Deck 6: Social Perception, attribution, and Perceived Fairness

Question 1

Expectations can have physiological effects.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The impressions we form of others reflect as much about our own ways of perceiving as they do about the characteristics of the person being perceived.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

You don't get a second chance to make a first impression.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

We constantly receive so much information that we cannot process it all.

Question 5

Negative impressions are easier to change than positive ones.

Question 6

Subtly mirroring the interviewer's body language,tone,and posture can generate a positive impression during a job interview.

Question 7

Schemas never lead us to form inaccurate perceptions.

Question 8

The way we view someone is always the same as the way the other person views him- or herself.

Question 9

Ethically speaking,it is important to monitor your own behavior to reduce inequities in how you treat others,even if the differences seem small.

Question 10

Schemas are normally developed through experience.

Question 11

Consistency leads to external attributions.

Question 12

Stereotypes are hard to change.

Question 13

Schemas help us understand people,but not places or things.

Question 14

We often assume that physically attractive people possess more socially desirable personalities than less beautiful people do,and that they lead happier and more successful lives.

Question 15

We have a tendency to see members of a particular group to which we do not belong as being more alike than they actually are.

Question 16

High expectations have a stronger effect on disadvantaged groups or those stereotyped as low achievers,and on people who are unsure of their abilities in a particular situation.

Question 17

Pessimistic expectations can have an even more powerful effect on behavior than optimistic expectations.

Question 18

People's implicit personality theories differ based on past experiences that focus our attention on certain traits when forming impressions.

Question 19

Self-fulfilling prophecies also seem to work best in newly established relationships.

Question 20

Self-fulfilling prophecies affect individuals,but not groups.

Question 21

Perceived unfairness increases the chances that employees will file lawsuits against their employers.

Question 22

Fairness is a primary concern in relationships where subordinates must rely on others in higher positions.

Question 23

Self-serving attributions are always dysfunctional.

Question 24

Self-handicapping tends to emerge during early childhood among persons with a high concern about looking competent.

Question 25

If employees perceive that an inequity exists,they are likely to withhold some of their contributions,either consciously or unconsciously,to bring the situation into better balance.

Question 26

Research has found that we will only punish others' unfair behavior if we don't have to make personal sacrifices to do so.

Question 27

A belief in a just world is a defensive attribution in which we assume that bad things happen to bad people and good things happen to good people.

Question 28

Research has found that lower-level employees tend to attribute failure to themselves and attribute success to external factors.

Question 29

Wise managers resist the natural tendency to make attributions based solely on outcomes and look for the real causes of performance.

Question 30

Self-serving attributions enable us to feel good about ourselves.

Question 31

Equity theory is concerned with differences in pay and is not applicable to intangible rewards in the workplace.

Question 32

Self-handicapping serves to protect the person's sense of self-competence.

Question 33

We tend to think that good things are more likely and that bad things are less likely to happen to us than to others.

Question 34

It is beneficial to attribute successes entirely to ability.

Question 35

In intercultural interactions,the interpretations of behaviors are often more important than the actual behaviors themselves.

Question 36

If an employee really isn't likely to succeed at a task,telling her that it is only a matter of effort when no amount of effort is likely to raise performance to an acceptable level is unethical.

Question 37

Distributive fairness only relates to the outcome received,not the fairness of the process that generated the decision.

Question 38

Attributing success to internal causes builds self-efficacy and increases the motivation to try hard and persist in the face of failure.

Question 39

When employees perceive general organizational fairness and the organization's desire to follow through on its formal ethics programs,unethical behavior is reduced.

Question 40

We are more likely to notice and to be upset with being overpaid than being underpaid.

Question 41

How people feel they are being treated by the organization can affect their perception of their pay.

Question 42

What term refers to forming oversimplified beliefs about an individual or a group based on the idea that everyone in that particular group will behave the same way?

A) stereotyping
B) judging
C) projecting
D) denying

Question 43

Schemas allow us to make sense of a _________ quickly based on limited information.

A) person
B) place
C) situation
D) all of these

Question 44

Low procedural fairness increases negative outcomes such as lower job performance and withdrawal behaviors like coming to work late or putting in less effort.

Question 45

Schemas help us to do which of the following?

A) identify what information to ignore
B) identify what information to pay attention to
C) make sense of ambiguous information
D) all of these

Question 46

We base our impressions of others on which of the following?

A) the information we obtain from the environment
B) our previous attitudes
C) our current mood
D) all of these

Question 47

Equality and equity are the same thing.

Question 48

If another person is not perceived as ethical or fair,it is unlikely that they will be seen as trustworthy.

Question 49

What term refers to an organized pattern of thoughts or behaviors that helps us to quickly interpret and process information?

