Deck 4: Deception

Question 1

When using brain-based polygraph techniques,what does ERP stand for?

A) emotional response pattern
B) event response pattern
C) event-related brain potential
D) emotional-related brain potential
E) none of the above

Answer 1

event-related brain potential

Question 2

Several types of studies may be used to validate polygraph techniques.Which type of study would likely involve a comparison of the accuracy between original examiners and blind evaluators,using actual criminal suspects?

A) field analogue study
B) laboratory study
C) ground truth study
D) guilty knowledge study
E) field study

Answer 2

field study

Question 3

"During the first 20 years of your life,did you ever think of seriously hurting someone? " This is an example of what type of polygraph question?

A) a relevant question
B) an irrelevant question
C) a concealed information question
D) a comparison question
E) a suppressed question

Answer 3

a comparison question

Question 4

In laboratory studies of the accuracy of polygraph tests,it has been found that the Comparison Question Test is _______ effective at detecting ________ suspects,whereas the Concealed Information Test is ______ effective at detecting ________ suspects.

A) more, guilty / more, innocent
B) less, guilty / more, guilty
C) more, innocent / less, guilty
D) less, innocent / less, guilty
E) more, guilty / less, innocent

Question 5

Which of the following is true of the polygraph?

A) Polygraph results are regularly admitted as evidence in Canadian courts.
B) The most common polygraph method used currently is the Comparison Question Test (CQT).
C) The polygraph directly measures whether a person is lying.
D) Rresearch indicates that physical countermeasures are largely ineffective in "beating" the polygraph.
E) Research conducted thus far indicates the polygraph is highly accurate at detecting deception.

Question 6

What sorts of decision errors are problematic when using the Concealed Information Test (CIT)?

A) false-positive errors
B) false-negative errors
C) true-positive errors
D) true-negative errors
E) false-true errors

Question 7

What has been identified as a major problem particular to the Comparison Question Test (CQT)?

A) high false-negative rate
B) high false-positive rate
C) the use of extra-polygraph cues by the examiner
D) falsely classifying guilty suspects as innocent
E) difficult to tell, because no North American studies have been conducted on the CQT

Question 8

Which of the following has not been found effective as a countermeasure to "beat" the polygraph test?

A) tongue-biting
B) pressing toes on the floor
C) counting backwards
D) anti-anxiety drugs
E) all of the above have been found effective as countermeasures

Question 9

Which verbal indicator has been most strongly associated with deception?

A) speech fillers
B) voice pitch
C) speech pauses
D) speech errors (e.g., slips of the tongue)
E) rate of speech

Question 10

According to your textbook,what is the most common physiological response measured when administering the Concealed Information Test (CIT)?

A) palmar sweating
B) heart rate
C) blood pressure
D) eye blinks
E) none of the above

Question 11

The Comparison Question Test has been criticized for:

A) being susceptible to countermeasures
B) having a high false-false rate
C) using subjective methods of scoring
D) assuming that innocent suspects will show larger responses to the comparison questions as compared to the relevant
E) all of the above

Question 12

You have been falsely accused of stealing a laptop computer from a professor's office.The police have requested that you take a polygraph test to prove your innocence.In light of your knowledge of the types of errors most likely to be made by different types of polygraph exams,you agree to do so only if the examiner uses the:

A) comparison question test
B) relevant/irrelevant test
C) zone of comparison format of scoring
D) statement validity procedure
E) concealed information test

Question 13

Which of the following techniques has not been proposed as a method of detecting deception?

A) ERPs
B) fMRI
C) "facial temperature"
D) polygraph
E) TAT

Question 14

The first polygraph test was developed by:

A) Stephen Porter
B) William Marston
C) a group of FBI researchers
D) James Frye
E) Hugo Munsterberg

Question 15

Which of the following are potential applications of the polygraph in Canada?

A) Polygraph testing is used to screen prospective employees in certain agencies.
B) Polygraph results are used to pressure individuals to confess to a crime.
C) A polygraph test may be administered to the alleged victim of a crime to help determine whether the crime has indeed occurred.
D) A polygraph test may be administered to verify insurance claims.
E) all of the above

Question 16

Most polygraph examiners using the Comparison Question Test (CQT)score according to the:

A) suspect's demeanour during the test
B) information from the case file
C) physiological responses
D) suspect's past criminal record
E) all of the above

Question 17

Which of the following is not measured by the polygraph test?

A) heart rate
B) galvanic skin response
C) micro facial expressions
D) breathing
E) the polygraph measures all of these things

Question 18

One advantage of using laboratory studies to test the accuracy of the polygraph is that __________; one disadvantage is __________ as compared to field studies.

A) you have better control over the variables / ground truth cannot be established
B) ground truth is known / the motivational level of the subject
C) you can randomly assign subjects to innocent and guilty conditions / you have more control over the variables
D) university students are used / the motivational level of the subject
E) you can randomly assign subjects to innocent and guilty conditions / it is unethical

Question 19

The polygraph measures

A) changes in emotional arousal associated specifically with deception
B) changes in blood pressure, voice modulation, and perspiration
C) changes in blood pressure, respiration, and palmar sweating
D) increases in emotional arousal in response to the control question compared to the relevant question, indicative of deception
E) changes in blood pressure, brain-wave activity, and respiration

Question 20

In Canada the polygraph is used primarily in which context?

A) police investigations
B) employment screening
C) treatment of sexual offenders
D) management of sexual offenders
E) court to assess the credibility of witnesses

Question 21

Which malingering measure has been extensively validated using both simulation and known-group design studies?

A) Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS)
B) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
C) M Test
D) F Scale Test
E) Symptom Validity Test

Question 22

A patient who actually has schizophrenia denies his auditory hallucinations when questioned by doctors.This patient is likely exhibiting:

A) defensiveness
B) Munchausen syndrome by proxy
C) factitious disorder
D) somatoform disorder
E) malingering

Question 23

In general,how accurate do people tend to be when using verbal and non-verbal behaviour to detect deception (where a value of 100% indicates that they can accurately discriminate between truthful people and deceptive people all of the time)?

A) under 10%
B) between 25% and 35%
C) between 45% and 65%
D) around 25%
E) around 90%

Question 24

According to research findings,the most probable explanation of malingering is captured by:

A) a pathogenic model
B) a criminological model
C) an adaptational model
D) an antisocial model
E) none of the above

Question 25

Research on the accuracy of online dating profiles has found the following is true.

A) Online daters are most likely to lie about whether they are married, divorced, or single.
B) Online daters are most likely to lie about the number of children they have.
C) Online daters provide most accurate information about their height and weight.
D) Online daters are most accurate about whether they had children.
E) Online daters always include a photo of themselves in order to increase their odds of finding a match.

Question 26

What rare disorder tends to co-occur with depression and/or anxiety?

A) malingering
B) Munchausen syndrome
C) Munchausen syndrome by proxy
D) factitious disorder
E) somatoform disorder

Question 27

Which nonverbal cue has consistently been found to indicate deception?

A) smiling
B) gaze aversion
C) self-manipulations (e.g., fidgeting)
D) blinking
E) none of the above

Question 28

Which of the following statements is false?

A) Liars consistently provide fewer details than truth-tellers.
B) Truth-tellers are less likely to change their stories.
C) Liars are less likely to admit to lack of memory.
D) Liars' stories are less fluent than the stories of truth-tellers.
E) Liars tell less compelling stories than truth-tellers.

Question 29

The incidence of malingering in the general population is:

A) less than 1%
B) about 5%
C) about 10%
D) about 20%
E) unknown

Question 30

Which of the following is not a cue to malingered psychosis in criminal defendants?

A) hallucinations with delusions
B) understandable motive for committing crime
C) absence of subtle signs of psychosis
D) presence of a partner in the crime
E) visual hallucinations in black and white

Question 31

What disorder consists of symptoms that are not intentionally produced but cannot be explained by an underlying biological impairment?

A) Munchausen syndrome
B) malingering disorder
C) factitious disorder
D) somatoform disorder
E) non-deceptive disorder

Question 32

The Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms includes which of the following scales?

A) suggestibility
B) criminal motivation for offending
C) sudden emergence of psychotic symptoms
D) blatant symptoms
E) compliance symptoms

Question 33

What is one of the key components to malingering?

A) Symptoms are not intentionality produced.
B) There are only internal motivations for the production of symptoms.
C) There are external motivations for the production of symptoms.
D) Symptoms are produced in order to assume the sick role.
E) There is an absence of external incentives.

Question 34

Which model postulates that offenders with antisocial personality disorder are more likely to malinger than other offenders?

A) criminological model
B) pathogenic model
C) adaptational model
D) antisocial personality model
E) DSM-IV model

Question 35

Which statement is true of the ethical aspects of research on malingering?

A) Studies on malingering most often provide negative incentives to participants.
B) Ethics boards have disallowed the use of deception by experimenters in the study of malingering.
C) While deception by experimenters has been used in research on malingering, the participants usually remain unmotivated by the made-up incentives.
D) Researchers must often balance ethical concerns with attempts to increase the internal validity of their study.
E) none of the above

Question 36

Which of the following statements is true regarding the detection of deception?

A) People can be trained to improve their ability to detect deception in others.
B) People are generally better at detecting truth than detecting lies.
C) Hhigh-stake lies are easier to detect than low-stake lies.
D) Many professionals (e.g., police officers) are no better than detecting deception than the general population.
E) all of the above

Question 37

What was the major conclusion drawn by Rosenham (1973)on the research involving the hospitalization of pseudo-patients?

A) All pseudo-patients were correctly identified by hospital staff.
B) None of the pseudo-patients were correctly identified by hospital staff.
C) About half the pseudo-patients were correctly identified by hospital staff.
D) Pseudo-patients came to internalize their symptoms to such an extent that their condition progressively worsened during their hospital stay.
E) none of the above

Question 38

Your accuracy in detecting deception is expected to be higher when:

A) the target is unattractive and of the opposite gender
B) the target is unattractive and of the same gender
C) the target is attractive and of the opposite gender
D) the target is attractive and of the same gender
E) gender and attractiveness of the target were not found to correlate with a person's ability to detect deception

Question 39

Which of the following is an indicator of malingered psychosis?

A) report of blunted affect
B) reported ability to "make the voices go away"
C) reporting negative symptoms of psychosis
D) eagerness to discuss delusions
E) hallucinations in colour

Question 40

Most research on malingering uses a ___________ design.

A) known-groups
B) simulation
C) case study
D) cross-sequential
E) cross-sectional

Question 41

According to your text,what are the two key components of malingering?
List four reasons why an individual might be motivated to malinger.

Question 42

Provide two verbal and two nonverbal cues (variables)demonstrated to be reliable indicators of deception.

Question 43

Describe the four phases of a Comparison Question Test (CQT).Make sure you identify the purpose of each phase.

Question 44

Give two explanations for poor performance in deception detection.

Question 45

Provide four criticisms of the Comparison Question Test (CQT).

Question 46

Rogers (1990)describes three explanatory models of malingering.Name and define these three models.Which model is most highly supported?

Question 47

Your text identifies several cues of malingered psychosis.Identify three cues associated with hallucinations and three cues associated with delusions.