Deck 6: Osseous Tissue and Bone Structure

Question 1

Through the action of osteoclasts,

A)new bone is formed.
B)an organic framework is formed.
C)bony matrix is dissolved.
D)osteoid is calcified.
E)fractured bones regenerate.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The region of a long bone between the end and the shaft is known as the

A)diaphysis.
B)epiphysis.
C)osseophysis.
D)metaphysis.
E)medullary cavity.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Small bones that fill gaps between bones of the skull are called ________ bones.

A)irregular
B)sesamoid
C)sutural
D)sagittal
E)tendon

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Bone is composed of ________ percent cells.

A)25
B)10
C)2
D)15
E)50

Question 5

Which of the following bones is classified as "irregular" in shape?

A)patella
B)frontal
C)vertebra
D)metatarsal
E)ulna

Question 6

The smooth,rounded articular process of a bone is termed a

A)crest.
B)ridge.
C)head.
D)condyle.
E)trochlea.

Question 7

The humerus is an example of a(n)________ bone.

A)long
B)short
C)flat
D)irregular
E)sesamoid

Question 8

The proximal and distal ends of a long bone are called the

A)epiphyses.
B)diaphyses.
C)epiphyseal plates.
D)metaphyses.
E)periphyses.

Question 9

A large proximal projection on a bone is called the

A)ramus.
B)trochanter.
C)tuberosity.
D)tubercle.
E)condyle.

Question 10

Which of following is a function of the skeletal system?

A)body support
B)calcium homeostasis
C)protection of internal organs
D)blood cell production
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 11

Cells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrix are called

A)osteocytes.
B)osteoprogenitor cells.
C)osteoblasts.
D)osteoclasts.
E)osteoid cells.

Question 12

A shallow depression on a bone is termed a

A)fossa.
B)sulcus.
C)facet.
D)fissure.
E)line.

Question 13

The patella is an example of a(n)________ bone.

A)irregular
B)sesamoid
C)sutural
D)sagittal
E)flat

Question 14

Which of the following are not components of the skeletal system?

A)tendons
B)bones
C)ligaments
D)cartilage
E)other tissues that connect bones

Question 15

A rib is an example of a ________ bone.

A)long
B)short
C)flat
D)sutural
E)sesamoid

Question 16

________ bones develop inside tendons,commonly near the knees,hands,and feet.

A)Irregular
B)Sesamoid
C)Short
D)Long
E)Flat

Question 17

A hole through a bone is called a

A)ramus.
B)foramen.
C)linea.
D)tubercle.
E)facet.

Question 18

________ are squamous stem cells that develop into osteoblasts.

A)Osteoclasts
B)Osteocytes
C)Osteomedullary cells
D)Osteoprogenitor cells
E)Osteoid cells

Question 19

Which of the following labels best matches osteocyte?

A)stem cell
B)dissolves matrix
C)mature bone cell
D)secretes organic matrix
E)immature bone cell

Question 20

The carpal bones are examples of ________ bones.

A)long
B)short
C)flat
D)irregular
E)sesamoid

Question 21

How would removing hydroxyapatite from bone matrix affect the physical properties of a bone?

A)The bone would be less flexible.
B)The bone would be stronger.
C)The bone would be more brittle.
D)The bone would be more flexible.
E)The bone would be less compressible.

Question 22

________ account(s)for almost two-thirds of the weight of bone.

A)Water
B)Calcium carbonate
C)Collagen fibers
D)Fluoride
E)Calcium phosphate

Question 23

Adipose tissue is stored within the

A)medullary cavity.
B)metaphysis.
C)spongy bone.
D)epiphysis.
E)diaphysis.

Question 24

The space occupied by an osteocyte is called

A)Volkmann's canal.
B)a lacuna.
C)a trabecula.
D)a Haversian canal.
E)a canaliculus.

Question 25

The narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes are called

A)central canals.
B)lacunae.
C)canaliculi.
D)medullary cavities.
E)foramina.

