Deck 17: Social Movements and Revolutions

Question 1

A theoretical perspective called __________ emphasizes the importance of resources,like labour and money,for generating and sustaining social movements.

A)the NGO process
B)the resource mobilization approach
C)mainstreaming
D)bureaucratization

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The seventeenth-century English philosopher Thomas Hobbes posed an intriguing question about why people __________.

A)cooperate with each other when they could achieve what they need selfishly
B)are so frightened and can act only when they have safety in numbers
C)mistrust the Crown when the leaders of the mob would rule them just as harshly
D)are willing to exchange one form of misery for another

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Why are corporations rarely agents of change in values or social arrangements?

A)They actively encourage ordinary people to make these changes instead.
B)They are too focused on social justice.
C)They prefer frequent changes in property relations,but not social arrangements.
D)They resist change and try to prevent the unexpected.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Social movements are similar to __________ because they express feelings and thoughts that have not been formalized into language by journalists,lawmakers,and the like.

A)unwritten norms
B)art
C)informal laws
D)aesthetic responses

Question 5

When studying the motivations of a protest movement,why is it necessary to consider what the protestors think and feel?

A)Perceptions reveal the interactions among ideas,mobilization,and the broader environment,which provide the goals.
B)The protests are works in progress,indeed,a form of art.
C)Grievances cannot be manufactured,that is,preconceived.
D)Because people don't really know what they want,leaders step forward and exploit what they "think and feel."

Question 6

During the 1960s and after,not all social movements were about civil rights or antiwar.These movements were uniquely concerned with __________.

A)the environment
B)lifestyle change and remaking the culture
C)animal rights
D)conservative rights

Question 7

According to certain sociologists,the __________ sees social movements as primarily concerned with __________.

A)Hobbesian point of view;altruistic benefits
B)socioeconomic perspective;day-to-day,immediate needs
C)change theory school;revolution
D)political process perspective;politics

Question 8

Early theorists in the nineteenth century more often studied protesters in crowds as __________.

A)utopian idealists
B)frustrated individuals
C)mentally disturbed individuals
D)immoralists

Question 9

Research suggests that __________ of committed antiabortion activists had ambiguous views about abortion or even considered themselves "pro-choice" when they initially joined the movement;it was only after they spent some time in the movement,interacting with long-term activists,that they came to emphatically oppose abortions.

A)almost all
B)75 percent
C)40 percent
D)25 percent

Question 10

How do researchers who study social movements explain why some social movements are linked to one another?

A)They point to the power of political action.
B)They attribute the link to the money raised by social movement organizations.
C)They note that leaders and participants shift from one movement to another or share social networks.
D)They attribute the link to biographical availability.

Question 11

There are at least __________ requirements that groups need for a strong revolutionary movement to take place.

A)two
B)four
C)five
D)seven

Question 12

Kareem's sociology professor compared society's current debate over gay marriage with the struggle faced decades ago by interracial couples.The civil rights movement awakened many Americans to injustices endured by African-American citizens.Kareem's class learned that broad shifts in people's sensibilities over long periods of time enable them to gain new perspectives on long-held ideologies.In this scenario,what kind of approach did Kareem's professor use to explain the emergence of the movement to extend the rights and benefits of marriage to same-sex couples?

A)cultural
B)economic
C)labour market
D)political

Question 13

What purpose does a social movement serve in a civil society,especially in light of its leadership?

A)A social movement is a warning sign of revolution.
B)A social movement allows for a release valve for dissatisfied people.
C)A social movement forces elites to recognize new fears and desires in a specific social group.
D)A social movement can train youth for future leadership roles.

Question 14

The civil rights movement benefited from what kind of SMO for support and organization,especially in the South?

A)black churches
B)liberal book clubs
C)local government
D)the U.S.Supreme Court

Question 15

__________ are webs of connections that link individuals and organizations to one another for communication and other exchanges.

A)Political action groups
B)Social networks
C)SMOs
D)Social media

Question 16

Which of the following is most likely to represent a movement that seeks to change a human emotional response or redirect empathy?

A)conservative rights
B)animal rights
C)antifracking
D)Tea Party

Question 17

According to Charles Kurzman (1996),what perception motivated Iranian protesters who toppled the shah's regime in the late 1970s?

A)Their faith would protect them from bullets.
B)They suddenly believed that they could and would win.
C)The sheer number of protestors gave them the illusion of safety.
D)The shah's army and police would come over to their side.

Question 18

Another aspect of more formalized movements,especially when the society becomes __________,is the formation of __________.

