Deck 1: Crime Criminal-Justice And-Scientific-Inquiry

Question 1

Things we know from direct experience are a direct result of which type of reality?

A) agreement
B) expressed
C) assumed
D) experiential

Answer 1

D

Question 2

We live in a world of two realities known as:

A) expressed and assumed
B) experiential and agreement
C) expressed and agreement
D) experiential and assumed

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Human inquiry attempts to answer what two questions?

A) where and when
B) who and why
C) how and when
D) what and why

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The keystone of inquiry is observation.

Question 5

We can understand something by knowing the why before the what.

Question 6

Things we consider real because we've been told they are real is an example of:

A) agreement reality
B) expressed reality
C) assumed reality
D) experiential reality

Question 7

According to the text,most criminal justice professionals (especially supervisors)routinely review:

A) computer readouts and news reports
B) archived and updated spreadsheets
C) performance reports and statistical tabulations
D) databases

Question 8

Four purposes of research are exploration,description,explanation,and application.

Question 9

A vast number of norms and rules in society create regularity.

Question 10

Scientists must have two types of support before they will agree on something they haven't personally experienced. These types are:

A) epistemological and methodological
B) logical and hard facts
C) logical and empirical
D) hard facts and complete data

Question 11

We live in a world of two realities; agreement and empirical.

Question 12

What is the science of knowing?

A) methodology
B) entomology
C) modality
D) epistemology

Question 13

What method is known as the science of finding out?

A) epistemology
B) methodology
C) observations
D) data gathering

Question 14

A research project concerning law enforcement that produces an alternative view of a practice represents:

A) known reality
B) expressed reality
C) empirical reality
D) experiential reality

Question 15

Prediction can be made better by observation and remembering regular:

A) assumptions
B) patterns
C) educated guesses
D) pasts

Question 16

Value is a relative concept and cannot be settled by science.

Question 17

Traditional beliefs about patrol effectiveness,response time,and detective work are examples of:

A) known reality
B) agreement reality
C) experiential reality
D) assumed reality

Question 18

Casual human inquiry is a more rigorous way of investigation than probability and causality.

Question 19

The objective of the text is to help future criminal justice professionals become:

A) informed consumers of research
B) informed consumers of books
C) experts in the department of justice
D) expert readers

Question 20

Selective observation is a danger of overgeneralization.

Question 21

When we trust the judgments of people who have special training,such as a doctor or a lawyer,we are accepting their:

A) wisdom
B) expertise
C) authority
D) word

Question 22

Which of the following would be the best example of the potential for inaccurate observations in the criminal justice system?

A) eyewitness testimony
B) police officers on a stake-out
C) the state witnesses at an execution
D) correction officers watching a potentially suicidal prisoner

Question 23

Overgeneralization can lead to misrepresentation and:

A) justification
B) simplification
C) complication
D) replication

Question 24

If you have concluded that a particular pattern exists and have developed a general understanding of why,you may be tempted to ignore facts in the future that don't fit.This is:

A) inaccurate observation
B) overgeneralization
C) illogical reasoning
D) selective observation

Question 25

Two pillars of science are:

A) logic and data
B) questions and answers
C) logic and observation
D) research and development

Question 26

When we rely on the "truths" of our culture,we are accepting knowledge derived from the majority,and this is called acceptance of:

A) traditions
B) myths
C) reality
D) agreement

Question 27

When there is pressure to reach a general understanding,there is a tendency toward

A) overgeneralization
B) inaccurate observations
C) illogical reasoning
D) miscalculation

Question 28

Agreed on knowledge that others give us is known as:

A) tradition and authority
B) tradition and experience
C) agreement reality
D) understanding

Question 29

What are three major aspects of the overall scientific enterprise?

A) theory, data collection, selective observation
B) theory, data collection, data analysis
C) data collection, data analysis, funding
D) theory, data analysis, funding

Question 30

Research into crime is related to ideology and politics in the following manner:

A) crime should not be used as a political issue
B) the study of crime can lead to policies that enhance the functioning of the criminal justice system
C) there is no political nature to the study of crime
D) there is no ideological issues in the study of crime

Question 31

Illogical reasoning is best illustrated by which of the following?

A) the weather has been good all month, so this weekend the weather will be good enough to go to the beach
B) I have lost gambling for hours now, if I just pay a little longer I will win back what I have lost
C) on my way to work I always ease through the stop sign at the corner of the school's parking lot and since I have never been hit there, I will continue to do that
D) the last two exams were easy, so there is no need for me to study for this exam

Question 32

When we rely on authority to get information about the world around us,which of the following is most likely?

A) the resulting information is always correct
B) the information can both help inquiry and hinder it
C) the resulting information is always wrong
D) you can never know if the information you gather is correct

Question 33

As we learn about the world around us we use personal inquiry and direct experience.However,what other sources of knowledge do we rely on?

A) tradition and authority
B) exploration and description
C) surveys and observations
D) aggregate data and survey data

Question 34

During observation,if you choose to follow "the exception that proves the rule," you have made what error?

A) inaccurate observation
B) overgeneralization
C) illogical reasoning
D) selective observation

Question 35

Which of the following is not a subject that can be studied effectively?

A) Should a state consider adopting the death penalty.
B) Are appointed public defenders better than those that are elected in getting not-guilty verdicts.
C) Are police officers respected by the citizens more in community policing areas.
D) Are child protective services employees effective as measured by the number of families they reunite.

