Deck 19: Population, aging, and Health

Question 1

Hospice care is a type of palliative care.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Most of the baby boomers in the United States are still alive and can be expected to live for at least another 15 to 25 years.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Demographers usually put replacement fertility at 1.9 children per woman to deal with the relatively small numbers of those who die before reaching the typical ages of childbearing.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Since 1935,the United States has provided healthcare for citizens 65 and older through Medicare.

Question 5

The age pyramid for the United States does not look like a pyramid until after age 60 because mortality influences the U.S.age distribution in notable ways only after age 60.

Question 6

Current estimates,rounded to the nearest million,put the number of legal immigrants in the United States at 21 million and the number of illegal immigrants at 11 million.

Question 7

The Population Bomb,written by Paul Ehrlich and published in 1968,postulated that the world's population was then in an early stage of the first demographic transition.

Question 8

The number of human beings alive doubled in the 100 years between 1910 and 2010.

Question 9

The first demographic transition is characterized as a transition by a region or country from a pretransition period of high fertility and high mortality to a posttransition period of low fertility and low mortality.

Question 10

In 2010,the population of the United States exceeded 300 million.

Question 11

The population model for prevention,with its focus on shifting the distribution of risk,has never been tried in the United States.

Question 12

The 7 billion humans alive in 2012 will almost certainly reproduce so that the world's population will become 14 billion in the foreseeable future.

Question 13

In the transitional period in the middle of the first demographic transition,mortality begins to decline first,followed by a decline in fertility.

Question 14

Once fertility decline has begun (or,in some cases,once it passes a certain threshold),it does not reverse.

Question 15

Population momentum means that a country's population begins to decline sharply when fertility dips below replacement level.

Question 16

If fertility in a population were to remain just a bit below replacement,population decline would be very rapid.

Question 17

There has been a steady decline in mortality even in very poor countries like Sudan,even though infectious diseases are an extremely common cause of death,especially for infants and young children.

Question 18

The idea that things that happen to you during critical periods of development can change the way that the tissues and structures of your body function has been largely discredited.

Question 19

Age pyramids are plots of age distributions.

Question 20

Life expectancy is one of the most common measures used to describe the health of a population.

Question 21

What is the key to why the 7 billion humans alive in 2012 will almost certainly not grow to 14 billion humans in the foreseeable future?

A)pretransition reversal
B)midtransition stagnation
C)mortality decline
D)fertility decline

Question 22

Women,on average,have to produce _________ offspring to achieve replacement fertility,according to demographers.

A)0
B)1.5
C)2
D)2.1

Question 23

At the peak of the baby boom,how many children,on average,did U.S.woman have?

A)6.7 children
B)5.7 children
C)4.7 children
D)3.7 children

Question 24

The suicide rate for non-Hispanic black men is higher than that for non-Hispanic white men.

Question 25

Which of the following statements about the first demographic transition is false?

A)Once fertility decline has begun or passes a certain threshold,it never reverses.
B)In the middle of the first demographic transition,population growth can be very rapid.
C)To date,nations and regions that have gone through the first demographic transition always return to pretransition levels of high fertility.
D)Fertility levels,posttransition,have been observed to fluctuate.

Question 26

How many people are alive today?

A)5 billion
B)6 billion
C)7 billion
D)8 billion

Question 27

What does the structure of Sudan's age pyramid tell us?

A)that the numbers of those who are very young and those who are much older are roughly the same
B)that the numbers of those who are in their 30s and 40s and those who are in their 60s and 70s are roughly the same
C)that nearly all children survive to adolescence
D)that infant mortality is quite high

Question 28

Americans live shorter,less healthy lives than we would expect based on the wealth of the country.

Question 29

Where is Sudan positioned in terms of its first demographic transition?

A)Sudan has yet to enter its first demographic transition.
B)at the beginning
C)in the middle
D)at the end

Question 30

What happens midtransition during the first demographic transition?

A)both mortality and fertility decline
B)both mortality and fertility grow
C)mortality first declines followed by a decline in fertility
D)fertility first declines followed by a decline in mortality

Question 31

Since the 1970s,the gap between men's and women's mortality in America has been increasing.

Question 32

At which point in the first demographic transition does population grow rapidly?

A)pretransition
B)midtransition
C)posttransition
D)a priori transition

Question 33

In the period from 1950 to 2010,when did Sudan's fertility start to decline?

A)about 1950
B)about 1970
C)about 1980
D)not until 2000

Question 34

An extraordinarily poor predictor of one's health is one's SES.

Question 35

What are demography's "big three"?

A)fertility,mortality,and median age
B)fertility,mortality,and migration
C)fertility,mortality,and mobility
D)fertility,mortality,and morbidity

Question 36

What observation did Paul Ehrlich make,in The Population Bomb (1968),about the world's population?

A)that the world's population was growing much too quickly
B)that the world's population was growing much too slowly
C)that the world's population was unlikely to double again
D)that the world's population was fluctuating dramatically

Question 37

When did the world's population first begin to grow very rapidly?

A)1810
B)1910
C)1950
D)1970

Question 38

The body's stress-response system,when mobilized in response to threats,causes your heart beat to slow and your blood pressure to decline.

