Deck 3: Ecology and Subsistence

Question 1

The fact that a tourist sees scenic mountains and valleys when viewing a high pass in the Rocky Mountains,whereas a geologist sees cirque basins,U-shaped valleys,and paternoster streams,illustrates the concept of

A) cultural ecology.
B) physical environment.
C) cultural environment.
D) scientific impartiality.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

An important point stressed by Lee about the Ju/'Hoansi !Kung he studied in 1963 was that

A) both adults and children had to work every day to ensure a sufficient food supply.
B) the !Kung had to use virtually all of the edible plants and animals in their environment in order to survive in the desert.
C) life in the state of nature was not necessarily nasty, brutish, and short.
D) meat provided more calories in the !Kung diet than other foods.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In his article,Lee claims that when he studied them in the 1960s,!Kung

A) ate all of the edible plants and animals found in their environment.
B) lived in camps, each of which had a defended territory.
C) enjoyed a large amount of leisure time.
D) had to move every few days in search of scarce foodstuffs.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Some of the following statements about the !Kung as Lee describes their lives in 1963 are not true.Which one is true-

A) They normally live in a "core area" about 30 miles in circumference.
B) The proportion of old people to the rest of the population is smaller than that of modern industrial society.
C) Boys and girls usually assume food-collecting activities from the time they can walk.
D) They have much more leisure time than Americans.

Question 5

According to Richard Lee,in 1963 !Kung men

A) supplied between 20 and 40 percent of the calories consumed by members of a camp.
B) hunted almost every day to bag sufficient food for people's daily needs.
C) collected approximately 70 percent of the edible vegetable foods.
D) began hunting regularly before they were 10 years old.

Question 6

The world that people can experience with their senses is called

A) ecology.
B) cultural ecology.
C) physical environment.
D) cultural environment.

Question 7

The Chimanes Indians of Bolivia

A) are self-sufficient in many ways but still need money for goods they cannot produce themselves.
B) are nomadic and move about the forest to hunt and gather food.
C) use an intricate system of logging roads and machinery to harvest tropical hardwood trees from the forest.
D) are beginning to integrate more with their neighboring communities.

Question 8

According to Lee,in 1963 the !Kung had a caloric intake of about __________ per person per day.

A) 3,030
B) 2,410
C) 2,140
D) 1,890

Question 9

Slash-and-burn agriculture would best be classified as which kind of the following adaptive strategies-

A) horticulture
B) agriculture
C) pastoralism
D) industrialism

Question 10

Some of the following are listed as subsistence strategies in Part 3 of Conformity and Conflict.Which one of the following is not-

A) hunting and gathering
B) agricultural
C) manufacturing
D) horticultural

Question 11

If a society uses irrigation,its food-getting (subsistence) system would best be classified as

A) agriculture.
B) horticulture.
C) pastoral.
D) hydraulic.

Question 12

According to Lee,the most important staple in the diet of the !Kung when studied in 1963 was

A) taro root.
B) the mongongo nut.
C) giraffe meat.
D) a kind of bitter berry.

Question 13

The logging policies established by the Bolivian government for the area in and around the Chimanes forest

A) are sensible and workable.
B) will probably eventually lead to the forest's destruction.
C) adequately meet the high worldwide demand for quality tropical hardwood.
D) encourage small lumber mills to work only with legal logging companies to harvest tropical hardwood.

Question 14

According to Part 3 of Conformity and Conflict,the relationship of an organism to other elements within its environmental sphere is called

A) ecology.
B) cultural ecology.
C) the cultural environment.
D) biointeraction.

Question 15

According to Lee and Biesele,in order to survive today,the Ju/'Hoansi Kung will have to

A) specialize in the manufacture of trade goods for tourists.
B) take jobs in nearby cities in order to earn cash.
C) form borehole syndicates and stake out ranches to protect their foraging areas.
D) open reproductions of traditional foraging camps in order to attract tourists.

Question 16

Which one of the following subsistence strategies would most typically be found to support permanent settlements containing between 50 and 250 people-

A) hunting and gathering
B) horticulture
C) agriculture
D) pastoral

Question 17

The Maniqui is an Amazonian tributary that

A) meanders through Bolivia's tropical lowlands to the frontier town of San Borja.
B) is used to carry cut timber up to La Paz in the highlands of Bolivia.
C) is the main mode of transport used by commercial logging companies.
D) winds through clear cut areas of the Chimanes forest.

Question 18

According to Lee and Biesele,by 1994 Ju/'Hoansi !Kung were

A) living in mud-walled houses behind makeshift stockades.
B) living in circular, tight-knit villages.
C) obtaining about 70 percent of their food through hunting and gathering.
D) living in temporary, ever shifting camps.

Question 19

The study of how people use their culture to adapt to particular environments is called

A) ecology.
B) cultural ecology.
C) environmental determinism.
D) physical ecology.

Question 20

Lee feels that the key to successful subsistence for many hunter-gatherers,such as the !Kung,is

A) adequate defense against the encroachment of other hunting and gathering groups.
B) dietary selectivity.
C) dependence largely on a diet of edible plants.
D) band loyalty and membership stability.

Question 21

Once the mahogany tree has been located,the cuartoneros

A) work quickly to cut the tree and carry it to the nearest road.
B) work with the Chimanes scouts to carry the tree by oxcart to the nearest waterway.
C) clear a trail from the tree to the nearest large stream or river before doing any further cutting.
D) get permission from Bolivian authorities to harvest the tree.

Question 22

In "Forest Development the Indian Way," Reed argues that,for the Guaraní,__________ was essential to subsistence.

