Deck 9: Prejudice: Disliking Others

Question 1

Attitudes contain all of the following EXCEPT

A)affects.
B)behavioral tendencies.
C)cognitions.
D)stereotypes.

Answer 1

stereotypes.

Question 2

People who are overweight

A)face less discrimination than minority racial groups.
B)face more discrimination than minority racial groups in employment settings.
C)are perceived as happy and content.
D)do not face discrimination.

Answer 2

face more discrimination than minority racial groups in employment settings.

Question 3

Greenwald and his colleagues (2003)asked both Black and White participants to press a "shoot" button when the target appeared to be holding a gun (rather than a harmless object such as a flashlight).Their results showed that all participants mistakenly shot at more targets who were

A)White.
B)Black.
C)male.
D)female.

Answer 3

Black.

Question 4

Greenwald and his colleagues (2003)asked both Black and White participants to press a "shoot" button when the target appeared to be holding a gun (rather than a harmless object such as a flashlight).Their results showed that all participants mistakenly shot at more targets who were Black.The results showed that

A)to show prejudice people must be aware of their attitudes.
B)automatic,implicit prejudice exists.
C)people are not prejudiced.
D)some people will always be afraiD.

Question 5

According to survey research conducted in the U.S. ,racial prejudice toward African Americans

A)is worse than ever today.
B)has decreased since the early 1940s.
C)has actually increased since the early 1980s.
D)decreased from 1940 to 1960,then increased until 1980,and has since stabilizeD.

Question 6

Jay believes that all Muslims are violent extremists.This is

A)discrimination.
B)a stereotype.
C)a behavioral tendency.
D)an example of groupthink.

Question 7

A preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members is called

A)racism.
B)discrimination.
C)sexism.
D)prejudice.

Question 8

Ideas about how men and women ought to behave are called _______,whereas people's ideas about how women and men do behave are called _______.

A)gender-role norms;gender stereotypes
B)gender stereotypes;gender-role norms
C)gender preferences;gender roles
D)sexist attitudes;sexists stereotypes

Question 9

An institutional practice that subordinates people of a given sex is called

A)sexism.
B)prejudice.
C)discrimination.
D)a stereotype.

Question 10

In the 1940s,researchers Clark and Clark (1947)gave African American children a choice between Black dolls and White dolls.Results showed that most children

A)chose the Black dolls.
B)chose the White dolls.
C)refused to choose between them.
D)used the dolls in aggressive symbolic play.

Question 11

Research concerning automatic prejudices reveals that

A)automatic processing is associated with the frontal cortex.
B)pictures of outgroups that elicit the most disgust elicit more frontal lobe activity.
C)automatic processing is a conscious activity.
D)automatic processing involves primitive areas of the brain associated with fear.

Question 12

A state police force has set a height requirement of 5 feet 10 inches for all officers.This requirement is irrelevant to job effectiveness but generally excludes Hispanics,Asians,and women from the force.Such a requirement most clearly reflects

A)racism and sexism.
B)scapegoating and discrimination.
C)stereotyping and prejudice.
D)the realistic conflict theory.

Question 13

A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people is called a(n)

A)affect.
B)behavioral tendency.
C)cognition.
D)stereotype.

Question 14

An institutional practice that subordinates people of a given race is called

A)racism.
B)prejudice.
C)discrimination.
D)a stereotype.

Question 15

Mr.Watson's belief that Blacks are lazy is an example of _______.His refusal to rent an apartment to a Black family is an example of _______.

A)a stereotype;racism
B)discrimination;prejudice
C)a stereotype;discrimination
D)racism;prejudice

Question 16

Prejudice is a(n)

A)behavior.
B)cognition.
C)attitude.
D)affect.

Question 17

Recent research confirms that prejudiced and stereotyped evaluations

A)are more widespread than formerly believed.
B)are higher among females than males.
C)are higher among males than females.
D)can occur outside of one's conscious awareness.

Question 18

Since the Iraq war,Americans have developed negative views of

A)Muslims.
B)Iraqis.
C)Democrats.
D)Jews.

Question 19

Although Marcia says she is not prejudiced against Blacks,she votes against interviewing a job applicant with an African name for a flimsy reason.She is exhibiting what some social science researchers call

A)overt discrimination.
B)automatic processing.
C)modern racism.
D)hidden racism.

