Deck 18: Environmental Sociology

Question 1

Bill Clinton signed the Kyoto Accords.His successor,George Bush,broke the treaty.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Magic,to an anthropologist,is indicative of an ability to control nature.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Sociologists at the University of Chicago in the early 1900s viewed the city as the "natural habitat of civilized man," in which various sections of the city were akin to ecological niches.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

John Muir believed that the sheer beauty of a region was reason enough to preserve it.

Question 5

The world's supply of oil is known and should last only a few more centuries.

Question 6

The Anthropocene era would be the first geologic era attributed to human intervention.

Question 7

Shishmaref is now abandoned due to the effects of global warming.

Question 8

Primitive is often used as a synonym for preindustrial society.

Question 9

People interact with the environment not just in an economic sense,but in a social sense.

Question 10

The long-term warming trend is unequal to anything human history has yet recorded.

Question 11

Love Canal was yet another environmental disaster that had no regulatory impact.

Question 12

The problem with CO₂ is that it's not a clean source of energy.It is a fossil fuel.

Question 13

Climate change is a more accurate categorization than global warming.

Question 14

Marx and Engel's thesis sees craftspeople as having discrete tasks that maximized their efficiency.

Question 15

The modern Catholic Church also has objects that are sacred,like totems.

Question 16

Emile Durkheim noted that totemism was common among many indigenous groups,including American Indians.

Question 17

Paul Ehrlich predicted that population pressures would eventually result in the collapse of modern society as we know it.

Question 18

Unlike Marx and Engels,Diamond is a determinist.

Question 19

The University of Chicago scientists are,like Marx and Engels,also determinists.

Question 20

Sociology's contribution to the study of environmental problems is the creation of an environmental movement.

Question 21

Which of the following defines environmental sociology?

A)the study of the environmental movement and how it has become another form of sociology
B)a social science that incorporates the life science of ecology
C)understanding the ways that society simultaneously shapes and is shaped by the physical environment
D)sociology that factors in not only people,but animals and plants,weather patterns,and the like

Question 22

The plight of the Inupiat,in addition to the effects of climate change,illustrates __________.

A)that the costs of environmental problems are evenly distributed
B)that indigenous peoples are often the perpetrators of environmental degradation
C)that environmental problems reveal and intensify social inequality
D)that,for better or worse,the Inupiat have adapted poorly to their environment

Question 23

From the point of view of an environmental sociologist,the crisis that threatens the Inupiat __________.

A)has a social origin-the burning of fossil fuels
B)is the result of the poor adaptations that humans make with the environment
C)has an ecological origin in the burning of coal and other fossil fuels far from Shishmaref
D)is a combination of causes,both self-inflicted and natural

Question 24

One clan of indigenous peoples in Papua New Guinea adopted the fish as the _________ of their group.

A)religious identity
B)mascot
C)animal symbol
D)totem

Question 25

What do environmental sociologists mean when they say that the relationship between environment and society is interdependent?

A)It is dynamic for the way it varies over time and place.
B)Environmental change can transform societies and societal change can transform the environment.
C)Social contexts and environmental contexts mean the same thing.
D)There is a link between humankind and the land.

Question 26

We cannot expect the majority of people to regulate themselves as long as the negative consequences of their actions will not be apparent until far in the future.

Question 27

The transition of societies from traditional (i.e. ,rural,agricultural)to modern (urban,technological)is accompanied by __________.

A)new coal mines,oil dripping,and fracking
B)decreases in the land used to raise food
C)greater exploitation of natural resources
D)larger families that use more resources

Question 28

__________ made the correlation between magic and the control the environment while observing the rites of Fiji islanders before ocean fishing expeditions.

A)Margaret Mead
B)Bronislaw Malinowski
C)Colonial administrators
D)Emile Durkheim

Question 29

The division of labor led to the development of a(n)__________ and __________ power.

