Deck 17: Social Movements and Revolutions

Question 1

The followers of Osama bin Laden are primarily postmaterial in outlook.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

A coup d'état can become a "revolution from above" that requires no participation by anyone else but the country's military and/or political elites.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The Arab Spring was triggered for economic reasons as much as a desire for democracy.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The strike of air-traffic controllers in 1981 led to their firing.

Question 5

A revolution simply means a change of the regime.

Question 6

A coup is the same thing as a revolution.

Question 7

The way that many movements help articulate new ways of thinking and feeling about the world is an unintended outcome.

Question 8

Social movements,when seen as a whole,are a uniquely American institution.

Question 9

The earliest scholars and sociologists to study social movements feared that they might lead to mob rule and societal collapse.

Question 10

Most social movements do not achieve their goals.

Question 11

When a movement is "preempted," it can be considered a total failure.

Question 12

Roe v.Wade was a defeat for the antiabortion countermovement.

Question 13

Saul Alinsky was a famous community politician.

Question 14

Social movements are more conscious and organized than fads.

Question 15

It could be said that social movements help societies to transform ideas and intuitions into principles,and political demands.

Question 16

Cultural-approach theorists map out standard desires and fantasies that are common to crowds and then locate them in individuals.

Question 17

The U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)is not a movement that was institutionalized.

Question 18

Occupy Wall Street claimed to speak for 99 percent of U.S.citizens in poverty.

Question 19

The gay rights movement got its start thanks to clandestine social media technologies.

Question 20

The early view was that protesters came from the marginalized sectors of society.

Question 21

Which of the following would most likely represent a movement that seeks to change a human emotional response or redirect empathy?

A)veganism
B)animal rights
C)antifracking
D)Tea Party

Question 22

An example of an institutional collapse during a revolution can occur when,for example,the police refuse to carry out orders and arrest rioters.

Question 23

The Arab Spring revolt in Morocco resulted in the overthrow of its monarchy.

Question 24

Why are corporations rarely agents of change in values or social arrangements?

A)Capitalists desire stability.
B)They prefer a routine social life in order to prevent the unexpected.
C)They resist changes in property relations.
D)all of the above

Question 25

Which of the following would not fit a fundamental definition of a social movement?

A)The members of a social movement are conscious of their need to form a movement.
B)Social movements are always led in some way by leaders who are (or are directed by)elite members of society,people who are not "ordinary."
C)Social movements use some form of extrainstitutional means.
D)The members of a social movement desire to change or prevent change.

Question 26

During the 1960s and after,not all social movements were about civil rights or antiwar.These movements were uniquely concerned with __________.

A)the environment
B)lifestyle change and remaking the culture
C)animal rights
D)conservative rights

Question 27

What are extrainstitutional means?

A)collective actions undertaken outside existing institutions,like courts and legislatures
B)collective actions undertaken within an existing institution,such as a religious group
C)collective force necessary to carry out a social movement
D)collective fads and fashions

Question 28

Sociologists study a wide range of factors that explain why a movement emerges when and where it does.What are the primary categories?

A)economic conditions
B)political factors
C)cultural factors
D)all of the above

Question 29

The United States was founded with a Bill of Rights in place.However,throughout U.S.history social movements have focused on bringing about more __________.

A)constitutional amendments
B)rights
C)freedoms
D)social justice

Question 30

A theoretical perspective called __________ emphasizes the importance of resources,like labor and money,for generating and sustaining social movements.

A)the NGO process
B)the resource mobilization approach
C)mainstreaming
D)bureaucratization

Question 31

Social movements are similar to __________ because they express feelings and thoughts that have not been formalized into language by journalists,lawmakers,and the like.

A)sculptures
B)art
C)paperback novels
D)aesthetic responses

Question 32

Another aspect of more formalized movements,especially when the society becomes __________,is the formation of __________.

A)more radicalized;social movement organizations
B)discontent;political action committees
C)more diverse;resource mobilization organizations
D)wealthier;social movement organizations

Question 33

Because the United States is a liberal democracy,there may be little chance that the Occupy movement will become a revolutionary movement.

