Deck 11: Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity

Question 1

In order to increase what is known about biodiversity in the oceans, researchers intend to release which of the following?

A)high-altitude balloons
B)miniature autonomous robots
C)specially trained dolphins
D)several new surface research vessels
E)colored dyes

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is a baleen whale?

A)killer whale
B)sperm whale
C)narwhal
D)bottlenose dolphin
E)blue whale

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The excessive turbidity, or cloudiness, of Lake Wingra in Madison, Wisconsin, was caused by the introduction of which of the following?

A)Nile perch
B)marine seaweed
C)catfish
D)water lilies
E)common carp

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Which of the following has not been a contributing factor to the dramatic loss of aquatic fish species in Lake Victoria?

A)increase in population of Nile perch
B)frequent blooms of algae
C)flooding from torrential rains
D)nutrients from surrounding farms and deforested land
E)release of untreated sewage

Question 5

Bioinvaders cost the United States approximately how much per hour?

A)$10,000
B)$133,000
C)$1,135,000
D)$16,000,000
E)$160,000,000

Question 6

Human input of which of the following, mostly from fertilizers, has doubled since 1860 and causes eutrophication of marine and freshwater systems?

A)carbon
B)hydrogen
C)nitrogen
D)oxygen
E)sulfur

Question 7

The direct threat of climate change to marine habitat is

A)increase in carbon storage in oceans
B)spread of tropical diseases
C)decreased salinity of water
D)rising sea levels
E)UV radiation from ozone depletion

Question 8

The greatest marine biodiversity is located

A)in the sunlit region of the ocean
B)in the surface region of the ocean
C)under the polar ice caps
D)in the open ocean
E)in coral reefs

Question 9

How much faster are coastal habitats disappearing than the tropical forests?

A)about the same
B)only a little bit faster
C)2-10 times faster
D)15 times faster
E)20 times faster

Question 10

Which of the following countries has a significant whaling industry and whale meat market?

A)United States
B)Australia
C)Great Britain
D)Japan
E)China

Question 11

What are cetaceans?

A)whales and porpoises
B)manatees
C)seals
D)sea lions
E)walruses

Question 12

A five year study of European fulmars indicated that in 2009 what percentage of the seabirds had plastic in their stomachs?

A)5%
B)15%
C)25%
D)75%
E)95%

Question 13

HIPPCO is an acronym that aids in remembering

A)the names of extinct species
B)African animals that are threatened with extinction
C)threats to the world's biodiversity
D)the names of international treaties dealing with endangered species
E)the organizations working toward saving threatened species

Question 14

Four of the following areas are places where 90% of all the ocean's fish spawn; one is not such an area.Choose the one that is not.

A)coral reefs
B)mangrove forests
C)coastal wetlands
D)ocean bottom
E)rivers

Question 15

In 2010 the UN indicates what percentage of the world's people are living along or near the ocean coasts?

A)80%
B)60%
C)50%
D)40%
E)20%

Question 16

How many of the 500 fish species called cichlids, found in African Lake Victoria, have gone extinct since 1980?

A)10
B)50
C)100
D)150
E)200

Question 17

The first letter "P" in the acronym HIPPCO stands for

A)perennial
B)population
C)pressure
D)petroleum
E)pesticides

Question 18

A serious problem that is faced in protecting ocean biodiversity is our lack of data on all of the following except

A)how ocean ecosystems work
B)how increasing levels of pollution affect species
C)the effect of rising acidity in the oceans
D)the effect of increasing water temperature
E)the effect of hurricanes on shorelines

Question 19

Which of the following countries is not observing the international moratorium on commercial whaling?

A)United States
B)Norway
C)Great Britain
D)Canada
E)Australia

Question 20

Which of the following is defined as the area of ocean needed to sustain the fish consumption of an average person, a nation, or the world?

A)fishprint
B)footprint
C)resource demand
D)ocean view
E)ocean resource footprint

Question 21

All the nations of the world are overfishing the world's global oceans, taking _____ more than the sustainable yield of fish.

A)10%
B)28%
C)42%
D)57%
E)75%

Question 22

Which of the following provides a damping effect on storm-driven waves and tsunamis, and will help reduce the impact of rising sea levels from global climate change?

A)continental shelf
B)coral reefs
C)mangrove forests
D)estuaries
E)tidal basins

Question 23

Some countries use market-based systems to help control access to fisheries.One such program is the

A)cap and trade system
B)total allowable catch system
C)co-management systems
D)individual transfer rights system
E)community-based management system

Question 24

Which of the following has the most destructive effects on ocean-floor ecosystems?

