pulp.
E)lymph nodes.

Question 39

T cells develop from stem cells in the

A)bone marrow.
B)liver.
C)spleen.
D)thymus.
E)kidneys.

Question 40

Which of the following statements about lymph flow in a node is false?

A)Lymph enters in an afferent lymphatic.
B)Lymph first enters the subcapsular space.
C)Lymph flows past dendritic cells.
D)The efferent lymphatic exits at the hilum.
E)The afferent lymphatic enters at the hilum.

Question 41

Innate defenses include

A)phagocytic cells.
B)physical barriers.
C)inflammation.
D)interferons.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 42

The body's innate defenses include all of the following except

A)the skin.
B)complement.
C)interferon.
D)inflammation.
E)antibodies.

Question 43

The release of endogenous pyrogen (or interleukin-1)by active macrophages would

A)cause inflammation.
B)produce a fever.
C)activate complement.
D)opsonize pathogens.
E)activate antibodies.

Question 44

Figure 22-1 The Structure of a Lymph Node
Use Figure 22-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "6."

A)medulla
B)cortex
C)capsule
D)trabeculae
E)cortical sinus

Question 45

Leslie has a severe sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen.This would indicate that

A)the focus of the infection is the lymph nodes.
B)lymph is not flowing consistently through these lymph nodes.
C)the lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes.
D)the lymph nodes are actively producing phagocytes.
E)the lymph nodes have increased their secretion of thymosin.

Question 46

Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include

A)sebaceous glands.
B)mucus.
C)epithelia.
D)epidermal layers.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 47

Inflammation produces localized

A)swelling.
B)redness.
C)heat.
D)pain.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 48

Various types of macrophages are derived from

A)lymphocytes.
B)monocytes.
C)neutrophils.
D)eosinophils.
E)basophils.

Question 49

A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens.This would indicate that John

A)is feeling achy.
B)is producing T lymphocytes.
C)has a sore throat.
D)is running a fever.
E)has swollen lymph nodes.

Question 50

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except

A)body hair.
B)epithelium.
C)secretions.
D)complement.
E)basement membranes.

Question 51

The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following except

A)destruction of target cell plasma membranes.
B)stimulation of inflammation.
C)inhibition of the immune response.
D)opsonization.
E)chemotaxis.

Question 52

Figure 22-1 The Structure of a Lymph Node
Use Figure 22-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the dominant cell type in the area labeled "6."

A)T cells
B)B cells
C)erythrocytes
D)platelets
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 53

Figure 22-1 The Structure of a Lymph Node
Use Figure 22-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the dominant cell type in the area labeled "4."

A)T cells
B)B cells
C)erythrocytes
D)platelets
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 54

An inflammatory response is triggered when

A)red blood cells release pyrogens.
B)T cells release interferon.
C)mast cells release histamine and heparin.
D)neutrophils phagocytize bacteria.
E)blood flow to an area increases.

Question 55

Microphages include

A)monocytes.
B)Kupffer cells.
C)neutrophils.
D)eosinophils.
E)both neutrophils and eosinophils.

Question 56

Fever is the maintenance of body temperature greater than

A)40.6°C (105°F).
B)37.2°C (99°F).
C)37°C (98.6°F).
D)38.9 °C (102°F).
E)37.5°C (99.5°F).

Question 57

Figure 22-1 The Structure of a Lymph Node
Use Figure 22-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "3."

A)deep cortex
B)capsule
C)subcapsular space
D)trabeculae
E)outer cortex

Question 58

Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability.This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except

A)redness of the inflamed tissue.
B)chemotaxis of phagocytes.
C)heat of the inflamed tissue.
D)movement of defense proteins and cells into the interstitial space.
E)swelling of the inflamed tissue.

Question 59

Plasma contains ________ special proteins that form the complement system.

A)about 3
B)exactly 10
C)roughly 18
D)exactly 25
E)more than 30

Question 60

Figure 22-1 The Structure of a Lymph Node
Use Figure 22-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled " 1."