Question 34

To Lenin,the upper classes play no part in a revolutionary situation.

Question 35

What purpose does a social movement serve in a civil society,especially in light of its leadership?

A)A social movement is a warning sign of revolution.
B)A social movement allows for a release valve for dissatisfied people.
C)A social movement forces elites to recognize new fears and desires in a specific social group.
D)A social movement can train youth for future leadership roles.

Question 36

Which of the following statements about social movements is true?

A)A social movement could be made up of a single protest or riot.
B)Formal organizations play no part in social movements.
C)Movements are more conscious and organized than fashions or fads.
D)All social movements are explicitly political.

Question 37

In addition to the wealth of information about politics,human action,social change,and the moral basis of society,what else can we learn about from studying social movements?

A)how societies decline and fall
B)that social movements may one day not just include humans
C)that people are not just motivated by basic wants and needs
D)human diversity

Question 38

According to certain sociologists,the __________ sees social movements as primarily concerned with __________.

A)Hobbesian point of view;altruistic benefits
B)socioeconomic perspective;day-to-day,immediate needs
C)change theory school;revolution
D)political process perspective;politics

Question 39

The seventeenth-century English philosopher Thomas Hobbes had a grim view of humankind.He posed an intriguing question about why people __________.

A)cooperate with each other when they could achieve what they need selfishly
B)were so frightened and could act only when they had safety in numbers
C)mistrusted the crown when the leaders of the mob would rule them just as harshly
D)were willing to exchange one form of misery for another

Question 40

An example of the kind of leverage needed by common people is the denial of their labor.

Question 41

Depending on the business and activities of their opponents-a business,the military,and so on-protesters try to change __________ through persuasion,intimidation,and imposing costs (financial or otherwise)upon them.

A)their behavior
B)the terms of engagement
C)society to their advantage
D)all of the above

Question 42

The Civil Rights movement benefited from what kind of SMO for support and organization,especially in the South?

A)black churches
B)liberal book clubs
C)Negro colleges
D)the U.S.Supreme Court

Question 43

To a sociologist taking the cultural approach to the rise of social movements,why would there be no real support for an animal rights movement in the United States 200 years ago?

A)The majority of people worked on farms and saw animals as living tools.
B)Children did not grow up watching films and cartoons that made animals behave like people.
C)Religions and philosophies that treated animals with respect had not yet been transplanted from Asia.
D)all of the above

Question 44

When studying the motivations of a protest movement,why is it necessary to consider what the protestors think and feel?

A)Perceptions reveal the interactions among ideas,mobilization,and the broader environment,which provide the goals.
B)The protests are works in progress,indeed,a form of art.
C)Grievances cannot be manufactured,that is,preconceived.
D)Because people don't really know what they want,leaders step forward and exploit what they "think and feel."

Question 45

Early theorists in the nineteenth century more often studied protesters in crowds as __________.

A)utopians
B)frustrated,sometimes irrational individuals
C)mentally disturbed
D)immoralists

Question 46

One way to undermine the credibility of an opponent is __________.

A)using bullhorns effectively
B)in a packed courtroom
C)organizing street protests outside their headquarters
D)using the media (press releases,faxes,Twitter,television)

Question 47

__________ are webs of connections that link individuals and organizations to one another for communication and other exchanges,such as funding.

A)Political action cells
B)Social networks
C)SMOs
D)Social media

Question 48

People who lived during the Great Depression would not have imagined such an annual event as Earth Day.They could not afford the kind of lives that allow for the __________ that developed after World War II.

A)material well-being
B)environmental consciousness
C)postmaterial values and beliefs
D)higher goals

Question 49

According to McAdam (1982),a movement that inspires _________ can achieve what is called "cognitive liberation."

A)a feeling that one has an insider's knowledge
B)how the world can be a better place
C)a degree of libertarianism
D)a sense of optimism and efficacy

Question 50

Following the Stonewall riots of June 1969,a gay and lesbian liberation movement developed that relied on __________ to organize a militant response and quickly spread to other cities.