Question 20

_______ is a negative attitude;_______ is a negative behavior.

A)A stereotype;racism
B)Racism;stereotyping
C)Discrimination;prejudice
D)Prejudice;discrimination

Question 21

Altemeyer (2004)reported that _______ are among the most prejudiced persons in our society.

A)people high in social dominance
B)right wing authoritarians
C)people high in social dominance and authoritarianism
D)highly religious people

Question 22

Most Americans agree that

A)the activities of married women are best confined to the home and family.
B)they would probably move if Black people came to live in great numbers in their neighborhood.
C)the two sexes are equally emotional.
D)they would vote for a qualified woman whom their party nominated for president.

Question 23

A motivation to have one's group be dominant over other social groups is what social psychologists call

A)prejudice.
B)discrimination.
C)unequal status.
D)social dominance orientation.

Question 24

A belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group is called

A)prejudice.
B)discrimination.
C)ethnocentrism.
D)arrogance.

Question 25

Norms are _____.Stereotypes are _____.

A)descriptive;prescriptive
B)prescriptive;descriptive
C)worldwide;personal
D)personal;worldwide

Question 26

Jackman and Senter (1981)found that both men and women think that women are more "emotional" than men.This shows that

A)gender stereotypes are stronger than racial stereotypes.
B)members of a stereotype group accept the stereotypes.
C)stereotypes persist across time and culture.
D)strong gender stereotypes exist.

Question 27

A consistent finding concerning Christianity in North America is that,in comparison to nonmembers,church members show _______ than nonmembers.

A)more racial prejudice
B)less racial prejudice
C)more sexism but less racism
D)more conformity but less authoritarianism

Question 28

Around the world,people tend to prefer

A)baby boys,except in the U.S.where girls are preferred.
B)baby boys.
C)baby girls except in China where boys are preferred.
D)baby girls.

Question 29

Data from 27 countries shows that people everywhere perceive women as more _______ and men as more _______.

A)agreeable;outgoing
B)outgoing;agreeable
C)democratic;emotional
D)emotional;collectivistic

Question 30

Myers indicates that,until recently,prejudice was greatest in regions where slavery was practiced.This fact is consistent with the principle that _______ breeds prejudice.

A)frustration
B)unequal status
C)conformity
D)authoritarianism

Question 31

In an extensive review of studies on gender bias in the evaluation of men's and women's work,the most common result was

A)higher ratings of women's work by women.
B)higher ratings of women's work by men.
C)high ratings of men's work by women.
D)no differences in the ratings of men's or women's work by either sex.

Question 32

We tend to _______ the competence of those in high-status positions and _______ those who agreeably accept a lower-status position.

A)like;respect
B)devalue;admire
C)respect;like
D)admire;ignore

Question 33

A review of research on gender attitudes suggests

A)that most people have gut-level negative emotions about women even though they describe them favorably.
B)a "women-are-wonderful" effect.
C)that most people express more admiration than affection for women.
D)that men and women are viewed as equally understanding and helpful.

Question 34

Bob is high in social dominance.Which of the following majors is he UNLIKELY to choose in college?

A)business
B)politics
C)social work
D)law

Question 35

Who is most likely to support a policy,such as tax cuts for the wealthy,that maintains hierarchies?

A)a male
B)a female
C)a person high in social dominance
D)a person low in social dominance

Question 36

People high in social dominance orientation tend to support policies that _______ hierarchies and oppose policies that _______ hierarchies.

A)establish;eliminate
B)eliminate;establish
C)maintain;undermine
D)undermine;maintain

Question 37

Which of the following is an example of benevolent sexism?

A)"Women have a superior moral sensibility."
B)"Once a man commits,she puts him on a tight leash."
C)"Women are less skilled in mathematics than men."
D)"Women are more emotional than men."

Question 38

Which statement is FALSE?

A)Strong gender stereotypes exist.
B)Members of a stereotyped group accept the stereotypes.
C)Worldwide,women are perceived as more agreeable.
D)Racial stereotypes are stronger than gender stereotypes.

Question 39

Eagly's (1994)"women-are-wonderful" effect is an example of

A)a form of prejudice.
B)a favorable stereotype.
C)hostile sexism.
D)discrimination.

Question 40

Kayla's grandparents emigrated from Europe.Kayla holds such a strong belief that her ethnic group is superior to all others that she could accurately be described as being

A)prejudiced.
B)discriminatory.
C)ethnocentriC.
D)arrogant.