A)priestly class;religious
B)egalitarian society;shared
C)food surplus;water-driven
D)elite class;economic

Question 30

A single American consumes as much energy as dozens of people in developing countries.

Question 31

Hybrid automobiles are powered entirely by renewable fuel sources.

Question 32

The field of __________ revealed how so-called primitive societies __________ nature.

A)anthropology;are dependent on
B)environmental sociology;are interdependent on
C)ecology;are based on
D)archaeology;worship

Question 33

Given Durkheim's consideration of "primitive" religion,the natural environment is revered in proportion to a society __________.

A)seeing itself as connected to nature
B)recognizing its sacred totems
C)and the number of totems that it recognizes from nature
D)participating in environmental rituals

Question 34

Sustainability involves the development of new resources.

Question 35

A Native American rain dance and cloud seeding represent the use of __________ and __________ to tame nature.

A)religion;science
B)art;technology
C)the primitive;the modern
D)natural;unnatural means

Question 36

The __________ distinguishes other technological leaps in history from the Industrial Revolution.

A)railroad
B)steamboat
C)mining of coal
D)steam engine

Question 37

What did Emile Durkheim discover about the clans of various Aboriginal tribes in Australia?

A)They were united by elaborate family ties symbolized by an animal.
B)Clans could either be plant people or animal people.
C)One did not have to have a blood kinship to his or her clan,but rather an allegiance to a particular totem.
D)They observed a religious faith called "totemism."

Question 38

According to Marx and Engels,not only all of society,but the __________ depended on transforming natural resources into material possessions.

A)clergy
B)nature of individuals
C)nobility
D)division of labor

Question 39

The fair trade movement was formed by communities joining together to increase their wages and improve their working conditions,while growing food in ways that promote the health of the surrounding ecosystem.

Question 40

Even before the Industrial Revolution,humans began exerting some control over their natural environments.Which of the following would be the earliest manifestation?

A)crop irrigation
B)animal domestication
C)permanent settlements
D)trade and barter

Question 41

Marx,Engels,and Diamond are sometimes labeled __________ because their theories imply that a society's environment determines everything else-from its social structure to individuals' thoughts.

A)communists
B)determinists
C)materialists
D)socialists

Question 42

Why do different people take on different views of the environment?

A)If they are conservative,they are against the environment.
B)If they are liberal,they tend to take a realistic view of the environment.
C)They either believe in science or believe in pseudoscience.
D)Their views reflect the contexts in which their environment and society interact.

Question 43

The transition from a(n)________ to a(n)_________ mode of production was realized through social revolutions that reorganized society around commodity production.

A)anthropocentric;capitalistic
B)agricultural;anthropocentric
C)capitalistic;agricultural
D)agricultural;capitalistic

Question 44

Climatologist Michael Mann and his colleagues have graphed a thousand-year period (the famous "hockey stick" chart)that shows how __________ were more or less constant until they spiked __________.

A)CO₂ levels;100 years ago
B)carbon dioxide and monoxide;in the last century
C)global temperatures;in the past half-century
D)organic matter levels;in the past half-century

Question 45

What did Rik Scarce (2005)discover about the local ranchers' reaction to the reintroduction of the gray wolf into Yellowstone Park?

A)They were not threatened by the wolves,but rather by wealthy outsiders who simply wanted their wilderness more authentic.
B)They believed the wolves would impact their livelihoods and that their issues were being ignored by other stakeholders in the region.
C)They feared the wolves would eat their livestock and felt undermined by outsiders who could impose their will on them.
D)The ranchers saw themselves as the victims of class warfare conducted from as far away as Hollywood.

Question 46

A group of University of Chicago sociologists examined how cities were influenced by their landscapes.Which of the following labels for neighborhoods and industrial sections did they NOT use?

A)ecological niches
B)natural habitats for civilized people
C)both barriers to and resources for development
D)endangered communities

Question 47

If you saw a city the same way as the Chicago school sociologists did in the early 1900s,which of the following might be a pathological social adaptation to an urban neighborhood with high unemployment for minority women?