A)the Internet
B)straight sympathizers in the armed forces
C)a covert urban subculture
D)transgender allies

Question 51

How do researchers who study social movements explain why some social movements are linked to one another?

A)They point to the power of political action committees.
B)They attribute the link to the money raised by social movement organizations.
C)They note that leaders and participants shift from one movement to another or share social networks,and also the fact that political conditions encourage many movements to form at the same time.
D)They attribute the link to biographical availability.D;answer

Question 52

Research suggests that __________ committed antiabortion activists had ambiguous views about abortion or even considered themselves "pro-choice" when they initially joined the movement;it was only after they spent some time in the movement,interacting with long-term activists,that they came to emphatically oppose abortions.

A)almost all
B)40 percent
C)75 percent
D)25 percent

Question 53

According to Charles Kurzman (1996),what perception motivated Iranian protesters who toppled the shah's regime in the late 1970s?

A)Their faith would protect them from bullets.
B)The sudden belief that they could and would win.
C)The sheer number of protestors gave them the illusion of safety.
D)The shah's army and police would come over to their side.

Question 54

The first to do so effectively,the Arab Spring and the Occupy Wall Street movements used _________ to recruit and mobilize protests.

A)e-newsletters
B)instant messages
C)social media
D)e-mail

Question 55

When vegans carry signs that read "meat is murder" or when antiabortion marchers hand out literature illustrated with gruesome photographs,they are engaged in __________ to attract new members and like-minded sympathizers.

A)shock awareness
B)moral shock
C)cultural messaging
D)bad taste

Question 56

A __________ is special term that describes a person's belief that he or she belongs to a certain group with distinctive characteristics and interests,such as a pro-choice group,the Tea Party,the working class,etc. ).

A)collective identity
B)marginalization complex
C)frame
D)group consciousness

Question 57

According to Mancur Olson's theory of biographical availability,which of the following groups might be most suited for participation in a social movement?

A)students in grade school
B)young people without children
C)clergy
D)retired people

Question 58

Modern scholarship no longer sees protest as a symptom of a psychological problem or the need to compensate for something lacking in one's life (friendship,self-importance,etc. ).It is instead __________.

A)an effort to impose meaning and morality on the world
B)an expression of a collective identity
C)a definition of collective interest
D)all of the above

Question 59

Which of the following conditions is most conducive to recruiting supporters?

A)knowing someone already in the movement
B)being a physically isolated person
C)belonging to a church
D)having friends

Question 60

According to the economist Mancur Olson,what is a "free rider"?

A)a semi-active protester
B)a fellow traveler
C)a person who doesn't care about the movement and passively goes along with it
D)a person who benefits from social protests without supporting it directly

Question 61

Why is the chess analogy-describing the tactical choices of those involved in a movement-useful in understanding how a social movement operates?

A)Sociologists see reality as a game with winners and losers.
B)It suggests interaction,how one tactical move can be countered by another.
C)It considers that social movements take place on layers of conflict.
D)Movements end up playing games,which is counterintuitive.

Question 62

Movements and revolutions have many goals to balance in their tactics.What name did the sociologist Charles Tilly give to the limitations (and resources)that leaders face in regard to this complexity?

A)the tactical overreach
B)the margins of revolution
C)the repertoire of contention
D)the counterproductive engagement

Question 63

According to the great community organizer Saul Alinsky,which of the following tactics is an effective one for a movement leader to utilize?

A)portray the enemy as an utter villain
B)show empathy for your opponent
C)never make your opponent think you are more powerful than you are
D)know when to apply pressure,and when to back off

Question 64

Because many social movements encounter official and unofficial opposition,__________ are what some theorists describe as places relatively free from surveillance where oppositional ideas and tactics can develop and spread.

A)safe houses
B)open spaces
C)church basements
D)free spaces

Question 65

Which of the following is not one of Gamson's four movement outcomes?

A)inclusion
B)full response
C)cooptation
D)collapse

Question 66

The two criteria that William Gamson identifies as a measure of more successful movement outcomes are __________.