Question 26

The type of bone that is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from many directions is ________ bone.

A)spongy
B)osteon
C)compact
D)lamellar
E)irregular

Question 27

Which of the following chemicals is not present in bone?

A)calcium phosphate
B)collagen fibers
C)calcium carbonate
D)chondroitin sulfate
E)hydroxyapatite

Question 28

The lacunae of osseous tissue contain

A)blood cells.
B)osteocytes.
C)chondroblasts.
D)bone marrow.
E)capillaries.

Question 29

________ marrow is found between the trabeculae of spongy bone.

A)Blue
B)Yellow
C)White
D)Gray
E)Red

Question 30

The interconnecting tiny arches of bone tissue found in spongy bone are called

A)osteons.
B)trabeculae.
C)concentric lamellae.
D)interstitial lamellae.
E)lacunae.

Question 31

The most abundant cell type in bone is

A)osteoclasts.
B)osteoblasts.
C)osteolytes.
D)osteoprogenitor cells.
E)osteocytes.

Question 32

The femur can withstand ________ times the body's weight without breaking.

A)3
B)5 to 10
C)8
D)10 to 15
E)30

Question 33

________ cells are located in the inner cellular layer of the periosteum.

A)Osteocyte
B)Osteoclast
C)Osteoid
D)Osteoprogenitor
E)Osteolytic

Question 34

In relationship to the diaphysis of a long bone,the osteons are

A)radial.
B)anterior.
C)parallel.
D)proximal.
E)diagonal.

Question 35

Which of the following is a characteristic of bone?

A)The bone matrix is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts.
B)The matrix of the bone contains osteoclasts and chondroblasts.
C)Narrow channels pass through the matrix to allow for muscle attachment.
D)The matrix of bone is mostly collagen with very little calcium.
E)For strength,compact bone is organized into a meshwork of matrix called trabeculae.

Question 36

The structural units of mature compact bone are called

A)trabeculae.
B)osteocytes.
C)osteons.
D)canaliculi.
E)lamellae.

Question 37

The central canal of an osteon contains

A)bone marrow.
B)osteocytes.
C)concentric lamellae.
D)blood vessels.
E)lacunae.

Question 38

The lining of the medullary cavity is called the

A)endosteum.
B)periosteum.
C)epiosteum.
D)mediosteum.
E)paraosteum.

Question 39

The ________ interactions allow bone to be strong,somewhat flexible,and highly resistant to shattering.

A)collagen-fiber
B)protein-crystal
C)mineral-crystal
D)protein-protein
E)hydroxyapatite-crystal

Question 40

________ bone reduces the weight of the skeleton and reduces the load on muscles.

A)Short
B)Irregular
C)Spongy
D)Compact
E)Long

Question 41

Primary ossification centers develop in long bones in the

A)proximal epiphysis.
B)periosteum.
C)metaphysis.
D)distal epiphysis.
E)diaphysis.

Question 42

Secondary ossification centers occur

A)in the diaphysis.
B)at the periosteum.
C)in the epiphyses.
D)in the metaphyses.
E)in dermal bones.

Question 43

The layers of bone tissue immediately deep to the periosteum are

A)circumferential lamellae.
B)osteoid plates.
C)trabeculae.
D)concentric lamellae.
E)epiphseal ridges.

Question 44

The articular cartilage of a typical long bone is composed of what type of cartilage?

A)elastic cartilage
B)synovial cartilage
C)hyaline cartilage
D)fibrocartilage
E)osseous cartilage

Question 45

Which of the following statements about Marfan's syndrome is false?

A)It results in short,stubby fingers.
B)It results from a mutation.
C)It affects connective tissue structures.
D)It affects epiphyseal cartilages.
E)It may also cause cardiovascular problems.

Question 46

Intramembranous ossification

A)produces flat bones,as in the bones of the roof of the skull.
B)explains how a juvenile's bone can grow in length.
C)occurs in the diaphysis of a long bone.
D)occurs inside a bag of cartilage.
E)occurs in all bones before birth.