A) farming
B) foraging
C) the combination of hunting and gathering
D) the combination of farming and foraging

Question 23

According to Crate,which of the following is a change to which the Sakha were forced to adapt at the turn of the 21st century-

A) a subtle and gradual, increasing change in the cycles and patterns of weather and climate
B) Soviet-era industrialization in the form of diamond mining
C) annexation of land by colonizers
D) land changes resulting from the fall of the Soviet Union

Question 24

Cuartoneros,often made up of the poorest men from the frontier town of San Borja,use a low-tech method of locating and harvesting mahogany trees.Their method depends on the natural resources of the forest and

A) access to logging roads.
B) a compass and portable sawmill.
C) cooperation with the larger, legal logging companies.
D) chainsaws and outboard motors.

Question 25

Which one of the following was not a consequence of outside development in the Guaraní tropical forests,according to Reed-

A) The Indians who stayed on the land could no longer farm.
B) The Guaraní could no longer practice successful horticulture.
C) Disease and malnutrition increased.
D) The Indians could no longer hunt and fish successfully.

Question 26

According to Reed in "Forest Development the Indian Way," Guaraní Indians subsist in the Amazon tropical forest largely by

A) slash-and-burn farming.
B) horticulture and foraging.
C) foraging.
D) rubber tree tapping.

Question 27

In his article "Forest Development the Indian Way," Reed argues

A) for government control of forest development that eases the Indians into the modern world economy gradually.
B) for a sustainable development program that permits the collection and sale of forest products without destroying the original ecosystem.
C) for an Indian relocation plan.
D) for laws that require commercial lumber companies and ranchers to replant the forest and introduce a 40-year cutting and clearing cycle.

Question 28

Planchones are

A) a natural resource that Chimanes use for trade.
B) a type of vegetable that grows in the Chimanes forest.
C) the name for the stretch of trail that each member of the team is assigned.
D) slabs of the mahogany tree cut down to six and one-half inches thick.

Question 29

According to Reed's "Forest Development the Indian Way," sustainable development could look like
A) commercial forest exploitation with the elimination of natural resources.

A) leaving the economic, ecological, and social spheres of people living in the forest to market forces
B) the promotion of social cohesion in among all people in the forest by more evenly distributing rising living standards.
D) maintaining traditional practices of slash-and-burn combined with limited commercial exploitation.

Question 30

The Sakha have had to adapt to physical and social changes over the years.Which of the following was a pre-Soviet-era adaptation-

A) consolidation of Sakha subsistence practices into sovkhozi, the agro-industrial state farm operations
B) industrialization during the 1950s
C) paying iasak, or fur tribute, to colonizers
D) land loss due to border changes

Question 31

According to Crate,the detailed and specific observations of people like the Viliui Sakha

A) are important only to the people of northeastern Siberia.
B) are not relevant to the global community and should not inform policy initiatives.
C) contribute important information about the local effects of global climate change.
D) demonstrate that global climate change is not affecting the Republic of Sakha.

Question 32

Crate's research turned up several reasons that the Sakha identified for the local climate changes.Which of the following was blamed by most of the participants-

A) the Viliui hydroelectric reservoir
B) the natural wet and dry cycles of the area's ecosystem
C) the recent overabundance of technology and mechanization
D) global climate change

Question 33

According to Reed's "Forest Development the Indian Way," until the recent incursion of colonos (colonists,such as ranchers and farmers),Guaraní villagers

A) had no contact with people in other parts of South America.
B) traded with outsiders for machetes, hooks, soap, and salt.
C) developed an indigenous market system that tied villages together.
D) worked for decades as rubber tappers to augment their subsistence economy.

Question 34

The surveys and interviews conducted by Crate identified nine ways that the global climate changes have forced the Sakha to further adapt to their climate.Of the nine areas,which was found to be of most concern-

A) lagging and extended seasons
B) changing precipitation patterns
C) too much water on the land
D) colder summers

Question 35

The Viliui Sakha developed a belief system that helped them understand and interact with the very extreme environment of Siberia.One example of this system is represented by

A) The creation of a buulus to store meat, milk products, and ice.
B) The shaman who communicates with the abaahi (evil spirits) of the underworld during times of crisis and the Bull of Winter.
C) Black shamans traveling to the sky realms.
D) White shamans traveling to middle earth.

Question 36

Crate's "knowledge exchanges" that followed her research were a great success.Which of the following was not one of the goals of these exchanges-

A) Add local knowledge to the scientific understanding of climate change.
B) Share scientific knowledge with locals to help explain the changes they are experiencing.
C) Dispute the argument that global climate change exists.
D) Inform policy communities about how climate change is affecting local communities.

Question 37

For the most part,cuartoneros illegally harvest mahogany because

A) the work is easy and brings great monetary reward for little effort.
B) the mahogany trees are easy to find in the remote areas of the Chimanes forest.
C) there are few other opportunities for the indigenous people to earn money or work off debt.
D) legal logging companies are not interested in logging mahogany and so offer no competition.

Question 38

Cuartoneros cut the planchones,relay them to the nearest river,and then tie them into

A) cayapos and float them down the river to San Borja.
B) oxcarts for transport out of the forest.
C) lomeros in preparation for transport down river.
D) bundles that are then carried out on logging roads.

Question 39

According to Crate,the decline in hares,an important game species for the Sakha,cannot be attributed solely to the effects of climate change.What other reason does she cite for this change-

A) more time and resources for the Sakha to hunt than during Soviet times
B) the drying up of the land where hares typically nest
C) improvements on traditional Sakha hunting ethics
D) the use of better rifles