A)efferent lymphatic vessel
B)venule
C)arteriole
D)afferent lymphatic vessel
E)lymphatic nodule

Question 61

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells.

A)NK
B)plasma
C)B
D)helper T
E)suppressor T

Question 62

During a primary humoral response to antigens all of the following occur except

A)B cells may differentiate into plasma cells immediately.
B)B cells may undergo several rounds of mitosis before producing plasma cells and memory cells.
C)antibody levels do not peak until 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure.
D)neutrophils invade the surrounding areas,releasing chemotactic substances.
E)the first immunoglobulins to appear in circulation are of the IgM type.

Question 63

In passive immunity,the

A)immune system attacks normal body cells.
B)body is deliberately exposed to an antigen.
C)body receives antibodies produced by other humans.
D)body receives antibodies produced by an animal.
E)body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal.

Question 64

Hormones of the immune system include all of the following except

A)interleukins.
B)interferons.
C)natriuretic factor.
D)thymosins.
E)tumor necrosis factor.

Question 65

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by

A)innate immunity.
B)adaptive immunity.
C)immunological surveillance.
D)skin defenses.
E)fever.

Question 66

Suppressor T cells act to

A)suppress antigens.
B)erase memory T cells.
C)limit antigen proliferation.
D)inhibit T and B cell activities.
E)produce antibodies involved in autoimmunity.

Question 67

Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of the following chemical weapons?

A)secrete strong acid
B)secrete organic solvent
C)secrete free radicals
D)secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis
E)secrete mutant proteins that get incorporated into the target's DNA

Question 68

Characteristics of adaptive defenses include

A)versatility.
B)tolerance.
C)memory.
D)specificity.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 69

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass through the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity.

A)actively acquired
B)naturally acquired passive
C)passively acquired
D)automatically acquired
E)innate

Question 70

Adaptive defenses depend on the activities of

A)monocytes.
B)leukocytes.
C)agranulocytes.
D)erythrocytes.
E)lymphocytes.

Question 71

All of the following are true of the primary response of humoral immunity except that

A)it depends on antigen triggering the appropriate B cell.
B)it requires B cell differentiation into plasma cells.
C)it is delayed by the memory cell stage.
D)circulating antibodies undergo a gradual,sustained rise.
E)it peaks 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure.

Question 72

In an experimental situation,a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies.These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease.This is an example of

A)innate immunity.
B)active immunization.
C)passive immunization.
D)natural immunity.
E)alloimmunity.

Question 73

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.

A)active
B)natural passive
C)passive
D)auto
E)innate

Question 74

Cells that help regulate the immune response are ________ cells.

A)B
B)plasma
C)helper T
D)cytotoxic T
E)NK

Question 75

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity.

A)naturally acquired active
B)natural passive
C)passively acquired
D)automatically acquired
E)innate

Question 76

The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response.What is the correct sequence for these steps?
1)Several cycles of mitosis occur.
2)Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage.
3)Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection.
4)T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen.
5)T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells or T memory cells.
6)Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin.

A)4,1,5,3,6,2
B)2,4,1,5,3,6
C)1,2,4,5,3,6
D)3,2,4,1,5,6
E)3,6,4,5,1,2

Question 77

All of the following are true of the secondary response of humoral immunity except that it

A)depends on memory B cells.
B)results in much higher antibody titers than in the primary response.
C)results in much quicker rise in antibody titers.
D)produces more effective antibodies.
E)weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two.

Question 78

Interleukins do all of the following except

A)increase T-cell sensitivity to antigens exposed on macrophage membranes.
B)stimulate B-cell activity,plasma cell formation,and antibody production.
C)stimulate inflammation.
D)elevate body temperature.
E)stimulate collagen synthesis.

Question 79

The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the

A)T cells.
B)B cells.
C)NK cells.
D)phagocytes.
E)plasma cells.

Question 80

The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the protein C1 binds to

A)the cell wall of bacteria.
B)the plasma membrane of bacteria.
C)an antibody attached to an antigen.
D)a cell surface antigen.
E)a plasma protein.