Deck 15: Health and Medicine

Question 1

.The life expectancy at birth of most Europeans is longer than that of Americans.Sociologists explain this difference by focusing on __________.

A)how where you live influences your health
B)how many babies are born in each country
C)what the structure of the family is in each country
D)how involved the government is in healthcare policies

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Having access to knowledge,money,power,and social connections that can be used to avoid illness or death is the central idea behind __________.

A)fundamental social cause theory
B)SES cause theory
C)health disparities
D)social-trajectory model

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Sara's friends like to go out to eat often and they frequently eat at fast-food restaurants.Sara is obese and her doctor has told her she must lose weight but she has found it very difficult to make any progress.The _______ of Sara's relationship with her friends is negatively impacting her weight.

A)social influence
B)cumulative exposure
C)external contact
D)social context

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Early life exposure that results in health issues in adulthood is referred to as the __________ model.

A)sensitive-period
B)cumulative-exposure
C)population prevention
D)famine consequence

Question 5

Sophie started smoking cigarettes in her teens and continued to smoke for all of her life.Sociologists investigating how this impacts her health would be looking at the __________ model.

A)cumulative-exposure
B)sensitive-period
C)population prevention
D)famine consequence

Question 6

The social-trajectory model emphasizes how __________ influences what social position a person will achieve later in life.

A)suffering illness early in life
B)the family a person is born into
C)the wealth a person accumulates
D)the occupation a person holds

Question 7

One of the most powerful predictors of one's health is __________.

A)socioeconomic status
B)age
C)gender
D)occupation

Question 8

The study of health in populations or population subgroups is called __________.

A)epidemiology
B)medicalization
C)malpractice
D)fundamental social cause analysis

Question 9

According to studies from early in the twentieth century,students who attend more years of school __________.

A)have higher survival rates as adults
B)are more likely to need hospitalization
C)are more often diagnosed with serious diseases
D)are less likely to seek medical care

Question 10

Durkheim's study of suicide rates and community came up with the paradoxical results that __________.

A)suicide rates are higher in communities with too much or too little integration
B)suicide rates are lower in communities with low integration and higher in societies with high integration
C)suicide rates can be predicted by investigating integration but not at the community level
D)communities have little effect on suicide rates

Question 11

The Ontario government passed Bill 45,the Making Healthier Choices Act.The goal of this policy is to encourage consumers to choose healthier options and to create pressure for businesses to offer them.This is an example of which of the following?

A)population model of prevention
B)school board health initiative
C)genetic model of prevention
D)governing approach to health risk

Question 12

Contemporary sociologists argue that social contexts impact our health because social contexts __________.

A)define what is normal behaviour,like the acceptance of binge drinking at a party
B)provide an escape from the day-to-day rules we apply to our behaviours
C)require us to think about our health before engaging in risky behaviour
D)inform us about others' health in comparison to our own

Question 13

The relationships we have impact the choices we make and affect our health in three major ways: through __________,__________ and __________.

A)social influence;person-to-person contact;access to resources
B)marriage;family;networks
C)interaction;institutions,ideology
D)primary;secondary;tertiary groups

Question 14

Sociologist Emile Durkheim used suicide to demonstrate how __________ influence our health.

A)social forces
B)mental illnesses
C)access to institutions
D)levels of inequality

Question 15

The shifting of the distribution of health risks that is the point of the population model of prevention is very difficult to achieve because it __________.

A)requires changing whole societies
B)is dependent on government funding
C)means convincing corporations to pay for more of their workers' healthcare
D)requires a significant attitude change of all healthcare workers

Question 16

Frances grew up in an inner city slum where she developed asthma at a young age.Sociologists would explain her health problems by using the __________.

A)socioeconomic gradient in health
B)population prevention model
C)social-trajectory model
D)cumulative-exposure model

Question 17

Despite paying more on healthcare in the United States,American citizens __________.

A)have shorter life expectancies than other countries with similar levels of wealth
B)have greater access to healthcare than any other nation
C)routinely avoid using the healthcare that is available to us
D)offer healthcare to our poor at a much higher rate than other similar nations

Question 18

According to sociologists,__________ has a strong influence on the differences in life expectancy for citizens living in different countries.