A)more radicalized;social movement organizations
B)discontent;political action committees
C)more diverse;resource mobilization organizations
D)wealthier;social movement organizations

Question 19

Following the Stonewall riots of June 1969,a gay and lesbian liberation movement developed that relied on __________ to organize a militant response and quickly spread to other cities.

A)the Internet
B)straight sympathizers in the armed forces
C)a covert urban subculture
D)transgender allies

Question 20

Throughout North American history,social movements have focused on bringing about more __________.

A)constitutional amendments
B)rights
C)bureaucratic red tape
D)complex laws

Question 21

Alicia and her friends,all busy working mothers in their 30s,wanted to organize a protest against the lack of affordable childcare.They designed a website outlining their cause and posted announcements on Facebook indicating where protesters were to assemble.Alicia was surprised when the turnout at the protest site was less than she had anticipated.What missing factor might explain the group's failure to recruit participants?

A)biographical availability
B)framing
C)ideological compatibility
D)social-network ties

Question 22

According to McAdam (1982),a movement that inspires __________ can achieve what is called "cognitive liberation."

A)a feeling that one has an insider's knowledge
B)trust in the system
C)a degree of libertarianism
D)a sense of optimism and efficacy

Question 23

People who lived during the Great Depression would not have imagined such an annual event as Earth Day.They could not afford the kind of lives that allow for the __________ that developed after World War II.

A)material well-being
B)environmental consciousness
C)postmaterial values and beliefs
D)higher goals

Question 24

According to the great community organizer Saul Alinsky,which of the following tactics is an effective one for a movement leader to utilize?

A)portray the enemy as an utter villain
B)show empathy for your opponent
C)never make your opponent think you are more powerful than you are
D)know when to apply pressure,and when to back off

Question 25

The reason that the leadership of revolutionary movements utilize violence and people willing to "kill" for the movement (e.g. ,the 9/11 hijackers)is predicated on __________.

A)Alinsky's military approach to countering enemies
B)a political response to political opposition
C)a rational response to state violence
D)an exploitation of dangerous psychopaths to achieve movement goals

Question 26

Which of the following do you think would be a means of legal repression that affects the development of unions in the United States?

A)exceptionalism
B)federal takeover of government unions
C)states' rights initiatives
D)laws and policies that favour employers over workers

Question 27

When vegans carry signs that read "meat is murder" or when antiabortion marchers hand out literature illustrated with gruesome photographs,they are engaged in __________ to attract new members and like-minded sympathizers.

A)shock awareness
B)moral shock
C)cultural messaging
D)bad taste

Question 28

According to Gamson,who was largely responsible for "queer activism"?

A)radical gays
B)anti-assimilationists
C)bisexual and transgendered people
D)gay academics

Question 29

Because many social movements encounter official and unofficial opposition,__________ are what some theorists describe as places relatively free from surveillance where oppositional ideas and tactics can develop and spread.

A)safe houses
B)open spaces
C)church basements
D)free spaces

Question 30

_________ is a perfect example of a movement that has suffered setbacks because of its historical successes.

A)The labour movement
B)The human rights movement
C)ACORN
D)The NDP

Question 31

Why is the chess analogy-describing the tactical choices of those involved in a movement-useful in understanding how a social movement operates?

A)Sociologists see reality as a game with winners and losers.
B)It suggests interaction,how one tactical move can be countered by another.
C)It considers that social movements take place on layers of conflict.
D)Movements end up playing games,which is counterintuitive.

Question 32

A __________ is a special term that describes a person's belief that he or she belongs to a certain group with distinctive characteristics and interests,such as a pro-choice group,the Liberal Party,the working class,etc.

A)collective identity
B)marginalization complex
C)frame
D)group consciousness

Question 33

The Arab Spring and the Occupy Wall Street movements were the first to use __________effectively to recruit and mobilize protests.

A)e-newsletters
B)instant messages
C)social media
D)e-mail

Question 34

Researchers suggest that nonviolent movements may be twice as likely to succeed as violent ones,even against repressive regimes.What is their reason?

A)Nonviolent movements are more moral and deserve to succeed.
B)It is rational to be nonviolent.
C)More ordinary people will join the movement and ensure its ultimate success and acceptance.
D)Few repressive regimes can resist nonviolence.

Question 35

Depending on the business and activities of their opponents-a business,the military,and so on-protesters try to change __________ through persuasion,intimidation,and imposing costs (financial or otherwise)upon them.

A)their behaviour
B)the terms of engagement
C)society to their advantage
D)their economic status

Question 36

Which of the following conditions is most conducive to recruiting supporters?

A)knowing someone already in the movement
B)being a physically isolated person
C)belonging to a church
D)having friends

Question 37

Which of the following organizations do sociologists recognize as having become institutionalized?