Question 39

Which of the following statements about fertility in low-income countries is true?

A)Fertility decline has begun in virtually all low-income countries because fertility is low.
B)Although fertility remains high in many poor nations and regions of the world,fertility decline has yet to begin in any of these nations.
C)Although fertility is now low in many low-income countries,fertility decline is fluctuating in many of these nations.
D)Although fertility remains high in many poor nations and regions of the world,fertility decline has begun in virtually all of these nations.

Question 40

How do fertility and mortality change during the first demographic transition?

A)They transition from low fertility and high mortality to high fertility and low mortality.
B)They transition from high fertility and low mortality to low fertility and high mortality.
C)They transition from low fertility and low mortality to high fertility and high mortality.
D)They transition from high fertility and high mortality to low fertility and low mortality.

Question 41

Should fertility remain at very low subreplacement levels,countries like Japan face which of the following prospects at some point in the future?

A)the prospect of rapid population aging
B)the prospect of rapid population decline
C)the prospect of rapid population aging and the prospect of rapid population decline
D)the prospect of rapid population aging and the prospect of steady population decline

Question 42

Were a country to have,over the long run,a constant subreplacement level of fertility of 1,how many years would it take for the population of that country to halve?

A)slightly less than 20 years
B)slightly less than 30 years
C)slightly less than 50 years
D)slightly less than 70 years

Question 43

Which of the following health-related risk factors is less likely than the others to lead to a chronic health condition?

A)poor eating habits
B)too much sun
C)drinking too much unfiltered water
D)lack of exercise

Question 44

The effects of chronic disease are more likely to shape the epidemiological condition of __________.

A)Japan
B)the United States
C)Sudan
D)both Japan and the United States

Question 45

The effects of infectious disease are more likely to shape the epidemiological condition of __________.

A)Japan
B)the United States
C)Sudan
D)both Japan and the United States

Question 46

How old were the oldest baby boomers in 2010?

A)50 to 54
B)60 to 64
C)70 to 74
D)80 to 84

Question 47

Since the 1970s,Japan has experienced __________ levels of fertility.

A)below-replacement
B)at-replacement
C)fluctuating
D)superreplacement

Question 48

Immunization is a method of __________.

A)combating infectious disease
B)treating chronic disease
C)curbing the spread of chronic disease
D)isolating chronic conditions from infectious conditions

Question 49

Of the following measures,which does the United States NOT use to track healthy life expectancy?

A)expected years of life in good health
B)expected years of life in retirement
C)expected years of life free from limitation of activity
D)expected years of life free from selected chronic diseases

Question 50

Which of the following diseases,because it is infectious,is more likely than the others to be associated with the initial phase of the epidemiological transition?

A)arthritis
B)cancer
C)diabetes
D)flu

Question 51

Given that Japan's fertility has been between 1.2 and 1.4 for several decades,there is a distinct possibility that in the future Japan will experience __________.

A)a sharp drop in infant mortality
B)a slow and steady increase in population
C)a slow and steady decline in population
D)a very rapid decline in population

Question 52

Of the following countries,or groups of countries,which is exhibiting population momentum?

A)Japan
B)Japan and the United States
C)Japan,the United States,and Sudan
D)the United States and Sudan

Question 53

The latter phase of the epidemiological transition is associated with __________.

A)childhood diseases
B)chronic diseases
C)infectious diseases
D)sexually transmitted diseases

Question 54

Epidemiology is the study of __________ events in populations,their characteristics,their causes,and their consequences.

A)age-related
B)death-related
C)health-related
D)marriage-related

Question 55

Countries whose fertility is at or below replacement can continue to gain population because of __________.

A)immigration and rising life expectancy
B)immigration and population momentum
C)population momentum and dependency ratio
D)population momentum

Question 56

According to current statistics,how many Americans over 18 report having a chronic disease?

A)almost one in six
B)almost one in four
C)almost one in three
D)almost one in two

Question 57

Many countries besides Japan have equally low levels of subreplacement fertility,including all of the following EXCEPT __________,

A)Cuba
B)Italy
C)the United States
D)Germany

Question 58

A key adjective associated with chronic diseases or chronic health conditions is __________.

A)acute
B)mild
C)persistent
D)recurring

Question 59

__________ refers to the tendency of a population that has been changing in size to continue to change in size even if factors such as fertility and mortality have shifted to levels that would,in the long run,imply no change in population size.

A)Population expectancy
B)Population momentum
C)Population parity
D)The push-pull theory of population dynamics

Question 60

How does the World Health Organization define what it means to be healthy?

A)as the absence of disease
B)as the absence of disease or infirmity
C)as a state of complete physical,mental,and social well-being
D)as a state of complete physical,mental,and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Question 61

Which of the following statements best explains the manner in which a physician's approach to illness differs from that of a sociologist?

A)Sociologists are interested in the immediate causes of illness.
B)Doctors consider how social contexts shape individual health behaviors.
C)Doctors are interested in the causes of illness that can be remedied with medical treatments.
D)Sociologists generally focus on how our current day-to-day lives affect illness because those are the contexts that they can influence.