A)a country's healthcare system
B)a nation's population
C)the infant mortality rate
D)the strength of a country's government

Question 19

Public health initiatives,like requiring fast-food restaurants to list the calories of all menu items,are an example of the __________.

A)population model of prevention
B)medical model of healing
C)corporate model of social change
D)doctor-centred model of individualized care

Question 20

The idea that people with the lowest social status in society are less healthy than those in the middle or at the higher end of social status is the __________.

A)socioeconomic gradient in health
B)population prevention model
C)social-trajectory model
D)cumulative-exposure model

Question 21

The Ebola outbreak is an example of ______________.

A)how genetics influences our health
B)the need for more doctors in Africa
C)how societal conditions contribute to the spread of disease
D)physician-driven care

Question 22

__________ tend to suffer from less deadly chronic diseases such as arthritis,anxiety,or depression.

A)Women
B)Men
C)Children
D)Young adults

Question 23

____________is a medical sect from Germany that used infinitesimal doses of medicine to treat disease.

A)Chiropractic medicine
B)Homeopathy
C)Immunization
D)Naturopathic medicine

Question 24

People who are obese are more likely to have friends who are which of the following?

A)average weight
B)thin
C)obese
D)there is no pattern

Question 25

Even after controlling for SES,Aboriginal people have __________ non-Aboriginal people.

A)worse health outcomes than
B)better health outcomes than
C)similar health outcomes to
D)better access to healthcare than

Question 26

Sally is pregnant and every aspect of her pregnancy is being treated as a medical condition by her health team,family and friends.What does this describe?

A)health disparities
B)life-course perspective
C)social contexts
D)medicalization

Question 27

__________tend to have more life-threatening chronic diseases,such as heart disease and cancer,while______ tend to suffer from less deadly chronic conditions,like arthritis,anxiety,and depression,that do not lead to premature death.

A)Women,men
B)Men,women
C)Elderly people,children
D)Black people,white people

Question 28

Thomas is a professor of philosophy at the University of Toronto.When he was diagnosed with skin cancer he sought out the most aggressive and cutting-edge treatments of the disease and soon found that he was cancer free.Thomas's experience demonstrates how __________.

A)education can be associated with positive health outcomes
B)working for the state results in more healthcare choices
C)newer treatments are better than older treatments for diseases
D)skin cancer is a treatable form of cancer

Question 29

Differences in health status linked to social,economic,or environmental conditions is called which of the following?

A)health differentials
B)life-course perspective
C)health disparities
D)socioeconomic gradient in health

Question 30

When an occupation is recognized by state agencies as possessing a kind of expertise that is self-regulated,such as physicians,these occupations have gained __________.

A)professionalism
B)autonomous control
C)association
D)public health

Question 31

Despite the occupation of nursing gaining professional status in the 1870s,the profession has long endured a(n)__________ in the field of healthcare.

A)underworked position
B)subordinate status
C)unregulated workplace
D)shortage of nurses

Question 32

The colonial period of the eighteenth century saw most healthcare being provided by __________.

A)merchants,community leaders,and spouses
B)poorly trained local doctors,community folk healers,and religious leaders
C)members of the church,shamans,and community leaders
D)aptly trained apprentices,folk healers,and community leaders

Question 33

Income and wealth in the family can result in buying more nutritious food,living in safer environments,and getting better healthcare.This has particularly positive effects for __________.

A)children
B)the elderly
C)spouses
D)the community

Question 34

________ describes how the social contexts we inhabit at different stages throughout our lives affect our later health outcomes.

A)Epidemiology
B)Life course outcomes
C)Health disparities
D)Socioeconomic status

Question 35

The reform movement responsible for supporting measures such as cleaning up street garbage and creating cleaner sources for drinking water is referred to as __________.

A)epidemiology
B)the American Medical Association
C)homeopathy
D)public health

Question 36

__________ is the process whereby a natural human condition comes to be defined as a medical condition that needs treatment.

A)Medicalization
B)Professionalization
C)Diagnosis
D)Epidemiology

Question 37

While some believe that increases in science and medical technology were the reasons for improved general health in the twentieth century,historians and social scientists __________.