A)purse-seine
B)long-lining
C)trawler fishing
D)gill nets
E)drift-netting

Question 25

When it appears that it is no longer profitable to continue fishing as a result of overfishing, the fish populations are said to be

A)locally extinct
B)commercially extinct
C)economically extinct
D)biologically extinct
E)ecologically extinct

Question 26

Mitigation banking is supposed to accomplish what?

A)nothing
B)trading wetlands for forest lands
C)allowing development of wetland for a fee
D)requiring the restoration of all wetlands
E)allowing destruction of wetlands if an equal wetland is created elsewhere

Question 27

Industrialized fishing has become highly mechanized.Which of the following is not one of the major methods used to harvest marine fishes?

A)trawler fishing
B)purse-seine fishing
C)rod and reel fishing
D)long-lining
E)drift-net fishing

Question 28

What is CITES?

A)software for producing bibliographies
B)a treaty banning trade in endangered species
C)a treaty banning barrier island development
D)a treaty banning overfishing
E)a treaty banning gill nets

Question 29

Consumers have a role to play in the effort to sustain aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem services, including all of the following, except

A)demanding sustainable seafood
B)encouraging fishing subsidies
C)looking for labeling indicating where fish were caught
D)encouraging certification of sustainably caught seafood
E)select plant-eating species of fish raised through aquaculture

Question 30

What percentage of the world's oceans is closed to fishing and other harmful human activities?

A)1%
B)3%
C)5%
D)7%
E)11%

Question 31

The newer approach to estimating fish populations, one which takes into account interactions between species and has more room for error, is

A)maximum sustained yield
B)minimum sustained yield
C)commercial sustained yield
D)potential sustained yield
E)optimum sustained yield

Question 32

By law, a country's offshore fishing zone extends to ____ kilometers from its shores.

A)50
B)100
C)200
D)300
E)370

Question 33

Four of the following are reasons protecting marine biodiversity is difficult; one is not.Choose the one that is not.

A)Human ecological footprint is expanding.
B)Much of the damage is not visible to most people.
C)Oceans lie outside the legal jurisdiction of any country
D)There is no understanding of what needs to be done.
E)People view the ocean as inexhaustible.

Question 34

Leading marine scientists suggest we need at least ____% of the world's oceans fully protected as marine reserves.

A)67
B)41
C)33
D)35
E)13

Question 35

Which of the following is an example of reconciliation ecology?

A)restoring a native coastal estuary by planting native vegetation
B)purchasing development rights of coastal ecosystems
C)negotiating land disputes among competing parties
D)a restaurant owner cooperating with local conservation efforts in ecotourism
E)passing laws regulating fishing rights

Question 36

Which U.S.state is leading the way in establishing marine protected areas where fishing will be banned or strictly limited?

A)Washington
B)Oregon
C)California
D)Florida
E)Texas

Question 37

The traditional approach to estimating fish populations is the

A)potential sustained yield
B)minimum sustained yield
C)commercial sustained yield
D)maximum sustained yield
E)optimum sustained yield

Question 38

Many scientists and policy makers are suggesting an ecosystem approach to sustain aquatic systems.The cornerstone of this would include establishment of fully protected

A)marine reserves
B)benthic zones
C)high seas zones
D)continental shelf areas
E)wildlife reserves

Question 39

The leatherback sea turtle survived the asteroid that killed off the dinosaurs but may become extinct because of human activities.Which of the following is not a threat to these turtles?

A)bottom trawler fishing
B)being hunted for meat, leather, and eggs
C)tourism
D)becoming entangled in fishing nets and traps
E)plastic bags

Question 40

Despite their ecological value, the United States has lost more than ____ of its coastal and inland wetlands since 1900.

A)10%
B)25%
C)50%
D)75%
E)90%

Question 41

The human demand for seafood has almost reached the level of the supply.

Question 42

Sustainable management of freshwater fishes involves all of the following, except

A)supporting populations of commercial and sport fish species
B)supporting introduction of commercially important nonnative species
C)preventing over fishing
D)building and stocking reservoirs and farm ponds
E)controlling predators and parasites

Question 43

Which of the following is a major threat to biodiversity and ecological function of the Great Lakes?

A)invasive nonnative species
B)ocean sea level rise
C)saltwater intrusion
D)acidification
E)tourism

Question 44

Coastal wetland destruction in industrial countries is lower than the destruction in less-developed countries.