Question 62

English epidemiologist Geoffrey Rose had an important insight about the way most health systems work.What was it?

A)Rose realized that the rate of disease in any society is a product of composite DNA profiles.
B)Rose realized that the cause of poor health could lie deep in a person's past.
C)Rose realized that individuals are part of societies with particular rates of disease.
D)Rose realized that individuals in poor health have more than a few worrisome symptoms.

Question 63

Emile Durkheim,in his book Suicide,showed that __________.

A)fewer people are likely to commit suicide in communities where social integration is extremely low
B)fewer people are likely to commit suicide in communities where social regulation is extremely high
C)suicide rates are not affected by group needs
D)suicide rates are affected by the amount of social integration and social regulation in people's lives

Question 64

According to the sensitive-period model,__________.

A)your position in the social pecking order can have long-term implications for your adult health outcomes
B)accumulative exposure to carcinogens over a long period of time can have long-term implications for your adult health outcomes
C)things that happen to you in your mother's womb can have long-term implications for your adult health outcomes
D)norms about smoking and other harmful behaviors can have long-term implications for your adult health outcomes

Question 65

The Dutch famine,when Germany placed a ban on food transports in the Netherlands in the winter of 1944,illustrates which sociological approach(es)to health?

A)the fetal programming hypothesis
B)the fetal programming hypothesis and the life-course perspective
C)the life-course perspective
D)the life-course perspective and the cumulative-trajectory model

Question 66

Obesity in the United States has increased substantially in recent decades,a pattern that many have attributed to changes in __________.

A)the American diet
B)life expectancy
C)Medicare eligibility
D)population momentum

Question 67

Of the following countries,which has the highest physician-to-population ratio?

A)Cuba
B)Germany
C)Spain
D)the United States

Question 68

Which of the following actions is an example of putting the population model of prevention into action?

A)Giving people medicine for hypertension if their blood pressure rises above a certain level.
B)Disallowing elective surgery for varicose veins.
C)Restricting the caloric intake of obese hospital patients.
D)Eliminating vending machines that dispense sugary sodas from schools.

Question 69

Where in the United States is the "Stroke Belt" located?

A)the Midwest
B)the Northeast
C)the South
D)the West

Question 70

Another name for the sensitive-period model of the life-course perspective is the __________.

A)cumulative-exposure model
B)cumulative-trajectory model
C)latency model
D)social-trajectory model

Question 71

The socioeconomic gradient in health coincides with which of these phenomena?

A)People with lower social statuses are as healthy as those with middle statuses.
B)People with higher social statuses are healthier than those with middle statuses.
C)Life expectancy and disease prevalence are lowest among people with higher social statuses.
D)Life expectancy and disease prevalence are highest among people with lower social statuses.

Question 72

Sociologists have produced empirical evidence that suggests that people who are obese __________.

A)are more likely to make choices privately to eat more than people who are not obese
B)are more likely to have friends who are obese
C)are more likely to eat alone
D)are more likely to be in the 18- to 24-year-old age group

Question 73

Which of the following statements best supports the supposition that social contexts shape what counts as "normal" behavior and what behaviors are socially sanctioned or accepted?

A)Binge drinking appears constant across all age groups,from age 18 to age 65 and older.
B)If all of the students in Lee's dorm binge drink on the weekends,it's more likely that Lee will,too.
C)If all of the students in Lee's dorm binge drink on the weekends,it's less likely that Lee will,too.
D)It's more likely for Lee to engage in binge drinking if he has to actively seek out opportunities to do so.

Question 74

Which of the following statements about health risks is true?

A)Health risks operate on a continuum.
B)Health risks are an either/or phenomenon.
C)Health risks resist study and classification.
D)Health risks have immediate consequences on life expectancy.

Question 75

A(n)__________ is a legal document that defines the conditions under which a person prefers to die.

A)advance directive
B)living will
C)power of attorney
D)order for life-​​sustaining treat?ment

Question 76

Our social relationships affect our health in three major ways.What are they?

A)through person-to-person contact,role-playing behaviors,and family authorization
B)through access to resources,social conditioning,and mentoring
C)through social isolation,person-to-person contact,and access to empirical data
D)through social influence,person-to-person contact,and access to resources

Question 77

In America,the leading causes of death are __________.

A)diabetes and cancer
B)heart disease and cancer
C)heart disease and hypertension
D)cancer and alcohol poisoning

Question 78

What is the focus of the population model for prevention?

A)avoiding high-risk behaviors
B)raising the risks for poor healthcare choices
C)shifting the distribution of risk
D)treating at-risk populations

Question 79

__________ may provide the best example of the cumulative-exposure model.

A)Infectious disease
B)Pneumonia
C)Smoking
D)Underage drinking

Question 80

Which of the following statements about Medicare is false?

A)Medicare does not cover the entire cost of an eligible recipient's medical bills.
B)Citizens 65 and older are Medicare eligible.
C)Medicare beneficiaries have no out-of-pocket healthcare expenses.
D)Until recently,Medicare included no prescription drug benefits.