Question 47

Bone tissue formation begins when osteoblasts secrete

A)protein fibers.
B)mesenchyme.
C)silica.
D)hydroxyapatite.
E)calcium.

Question 48

Which statement is true regarding calcium in bone matrix?

A)Calcium is found in crystals called hydroxyapatite.
B)Calcium is secreted by osteoblasts into the matrix.
C)Once deposited,calcium cannot be removed from bone.
D)Calcium provides flexibility to the bone matrix.
E)Calcium is the organic part of the matrix.

Question 49

The following are important steps in the process of endochondral ossification.What is the correct order for these events?
1)Enlarged chondrocytes die.
2)Osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone.
3)Chondrocytes enlarge and the surrounding matrix begins to calcify.
4)Blood vessels grow around the edges of the cartilage.
5)Perichondrial cells become osteoblasts and produce a superficial layer of bone.

A)3,1,5,4,2
B)1,3,5,4,2
C)1,5,3,4,2
D)2,3,1,5,4
E)3,1,4,5,2

Question 50

Figure 6-1 The Structure of Compact Bone
Use Figure 6-1 to answer the following questions:
The structure labeled "3" is the result of which process?

A)bone cells adding matrix between existing osteons
B)surface growth of bone
C)remodeling of compact bone
D)remodeling of spongy bone
E)osteoporosis

Question 51

Which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification?

A)roof of the skull
B)carpal bones
C)femur
D)clavicle
E)the roof of the skull and the clavicle

Question 52

Figure 6-1 The Structure of Compact Bone
Use Figure 6-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structures labeled "4."

A)concentric lamellae
B)circumferential lamellae
C)interstitial lamellae
D)trabeculae
E)periosteum

Question 53

Figure 6-1 The Structure of Compact Bone
Use Figure 6-1 to answer the following questions:
What lines the structure labeled "7"?

A)the endosteum
B)blood vessels
C)the central canal
D)spongy bone
E)trabeculae

Question 54

Figure 6-1 The Structure of Compact Bone
Use Figure 6-1 to answer the following questions:
Which structure is called an osteon?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 55

Figure 6-1 The Structure of Compact Bone
Use Figure 6-1 to answer the following questions:
Which structure is characteristic of spongy bone?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 56

The trabeculae of spongy bone

A)are organized parallel to the long axis of the bone.
B)are organized along stress lines.
C)are composed mostly of cartilage.
D)will collapse under stress.
E)are concentrated in the cortex of the diaphysis.

Question 57

Intramembranous ossification begins with differentiation of ________ cells.

A)osteoclast
B)osteolytic
C)mesenchymal
D)osteoblast
E)osteocyte

Question 58

Bone growth in length occurs by mitosis of

A)concentric lamellae.
B)cartilage cells in the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis.
C)growth of trabeculae.
D)osteoblasts in the endosteum.
E)cartilage cells in the diaphyseal side of the metaphysis.

Question 59

The deposition of calcium salts in bone tissues is referred to as

A)hardening.
B)ossification.
C)calcification.
D)osteogenesis.
E)remodeling.

Question 60

Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a(n)

A)fibrous connective-tissue model.
B)cartilage model.
C)membranous model.
D)calcified model.
E)osteoid model.

Question 61

When production of sex hormones increases at puberty,epiphyseal plates

A)widen.
B)become narrower.
C)increase slowly.
D)accelerate rapidly,but mostly in thickness.
E)are hardly affected.

Question 62

Figure 6-2 Endochondral Ossification
Use Figure 6-2 to answer the following question(s):
Where does growth in length occur?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 63

Accelerated closure of the epiphyseal plates could be caused by

A)high levels of vitamin D.
B)too much calcium in the diet.
C)elevated levels of estrogen.
D)too little thyroxine.
E)an excess of growth hormone.

Question 64

Factors that are necessary for proper bone formation include all of the following,except

A)vitamin A.
B)vitamin E.
C)vitamin C.
D)the hormone thyroxine.
E)vitamin D.