A)working as waitresses
B)prostitution
C)finding temporary work as unskilled laborers
D)joining the military

Question 48

The small island nation of __________ may soon be completely underwater due to the melting of polar ice and warming ocean temperatures.

A)the Canary Islands
B)Hawaii
C)Cuba
D)the Maldives

Question 49

Why are such phenomena as Hurricane Katrina and rare earthquakes in regions where oil shale is fracked called "hundred-year" events?

A)They take place every other century.
B)They can be statistically averaged as taking place every 100 years.
C)They are statistical outliers that typically do not occur within a normal human lifespan.
D)That is a folkloric term intended to be hyperbole.

Question 50

The geological era in which humans have sped up the process of global warming is called the __________.

A)Anthropocene
B)Homocene
C)Misocene
D)Holocene

Question 51

The scientist who first began monitoring levels of CO₂ in the atmosphere and linked it to human activities was __________.

A)Herman Wouk
B)Charles David Keeling
C)Michael Morris Mann
D)Phil Jones

Question 52

What happens to regions just above sea level when the sea ice melts?

A)Sea levels fall.
B)They are subject to flooding and possibly disappearing under water.
C)New land becomes available for farming.
D)Immigration increases.

Question 53

What does Jared Diamond's study of New Zealand's Maori contribute to our understanding of how one society exploits its environment and that of other societies?

A)how global advantages and inequalities arise from geographic differences
B)how a purely Marxist interpretation is incomplete
C)how Western Europe enjoys a huge advantage in raw materials
D)how primitive people are as much at fault for their disappearance as the West is

Question 54

What is that phenomenon that allows the sun's heat to pass through to the Earth's surface while stopping it from spreading back into space?

A)greenhouse effect
B)global warming
C)ozone layer
D)CO₂ emission

Question 55

Which is NOT a feature of the mindset called anthropocentrism?

A)humans are superior to animals and plants
B)mankind is at the center of the natural world
C)humans are spiritual beings and not subject to the laws of nature
D)humans exist cooperatively with nature

Question 56

__________ is the branch of science that studies the relationship between organisms and their environment.

A)Environmental Science
B)Ecology
C)Sociobiology
D)Anthropology

Question 57

What is the sociological impact of an environmentally catastrophic event such as Deepwater Horizon?

A)People lose their jobs and homes.
B)Vacationers,fishermen,and other stakeholders in the region become more likely to join environmental causes.
C)Coastal residents discover that the government and oil companies have failed them.
D)Coastal fishermen and vacationers experience inequality vis-à-vis the oil companies.

Question 58

Global warming theorists predict that up to __________ will be extinct by the turn of the next century.

A)50 percent of all species
B)50 percent of currently endangered species
C)20 percent of animal and plant species
D)60 percent of the polar bear population

Question 59

According to Taylor (1998),early American settlers destroyed forests not only to clear the land.Why did they do this?

A)The forests were seen as dark and evil.
B)They needed the wood for enormous houses they did not have back in Europe.
C)They were superstitious and believed the forests were inhabited by witches.
D)They wanted to deny dangerous animals and Indians a place to hide.

Question 60

What might offset ever-greater carbon emissions,and which is also contributory to these increased emissions because it,too,is a resource that is being overused?

A)forests
B)coral reefs
C)sea ice
D)acid rain

Question 61

To make the public aware of the lasting effects of DDT,what did the author Rachel Carson compare this pesticide to?

A)world war
B)nuclear fallout
C)bubonic plague
D)polio

Question 62

Tropical rainforests provide a natural habitat for __________ of all species on earth.

A)50 percent
B)66 percent
C)one-third
D)one-half

Question 63

Why are clean air and healthy lungs "luxuries" developing societies cannot afford?

A)Developing societies feature cultures in which environmental awareness is a foreign concept.
B)Developing societies may not have to,since many of these countries are already benefiting from cleaner technologies.
C)Developing societies have to make the hard choice between clean air and cheaper energy.
D)Developing societies must go through all the phases of capitalism,so these problems are unavoidable.