A) cognitive distortion
B) intellectual efficiency
C) schema
D) stereotype

Question 50

Low interactional fairness can lead to feelings of resentment toward either the supervisor or the organization.

Question 51

What term refers to a dysfunctional schema that is essentially an oversimplified schema for a group of people?

A) fundamental attribution error
B) stereotype
C) collectivism
D) none of these

Question 52

Employees use perceptions of the current decision making procedures to predict how they will likely fare in the organization in the future.

Question 53

What term refers to the process through which we use available information to form impressions of others?

A) social perception
B) interpersonal schema
C) groupthink
D) information processing

Question 54

In collectivist cultures,compensation decisions are highly influenced by "need".

Question 55

Interactional fairness reduces negative reactions to undesirable work outcomes.

Question 56

Stereotypes based on ________ are the cause of discrimination both in the workplace and in society.

A) age
B) gender
C) race
D) all of these

Question 57

Which of the following statements is/are true about schemas?

A) They allow us to focus on some information and ignore other information.
B) They allow us to infer facts beyond the information immediately available to us.
C) They allow us to predict behavior.
D) all of these

Question 58

People have to be rewarded identically in order to perceive the rewards to be fair.

Question 59

Trust is negatively related to job performance.

Question 60

Schemas are _________ very helpful.

A) always
B) never
C) usually
D) rarely

Question 61

Stereotypes can contain ______________ assumptions.

A) positive
B) negative
C) both of these
D) neither of these

Question 62

Once we categorize someone as a high performer,we focus more on (and better remember)information related to her ___________ and disregard more of the information reflecting her _____________.

A) high performance, low performance
B) low performance, high performance
C) appearance, personality
D) personality, appearance

Question 63

What term refers to selectively interpreting what we see based on our interests,expectations,experience,and attitudes?

A) selective perception
B) selective hearing
C) selective sensation
D) none of these

Question 64

Selective perception involves selectively interpreting what we see based on our ____________.

A) interests
B) expectations
C) attitudes
D) all of these

Question 65

Research has found that impressions are formed in the first ________ of meeting someone.

A) 5 second
B) 10 seconds
C) 20 seconds
D) 30 seconds

Question 66

If a hiring manager is interviewing someone who reminds him of himself when he was just starting out,he may assume that the candidate also shares his values,work ethic,and abilities.This is an example of what phenomenon?

A) countertransference
B) projection
C) the contrast effect
D) the halo effect

Question 67

Which of the following tips would NOT help someone to make a good first impression at a job interview?

A) Dress appropriately--nothing sloppy.
B) Try not to use nonverbal communication to express yourself.
C) Use positive emotion words.
D) Be polite and avoid making inappropriate jokes.

Question 68

When we use categorization,we ______ the similarities within and the differences between the groups.

A) minimize
B) exaggerate
C) ignore
D) all of these

Question 69

Which of the following tips would NOT help someone to make a good first impression at a job interview?

A) give a firm handshake
B) focus on yourself
C) convey appropriate enthusiasm
D) use an appropriate speaking style

Question 70

What term refers to our assumptions about how personality traits are related?

A) explicit personality theories
B) complicit personality theories
C) implicit personality theories
D) none of these

Question 71

What term refers to evaluating a person's characteristics through comparisons with other people we have recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics?

A) the contrast effect
B) the comparison effect
C) the assimilation effect
D) the accommodation effect

Question 72

What term refers to attributing our own characteristics to other people?

A) projection
B) denial
C) reaction formation
D) repression

Question 73

Selective perception ___________ stereotypes as the perceiver focuses on information and behaviors that confirm rather than negate the assigned stereotype.

A) punishes
B) refutes
C) reinforces
D) all of these

Question 74

People tend to ________ evidence that confirms their stereotypes and to ________ or explain away any disconfirming evidence.

A) welcome, ignore
B) ignore, welcome
C) both of these
D) neither of these

Question 75

After encountering an exceptionally good cashier,we might see an average cashier and evaluate him as below average.This is an example of which of the following?

A) the halo effect
B) the contrast effect
C) projection
D) all of these

Question 76

People tend to associate beauty with other positive characteristics.This phenomenon is an example of which of the following?

A) the halo effect
B) defensive attribution
C) procedural fairness
D) the contrast effect

Question 77

Our tendency to put things into groups is called ________.

A) ranking
B) categorization
C) effectiveness
D) none of these

Question 78

Stereotypes can be based on which of the following?

A) appearance
B) behavior
C) gender
D) all of these

Question 79

Perceptions are ____________ to change once they are formed.

A) difficult
B) easy
C) impossible
D) none of these

Question 80

What term refers to drawing a general impression about something or someone based on a single (typically good)characteristic?

A) the Hawthorne effect
B) fundamental attribution error
C) the Mozart effect
D) the halo effect