A)NAC
B)NOW
C)CIA
D)the media

Question 38

Movements and revolutions have many goals to balance in their tactics.What name did the sociologist Charles Tilly give to the limitations (and resources)that leaders face in regard to this complexity?

A)the tactical overreach
B)the margins of revolution
C)the repertoire of contention
D)the counterproductive engagement

Question 39

Why are sociologists today less likely to utilize the value judgments of "success" and "failure" when assessing a movement's effect on society?

A)The term "outcome" recognizes a broader range of effects,including unintended consequences.
B)Theorists cannot use the words "success" or "failure" without being intellectually dishonest.
C)Future movements must always take up where past movements leave off.
D)Movements evolve in ways that prevent sociologists from finding points in time where such judgments "stick."

Question 40

One way to undermine the credibility of an opponent is __________.

A)using bullhorns effectively
B)using attendance in a packed courtroom
C)organizing street protests outside their headquarters
D)using the media (press releases,faxes,Twitter,television)

Question 41

Prior to the twentieth century,sociologists saw social movements as mobs,not change agents.Later scholars were much more sympathetic.Describe this more positive view of social movements and the benefits it holds,not only for researchers,but society as a whole.

Question 42

Why are elections seen as the "democratic translation of the class struggle"?

A)People elect rulers who are representative of their class.
B)Interest groups and lobbyists mediate with social movements and help shape elections.
C)Elections allow for social and class conflicts to be expressed without rebellion.
D)Democracy is really an ongoing revolution in and of itself.

Question 43

Which of the following can be a feature of a social revolution?

A)bureaucratic slowdowns
B)new jobs in the secret police
C)the dramatic elimination of an economic class
D)the retraining of first responders

Question 44

Why were the revolutions that occurred in the Middle East and North Africa during the Arab Spring of 2011 political as opposed to social revolutions?

Question 45

A local animal rights organization engages a public relations expert to learn effective ways to get its message out to the general public and other useful strategies to motivate potential recruits.The organization settles on a series of different messages to get the public to share its animal rights orientation.In this scenario,__________ is being used to boost recruitment and participation.

A)activism
B)countermobilization
C)biographical availability
D)framing

Question 46

In what way do cultural sociologists believe they have a better theory than political process theorists? Provide one movement as an example.

Question 47

How do social movements successfully recruit members and supporters with what scholars call "framing"?

Question 48

Although a local pacifist movement has been successful in gaining acknowledgment as a bona fide representative of its ideology,members have yet to see any of their proposed policy or legislative initiatives enacted.In measuring what this movement has and has not achieved,analysts would likely focus on the movement's failure to attain __________ in characterizing its lack of success.

A)acceptance
B)collective identity
C)new advantages
D)tactical choices

Question 49

Rafia lives in a small country where repeated attempts to depose oppressive regimes through protest movements and rebellions have been made.Observers are likely to concur that Rafia's country is now in a __________,because two political factions are declaring themselves to be his country's legitimate rulers.

A)collective identity
B)moral shock
C)protest cycle
D)revolutionary situation

Question 50

The political process approach to the study of social movements stresses their political nature.What do such movements attempt to achieve and what does success "look like"?

Question 51

One of the broader impacts of a movement,one that covers both adherents and opponents,is that movements __________.

A)force people to think and have an opinion
B)fragment society
C)can cause changes in affiliation
D)displace values temporarily-put them in flux,in doubt

Question 52

Given the historical victories of the pro-choice movement,why can success be a setback over the long term?

A)They are not victories because true victories have to be accomplished in stages so as to delay the opposition.
B)They are poorly adapted for compromise and so such victories do not last or result in counterproductive outcomes.
C)There is no success in governmental fiat.It must be achieved collectively,with supermajorities.
D)Victories that are sweeping in nature can inspire countermobilization.

Question 53

Which of the following is true about social movements and the course of history?

A)Social movements are history.
B)Scholars are very much surprised by the lasting effects of even the most obscure movements.
C)Most movements do not achieve their own goals.
D)Most movements are not met with considerable repression.

Question 54

Kyle is concerned that the social movement being formed by his fellow artists and musicians will never reach its full potential nor be sustainable for very long.He fears that the movement lacks sufficient numbers of people and adequate financial support.In his analysis of his social movement's chances for survival,what school of thought is Kyle invoking?

A)the collective identity approach
B)the framing approach
C)the political process perspective approach
D)the resource mobilization approach

Question 55

The extent of violence in revolutions is __________.

A)fixed (there must be bloodshed to constitute a revolution)
B)quite variable
C)nonexistent
D)quite mild