Question 64

Despite efforts to educate the public and establish recycling programs,each American produces approximately __________ of trash in a day.

A)5 pounds
B)25 pounds
C)2.5 pounds
D)10 pounds

Question 65

In addition to oil,what other underground resource is being depleted and not being regenerated at the same historical rates?

A)water
B)soil
C)aquifers
D)salt

Question 66

What is the lesson of Easter Island?

A)that it teaches us about the collapse of an ecosystem
B)that one industry (carving enormous statues)can induce an ecological collapse
C)that deforestation can lead to the extinction of humankind
D)that living things that dwell interdependently in a particular place share energy and resources

Question 67

Ecologists estimate that __________ are being driven into extinction each day due to __________.

A)New England's fisheries;gigantic nets
B)up to ten kinds of fish;overfishing
C)150 species;CO₂ pollution
D)about 137 species;deforestation

Question 68

__________ is one of the earliest American texts that inspired its readers to value the environment for its intrinsic rather than economic value.

A)Uncle Tom's Cabin
B)Nature
C)The Raven
D)Walden

Question 69

Which of the following best states the utilitarian view of conservationists?

A)National parks and the like should pay for themselves and be established as tourist attractions.
B)Natural resources should be set aside and responsibly managed so that they are available for commercial use by future generations.
C)Natural resources should have an immediate economic purpose,such as for recreation.
D)Natural resources in a community should be ordered according to how much water moves through subsurface soils.

Question 70

How much electricity consumed by Americans is generated by coal?

A)50 percent
B)66 percent
C)one-third
D)one-half

Question 71

Most deforestation in the world is a result of __________.

A)making charcoal for fuel
B)farming
C)logging
D)livestock

Question 72

What is a "throwaway society"?

A)a society that is not working toward sustainability
B)a society that uses Styrofoam
C)a society that uses products for convenience and disposability
D)a society that does not have enough landfills

Question 73

Which world river is threatened by the damming projects of the developing nations through which it and its tributaries flow?

A)the Amazon
B)the Yellow
C)the Nile
D)the Mississippi

Question 74

Which of the following statements about nonrenewable energy sources is false?

A)A nonrenewable energy source can only be used once.
B)There is a finite supply of nonrenewable energy sources.
C)A nonrenewable energy source cannot be replaced.
D)Nonrenewable energy sources currently provide 95 percent of the energy consumed around the world.

Question 75

The petroleum released by the Deepwater Horizon explosion created a "kill zone" of 80 square miles.What happens in a kill zone?

A)Virtually all sea life is eventually destroyed from the oil released into the water.
B)The oxygen levels are so depleted that any animal that swims into this area is suffocated.
C)All the animal and plant life drowns.
D)Underwater fireballs literally burn all the sea life.

Question 76

Who established the Yosemite region in California,which eventually became the first national park?

A)John Muir
B)William Howard Taft
C)Henry David Thoreau
D)Theodore Roosevelt

Question 77

Which byproduct of smog is formed by and dispersed by naturally occurring weather patterns?

A)respiratory illness
B)ozone depletion
C)smog alerts
D)acid rain

Question 78

What is the sociological effect of New York City having filled up its own landfills?

A)New York can reclaim its landfills as public spaces for parks and the like.
B)New York citizens have to be mindful of the garbage they dispose.
C)New Yorkers must contract with other municipalities to collect their garbage.
D)Poorer parts of the United States have created an industry selling New York space in their landfills.

Question 79

Unlike any other book before it,__________ had an almost immediate impact on U.S.environmental policy.

A)Silent Spring
B)To Kill a Mocking Bird
C)One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
D)Walden II

Question 80

What is the daily consumption of oil in the United States?

A)72 million barrels
B)3 million barrels
C)72 percent of the world's output per day
D)19 million