A)believe that evolution allowed people to develop stronger immunities to diseases that once caused epidemics
B)argue that the developing middle class made healthcare more available to the population
C)point to improvements in sanitation and hygiene as having a greater influence
D)theorize that changes in habits at work,school,and other institutions had a greater influence than science

Question 38

Jamal was very aware of the prejudice he faced at work.To cope with the situation he had begun drinking after work.Jamal's experience is an example of how __________.

A)exposure to discrimination and racism can increase stress
B)racial differences really represent class differences
C)African Americans receive a different quality of healthcare
D)class differences result in increases in stress levels

Question 39

Health can have a negative effect on an individual's income because it can __________.

A)affect a person's participation in the workforce
B)result in stable health care costs
C)improve his or her chances for social mobility
D)make it difficult for the person to use health insurance

Question 40

Alexa was underweight when she was born.What is likely to happen to her later in life?

A)she will be thin
B)she is more likely to have a range of health problems
C)she will have no health impacts
D)she will have children who are also underweight

Question 41

The life expectancy at birth of most Europeans is longer than that of Americans.Sociologists explain this difference by focusing on __________.

A)how where you live influences your health
B)how many babies are born in each country
C)what the structure of the family is in each country
D)how involved the government is in healthcare policies

Question 42

Sally is pregnant and every aspect of her pregnancy is being treated as a medical condition by her health team,family and friends.What does this describe?

A)health disparities
B)life-course perspective
C)social contexts
D)medicalization

Question 43

Why is life expectancy shorter for Americans than Europeans?

A)The American healthcare system isn't as good.
B)Europeans are wealthier.
C)Europeans have better genetics.
D)Not everyone has equal access to the healthcare system in the U.S.

Question 44

In the nineteenth century,hospitals mainly served which group?

A)the poor
B)the wealthy
C)only new settlers to Canada
D)only men

Question 45

__________tend to have more life-threatening chronic diseases,such as heart disease and cancer,while______ tend to suffer from less deadly chronic conditions,like arthritis,anxiety,and depression,that do not lead to premature death.

A)Women,men
B)Men,women
C)Elderly people,children
D)Black people,white people

Question 46

Nursing was seen as an appropriate career for women under which circumstances?

A)under male supervision
B)extensive education
C)as something women would do before they had children
D)if they had permission from their husbands to work outside the home

Question 47

While some believe that increases in science and medical technology were the reasons for improved general health in the twentieth century,historians and social scientists __________.

A)believe that evolution allowed people to develop stronger immunities to diseases that once caused epidemics
B)argue that the developing middle class made healthcare more available to the population
C)point to improvements in sanitation and hygiene as having a greater influence
D)theorize that changes in habits at work,school,and other institutions had a greater influence than science

Question 48

During the Dutch famine researcher discovered which of the following?

A)People born during the height of the famine were more likely to stay thin throughout their lives.
B)People born during the height of the famine were more likely to become obese once they had adequate access to food.
C)People born during the height of the famine were more likely to have cancer.
D)People born during the height of the famine were more likely to have heart disease.

Question 49

The social contexts we inhabit at different stages throughout our lives affect our later health outcomes is called which of the following?

A)epidemiology
B)life course outcomes
C)health disparities
D)socioeconomic status

Question 50

What is one reason that women live longer than men?

A)Women have more money than men.
B)Women have higher levels of education than men.
C)Men engage in more risk-taking behaviours than women.
D)Men don't engage in health-promoting behaviours as much as women.

Question 51

Differences in health status linked to social,economic,or environmental conditions is called which of the following?

A)health differentials
B)life-course perspective
C)health disparities
D)socioeconomic gradient in health

Question 52

The professionalism of medicine resulted in which of the following?

A)improved care for women
B)improved curriculum at medical schools
C)criminalization of midwifery
D)more professional opportunities for women in the medical field

Question 53

The Ontario government passed Bill 45,the Making Healthier Choices Act.The goal of this policy is to encourage consumers to choose healthier options and to create pressure for businesses to offer them.This is an example of which of the following?

A)population model of prevention
B)school board health initiative
C)genetic model of prevention
D)governing approach to health risk

Question 54

The colonial period of the eighteenth century saw most healthcare being provided by __________.