Question 45

Decades of degrading the Everglades has resulted in all of the following, except

A)90% of wading birds have vanished.
B)Populations of vertebrates such as deer are down 75─95%.
C)Florida Bay, south of the everglades, has become saltier and warmer.
D)Lake Okeechobee has been expanded.
E)Algal blooms cover as much as 40% of Florida Bay.

Question 46

Oceans will become more acidic as a result of the absorption of carbon dioxide and will remain so for thousands of years.

Question 47

We have limited knowledge about both freshwater and marine biodiversity.

Question 48

All of the following species are a threat, or a potential threat, to the Great Lakes except

A)sea lamprey
B)zebra mussel
C)jellyfish
D)quagga mussel
E)Asian carp

Question 49

Climate scientists estimate the oceans will rise between 3.2 and 5.2 feet by the year 2100.

Question 50

Since the 1986 International Whaling Commission moratorium on killing whales went into effect, no whales have been killed by the nations of the world.

Question 51

The two types of whales are the toothed whales and the baleen whales.

Question 52

Ecological Services of rivers include all of the following except

A)deliver nutrient to seas to help sustain fisheries
B)purify water
C)renew and renourish wetlands
D)remove silt that accumulates in deltas
E)provide habitats for wildlife

Question 53

Biologist E.O.Wilson proposed a list of priorities for protecting aquatic biodiversity.Which one of the following is not one of those priorities?

A)complete mapping of the world's aquatic biodiversity
B)Identify and preserve the world's aquatic biodiversity hot spots.
C)Stop the melting of the arctic ice.
D)Protect and restore the world's lakes and river systems.
E)Find ways to increase incomes of people living in or near biodiversity reserves.

Question 54

The goals of the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan include all of the following, except

A)Restore the curving flow of the Kissimmee River.
B)Build a series of massive dams to stop water leaving the Everglades.
C)Remove 400 kilometers of canals and levees south of Lake Okeechobee.
D)Buy 240 square kilometers of farmland and allow it to become marsh.
E)Create 18 large reservoirs and underground storage areas.

Question 55

Plastic items dumped from ships and left as litter kill as many as 1 million seabirds and 100,000 mammals and sea turtles each year.

Question 56

Biodiversity is higher in the surface region of the ocean rather than the bottom region.

Question 57

Sea bottom habitats are the only habitats that are not being destroyed or degraded.

Question 58

By 1975, commercial whaling had killed enough whales that 8 of 11 major species were extinct.

Question 59

The National Wild and Scenic River Act, passed in 1968, protects designated rivers from all of the following, except

A)widening
B)straightening
C)dredging
D)damming
E)watershed destruction

Question 60

Scientists cataloging the biodiversity of the deepest ocean zone are adding a few thousand new species each year.

Question 61

Strategies for protecting the earth's precious biodiversity will not be implemented without bottom-up political pressure from individual citizens and groups.

Question 62

Restoring degraded wetlands is a relatively easy process.

Question 63

Creating and restoring wetlands has become a profitable business.

Question 64

Marine Protected Areas are the only areas in the ocean where fish are totally protected from human activities.

Question 65

In Israel, one person has restored a severely damaged coral reef in the Red Sea by building an underwater restaurant next to it.

Question 66

Humans have explored only about ____________________% of the earth's global ocean and know little about its biodiversity.

Question 67

Many land developers are trying to weaken wetland protections instituted by the Federal government.

Question 68

Approximately 99.9% of the world's oceans are not effectively protected from harmful human activities.

Question 69

World governments give approximately $30─34 billion in subsidies yearly to fishers.

Question 70

Canada's 500-year-old Atlantic cod fishery collapsed and was closed in 1992.The cod population still has not recovered, despite a total ban on fishing.

Question 71

Sustaining freshwater aquatic systems begins by realizing whatever we do on land, as well as what we do in the water, has some effect on those systems.

Question 72

The high reproductive rate of blue whales will make it possible for the species to recover from being hunted to near extinction, if the hunting stops.

Question 73

The negotiated plan to restore the Everglades is now coming apart because of competing interests.

Question 74

The leatherback sea turtle is the only warm-blooded sea turtle.

Question 75

Marine and freshwater fishes are threatened with extinction by human activities more than any other group of species.

Question 76

Restoration of the Everglades may take as much as 50 years to complete.

Question 77

Salmon populations in the Columbia River have increased by 35% since the dam system was put in place.

Question 78

Complex computer models for managing large marine systems have made it easy to get groups of nations to cooperate in planning and managing the large system.

Question 79

Nine Pacific Northwest salmon species are listed as endangered or threatened.

Question 80

The ____________________ population is decreasing in Lake Victoria because it has reduced its food source.