Question 36

Selective observation can be the result of

A) replication
B) illogical reasoning
C) ideology and politics
D) overgeneralization

Question 37

One way social science differs from our casual day-to-day inquiry is that it is:

A) a conscious activity
B) a subconscious activity
C) a formal activity
D) an informal activity

Question 38

When you repeat a study to see if you achieve similar results,you are doing

A) too much work
B) pattern following
C) replication
D) theoretical repetition

Question 39

Social science cannot settle debates on:

A) facts
B) observations
C) logic
D) values

Question 40

When taking conscious and deliberate steps to insure that what you are looking at is what you intended to look at,you avoid:

A) overgeneralization
B) inaccurate observation
C) illogical reasoning
D) generalization

Question 41

When we attempt to gather base line data,usually because of new technology or some new law,the purpose of our research is:

A) exploration
B) description
C) explanation
D) application

Question 42

If a trial is the independent variable,then which of the following is the dependant variable?

A) courtroom
B) attorney
C) verdict
D) judge

Question 43

When a policy change is being considered,the most appropriate study would be:

A) descriptive
B) explanatory
C) explorative
D) applicative

Question 44

What are the two major types of applied research?

A) evaluation and problem analysis
B) evaluation and policy analysis
C) application and policy analysis
D) problem and policy analysis

Question 45

Your college has implemented a new policy on campus regarding underage drinking.You want to evaluate its effects.The purpose of your research is:

A) exploration
B) description
C) explanation
D) application

Question 46

If gender is the variable,male is the:

A) description
B) variable
C) attribute
D) concept

Question 47

Characteristics or qualities that describe an object are known as:

A) variables
B) attributes
C) descriptions
D) objectives

Question 48

Of hair color and blonde,which is the attribute?

A) hair color
B) blonde
C) both are attributes
D) neither are attributes

Question 49

When we do a study to determine why people have different opinions on the same topic,what is the purpose for the study?

A) exploration
B) description
C) explanation
D) application

Question 50

Which of the following is an important element that is often not thought of when creating a research project:?

A) the budget
B) the population
C) research methods
D) stakeholders

Question 51

If the independent variable is the cause then the dependant variable is the:

A) reason
B) description
C) fallacy
D) effect

Question 52

Values of the dependant variable depend on the:

A) independent variable
B) main variable
C) independent attribute
D) dependant attribute

Question 53

When we attempt to answer questions about why something happens,the purpose of our research is?

A) exploration
B) description
C) explanation
D) application

Question 54

You observe police activity in your city for one week,and then you describe what you observed.What type of study have you preformed?

A) explorative
B) descriptive
C) explanative
D) applicative

Question 55

Gender and race are both examples of:

A) an attribute
B) a variable
C) an assessment
D) a fallacy

Question 56

In social science,rather than focusing upon an individual,we look at whole groups known as:

A) pairs
B) gangs
C) gaggles
D) aggregates

Question 57

A great place to start when conducting a literature review is:

A) a scholarly journal
B) a previous research study
C) a library
D) a data software program

Question 58

Social science involves the study of:

A) positives and negatives
B) variables and concepts
C) variables and paradigms
D) variables and attributes

Question 59

What are the four purposes of research?

A) exploration, description, explanation, application
B) exploration, description, funding, application
C) exploration, development, inquisition, funding
D) exploration, development, inquisition, application

Question 60

Social regularities represent:

A) probabilistic patterns
B) probabilistic problems
C) probabilistic predictions
D) probabilistic positions

Question 61

Characteristics or qualities that describe some object are known as ____________________.

Question 62

science cannot settle debates on values.

Question 63

Astor repeated a study to determine if she would obtain similar results that were found in her original study,and thereby engaged in:

A) research and development
B) logical reasoning
C) replication
D) theoretical repetition

Question 64

Which of the following describes politic's role in social science/CJ research:

A) can play
B) never play
C) rarely play
D) play an essential role

Question 65

The research process starts with:

A) observations
B) data processing
C) an idea
D) research methods

Question 66

Stepping on a thorn for the first time and realizing that it is painful before anyone tells you it is painful is an example of:

A) agreement reality
B) inaccurate observation
C) experiential reality
D) a nomothetic explanation

Question 67

Samantha has concluded that living in a co-ed residence hall makes residents more alike in characteristics.As she continues her research,she tends to focus on events and situations that fit this pattern.Which error in inquiry is reflected:

A) inaccurate observation
B) selective observation
C) overgeneralization
D) illogical reasoning

Question 68

Patterns of cause and effect are ____________________ in nature.

Question 69

An Internet Search is good for getting ideas about potential research topics when:

A) specialized tools are used
B) All the time
C) Internet searches are not good, book bound journals are better
D) when you are late on an assignment

Question 70

research is the production of knowledge based on experience or observation.

Question 71

are logical groupings of attributes.

Question 72

Emma studied the literature on binge drinking and discovered a pattern between gender and binge drinking that might be logically and theoretically expected.She then did her study of college students and drinking.Which approach is reflected:

A) experiential
B) deductive
C) inductive
D) applied

Question 73

Eye witness testimony that turns out to be inaccurate is an example of the inaccurate ____________________ type of error in personal human inquiry.

Question 74

Illogical reasoning occurs if you choose to follow the exception that proves the .

Question 75

The first part of most scholarly journal articles is:

A) the Introduction
B) the Discussion Section
C) a Research Abstract
D) the Methods Section

Question 76

Which of the following best defines conceptualization of a research process:

A) the manner in which variables are defined
B) how a population is decided upon
C) the specific analytic structure used for a study
D) the initial concept used for a study

Question 77

Epistemology and are two scientific approaches to the discovery of reality.

Question 78

Although social scientists study motivations that affect individuals,____________________ are more often the subjects of social science research.

Question 79

means repeating a study,checking to see whether similar results are obtained each time.

Question 80

Doing a literature review should be:

A) done only when one has to do it
B) done in pieces to setup a research problem
C) systematic and deliberate
D) unorganized