A)merchants,community leaders,and spouses
B)poorly trained local doctors,community folk healers,and religious leaders
C)members of the church,shamans,and community leaders
D)aptly trained apprentices,folk healers,and community leaders

Question 55

____________is a medical sect from Germany that used infinitesimal doses of medicine to treat disease.

A)chiropractic medicine
B)homeopathy
C)immunization
D)naturopathic medicine

Question 56

When was midwifery legalized in Ontario?

A)1943
B)1973
C)2016
D)1991

Question 57

In the nineteenth century,doctoring took place mainly in which of the following?

A)in hospitals
B)in patient's homes
C)in the doctor's home
D)in community clinics

Question 58

Who oversaw the curriculum in medical schools?

A)the medical school itself
B)the Canadian Medical Association
C)the College of Physicians and Surgeons
D)the Public Health Association

Question 59

Even after controlling for SES,Aboriginal people have __________ non-Aboriginal people.

A)worse health outcomes than
B)better health outcomes than
C)similar health outcomes to
D)better access to healthcare than

Question 60

Who was more likely to use a midwife in the nineteenth century?

A)wealthy women
B)middle class women
C)poor women
D)all women used midwives equally

Question 61

What are the reasons for the differences in life expectancy between men and women?

Question 62

Who was more likely to use a midwife in the 19th Century?

A)wealthy women
B)middle class women
C)poor women
D)all women used midwives equally

Question 63

In the 19th Century hospital mainly served which group?

A)the poor
B)the wealthy
C)only new settlers to Canada
D)only men

Question 64

The professionalism of medicine resulted in which of the following?

A)improved care for women
B)improved curriculum at medical schools
C)criminalization of midwifery
D)more professional opportunities for women in the medical field

Question 65

Discuss the relationship between education and health.

Question 66

The Ebola outbreak is an example of ______________.

A)how genetics influences our health
B)the need for more doctors in Africa
C)how societal conditions contribute to the spread of disease
D)physician-driven care

Question 67

What are the reasons for the differences in life expectancy between men and women?

Question 68

A paradox of the American healthcare system is that __________.Why is life expectancy shorter for Americans than Europeans?

A)Their health care system isn't as good.
B)Europeans are wealthier.
C)Europeans have better genetics.
D)Not everyone has equal access to the healthcare system in the U.S.

Question 69

When was midwifery legalized in Ontario?

A)1943
B)1973
C)2016
D)1991

Question 70

In the 19th Century doctoring took place mainly in which of the following?

A)in hospitals
B)in patient's homes
C)in the doctor's home
D)in community clinics

Question 71

Nursing was seen as an appropriate career for women under which circumstances.

A)under male supervision
B)extensive education
C)as something women would do before they had children
D)if they had permission from their husbands to work outside the home

Question 72

How does socioeconomic status affects one's health?

Question 73

Explain the significance of medicalization,particularly in relation to women and healthcare.

Question 74

Alexa was underweight when she was born.What is likely to happen to her later in life?

A)she will be thin
B)she is more likely to have a range of health problems
C)she will have no health impacts
D)she will have children who are also underweigt

Question 75

Discuss the relationship between education and health.

Question 76

People who are obese are more likely to have friends who are which of the following?

A)average weight
B)thin
C)obese
D)there is no pattern

Question 77

During the Dutch famine researcher discovered which of the following?

A)People born during the height of the famine were more likely to stay thin throughout their lives.
B)People born during the height of the famine were more likely to become obese once they had adequate access to food.
C)People born during the height of the famine were more likely to have cancer.
D)People born during the height of the famine were more likely to have heart disease.

Question 78

Who oversaw the cirriculumn in medical schools?

A)the medical school itself
B)The Canadian Medical Association
C)College of Physicians and Surgeons
D)The Public Health Association

Question 79

What are the three theories that are used as alternatives to the biological explanation of racial disparities in healthcare and how are these theories different from the biological explanation?

Question 80

What is one reason that women live longer than men?

A)Women have more money than men
B)Women have higher levels of education than men.
C)Men engage in more risk taking behaviours than women.
D)Men don't engage in health promoting behaviours as much as women.