Question 65

When cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposite side,bones

A)grow longer.
B)grow wider.
C)become shorter.
D)become more porous and weaker.
E)become thicker.

Question 66

Figure 6-2 Endochondral Ossification
Use Figure 6-2 to answer the following question(s):
Identify the structure at #4.

A)intramembranous bone
B)spongy bone
C)hyaline cartilage
D)periosteum
E)mesenchyme

Question 67

A lack of exercise could

A)cause bones to become thicker.
B)cause bones to store more calcium.
C)result in porous and weak bones.
D)cause bones to become longer.
E)cause bones to lose their medullary cavity.

Question 68

During appositional growth

A)bones grow longer.
B)bones grow wider.
C)cartilage replaces bone.
D)the epiphysis fuses with the diaphysis.
E)compact bone replaces spongy bone.

Question 69

Where in the body does the production of precursors for the synthesis of calcitriol occur?

A)bone
B)kidneys
C)small intestine
D)liver
E)skin

Question 70

The most abundant mineral in the human body is

A)sodium.
B)potassium.
C)phosphorus.
D)calcium.
E)hydrogen.

Question 71

Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone

A)calcitonin.
B)thyroid hormone.
C)parathyroid hormone.
D)growth hormone.
E)testosterone.

Question 72

Figure 6-2 Endochondral Ossification
Use Figure 6-2 to answer the following question(s):
Identify the structure labeled "2."

A)epiphysis
B)diaphysis
C)metaphysis
D)marrow cavity
E)trabeculae

Question 73

When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone,

A)puberty begins.
B)interstitial bone growth begins.
C)appositional bone growth begins.
D)long bones have reached their adult length.
E)the bone becomes more brittle.

Question 74

Suppose that epiphyseal lines appear in a 10-year-old's long bones.Which of the following statements is,therefore,true?

A)The epiphyseal plates have ossified and further growth in length is not possible.
B)Administration of growth hormone will stimulate future bone growth in length.
C)Osteoclasts will dissolve the metaphysis so length growth can continue until adulthood.
D)More growth will occur during the teenage years as sex hormones stimulate rebuilding of growth plates.
E)Intramembranous ossification will enable further growth in length.

Question 75

Figure 6-2 Endochondral Ossification
Use Figure 6-2 to answer the following question(s):
What type of tissue occurs at #1?

A)elastic tissue
B)fibrocartilage
C)bone
D)hyaline cartilage
E)marrow tissue

Question 76

In normal adult bones,

A)there is no turnover of minerals.
B)a portion of the protein and mineral content is replaced each year.
C)osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity,once bone has been formed.
D)osteoclasts continue to be active long after osteoblast activity ceases.
E)exercise will have no effect on bone remodeling.

Question 77

Excessive growth hormone prior to puberty could result in

A)osteoporosis.
B)osteopenia.
C)rickets.
D)gigantism.
E)dwarfism.

Question 78

The following are major steps in the process of intramembranous ossification:
1) Clusters of osteoblasts form osteoid that becomes mineralized.
2) Osteoblasts differentiate within mesenchymal connective tissue.
3) Spicules of bone radiate out from the ossification centers.
4) Mesenchymal cells aggregate.
What is the correct order for these events?

A)4,1,2,3
B)2,1,3,4
C)4,2,1,3
D)2,3,1,4
E)3,4,2,1

Question 79

When stress is applied to a bone,

A)the minerals in the bone produce a weak electrical field that attracts osteoblasts.
B)osteoclast activity increases and osteoblast activity decreases.
C)the bone becomes thin and brittle and ultimately fractures.
D)the bone compensates by becoming thinner in the region of stress.
E)blood supply through the nutrient artery diminishes and thus remodeling proceeds at a much slower rate.

Question 80

Figure 6-2 Endochondral Ossification
Use Figure 6-2 to answer the following question(s):
What process is shown at #6?

A)primary ossification
B)secondary ossification
C)length growth
D)width growth
E)fracture repair