A)legalization and institutionalization
B)becoming an SMO and being able to lobby government directly
C)acceptance and new advantages
D)liberalization and legalization

Question 67

Given the historical victories of the pro-choice movement,why can success be a setback over the long term?

A)They are not victories because true victories have to be accomplished in stages so as to foil the opposition.
B)They are poorly adapted for compromise and so such victories do not last or result in counterproductive outcomes.
C)There is no success in governmental fiat.It must be achieved collectively,with supermajorities.
D)Victories that are sweeping in nature can inspire countermovements.

Question 68

The failure of U.S.counterinsurgency efforts in Iraq can be attributed to __________.

A)insufficient attempts to win over the hearts and minds of the Iraqi population
B)the ethnic and family clan structure of Iraqi society
C)failure to see how insurgencies are deeply rooted in religious conflicts
D)all of the above

Question 69

Why are sociologists today less likely to utilize the value judgments of "success" and "failure" when assessing a movement's effect on society?

A)The term outcome recognizes a broader range of effects,including unintended consequences.
B)Theorists cannot use the words "success" or "failure" without being intellectually dishonest.
C)Future movements must always take up where past movements leave off.
D)Movements evolve in ways that prevent sociologists from finding points in time where such judgments "stick."

Question 70

Researchers suggest that nonviolent movements may be twice as likely to succeed as violent ones,even against repressive regimes.What is their reason?

A)Nonviolent movements are more moral and deserve to succeed.
B)It is rational to be nonviolent.
C)More ordinary people will join the movement and ensure its ultimate success and acceptance.
D)Few repressive regimes can resist nonviolence.

Question 71

Which of the following do you think would be a means of legal repression that affects the development of unions in the United States?

A)American exceptionalism
B)federal takeover of government unions
C)states' rights initiatives
D)laws and policies that favor employers over workers

Question 72

Why might a movement decline as a result of its own internal dynamics?

A)The movement may have lost its radical vision.
B)The movement was organized around a fixed collective identity that may have changed.
C)none of the above
D)all of the above

Question 73

Which of the following might contribute to the lack of a strong labor or leftist political party in the United States?

A)The Republican Party serves this role.
B)American individualism-the belief that people can and should take care of themselves.
C)Americans tend to be fundamentally conservative.
D)Americans have an inordinate fear of communism,which is another label for socialism.

Question 74

American unions,after suffering decades of decline in membership,have __________ to turn this trend around.

A)developed closer ties with the Anarchist party
B)seen some unions ally with the OWS movement
C)secretly negotiated with Republican moderates
D)started holding general strikes in key sectors of the economy

Question 75

The right-wing militia movements of the 1990s no longer have the same membership or military-like gatherings.What brought this about?

A)complicity in the 1995 bombing of the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City
B)government surveillance and negative publicity
C)reinvention of themselves as Second Amendment support groups
D)the mass arrest of their membership

Question 76

Which of the following organizations do sociologists recognize as having become institutionalized?

A)AFL-CIO
B)NOW
C)CIA
D)the media

Question 77

The reason that the leadership of revolutionary movements utilize violence and people willing to "kill" for the movement (e.g. ,Che Guevara,the 9/11 hijackers)is predicated on __________.

A)Alinsky's military approach to countering enemies
B)a political response to political opposition
C)a rational response to state violence
D)an exploitation of dangerous psychopaths to achieve movement goals

Question 78

According to Gamson,who was largely responsible for "queer activism"?

A)radical gays
B)antiassimilationists
C)bisexual and transgendered people
D)gay academics

Question 79

For a movement that has suffered setbacks because of its historical successes,__________ is a perfect example.

A)the U.S.labor movement
B)the NAACP
C)ACORN
D)the Tea Party

Question 80

The leader of a protest decides on a peaceful gathering outside a missile base.Why not hack into its computers and publish the launch codes and targets?

A)It would prove the movement stands for peace,not destruction.
B)Publishing the codes would be an act of treason and result in a prison sentence or even execution.
C)Such launch codes are firewalled and a peaceful protest offers a tactic that everyone can participate in.
D)There is no way to answer this question without knowing the given society or period.