Question 41

Gordon Allport has concluded that "The role of _______ is paradoxical.It makes prejudice and it unmakes prejudice."

A)power
B)religion
C)self-esteem
D)education

Question 42

In examining photographs of people in magazines and newspapers,Archer and his colleagues (1983)found that,relative to the average female photo,the average male photo is more likely to

A)emphasize the face.
B)emphasize the body.
C)include the situational context.
D)display a standing posture.

Question 43

A consistent finding is that no matter how religious commitment is assessed,

A)the less devout are less prejudiced.
B)commitment bears no relation to prejudice.
C)the very devout are less prejudiced.
D)the very devout are the most prejudiceD.

Question 44

"Them"-a group that people perceive as being distinctively different or apart from their ingroup-is what social psychologists call a(n)

A)ingroup.
B)outgroup.
C)scapegoat.
D)bias group.

Question 45

A group of people who share a sense of belonging or a feeling of common identity is called a(n)

A)ingroup.
B)outgroup.
C)community.
D)clan.

Question 46

Studies of Whites by Pettigrew in South Africa in the 1950s,when apartheid ruled,revealed that those who _______ were also most prejudiced.

A)had the most education
B)conformed most to other social norms
C)were the most disadvantaged
D)had the greatest amount of social power

Question 47

The "we" aspect of our self-concept is what social psychologists call

A)our group identity.
B)our social identity.
C)an ingroup.
D)an outgroup.

Question 48

When the cause of our frustration is intimidating or unknown,we often redirect our hostility.This phenomenon is known as

A)discrimination.
B)displaced aggression.
C)realistic group conflict.
D)institutional supports.

Question 49

The realistic group conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises

A)whenever people try to live together.
B)when a new group moves into an area.
C)between groups who fail to communicate clearly with each other.
D)when groups compete for scarce resources.

Question 50

Palmer (1996)found that since 1975,there is _______ between opposition to immigration and the unemployment rate.

A)a positive relationship
B)a negative relationship
C)a neutral relationship
D)no relationship

Question 51

According to Myers,many disadvantaged youths find pride and identity in gang affiliations,which is their way of

A)justifying their racial discrimination.
B)justifying their religious discrimination.
C)establishing social dominance.
D)seeking self-esteem.

Question 52

Elena's boss told her that she is being let go due to company downsizing.Later that day when she gets home,she is critical of her girlfriend's choice of restaurant for dinner.What term best describes Elena's behavior?

A)institutionalized aggression
B)just-world action
C)displaced aggression
D)authoritarian regression

Question 53

Which of the following is TRUE?

A)Faithful church attendees are more prejudiced than occasional attendees.
B)Those who scored highest on Gallup's "spiritual commitment" index were less accepting of a person of another race moving in next door.
C)Those for whom religion is an end in itself express less prejudice than those for whom religion is more a means to an end.
D)All of the above

Question 54

All of the following statements are social sources of prejudice EXCEPT

A)A group that enjoys social and economic superiority often uses prejudicial beliefs to justify its privileged position.
B)Children are brought up in ways that foster or reduce prejudice.
C)Religious communities can sustain or reduce prejudice.
D)Social institutions and policies don't support prejudice.

Question 55

Cultural attitudes,including prejudice,are embodied and reinforced in

A)schools.
B)government.
C)the media.
D)All of the above

Question 56

Children of _______ have less stereotyped views of men and women.

A)authoritarian parents
B)employed women
C)devoutly religious parents
D)stay-at-home mothers

Question 57

John has just failed a chemistry test.He goes back to his apartment and criticizes his roommate's choice of music.What term best describes John's behavior?

A)institutionalized aggression
B)just-world action
C)displaced aggression
D)authoritarian regression

Question 58

More lynching of Blacks took place in the old South during years when cotton prices were low,suggesting that prejudice is partly explained by

A)ingroup bias.
B)the just-world hypothesis.
C)displaced aggression.
D)institutional supports.

Question 59

Schwarz and Kurz's (1989)research in Germany has confirmed that people whose faces are prominent in photos seem

A)more physically attractive.
B)less powerful.
C)younger.
D)more intelligent and ambitious.

Question 60

Between classes,you notice how smokers congregate outside the doors of the building.When interacting with one another,they seem to behave as if they identify as quite different from the non-smokers who happen to be outside the door.What term would best describe the group of smokers?

A)an ingroup
B)an outgroup
C)a clan
D)an ethnocentric group

Question 61

The phrase "they are all alike,but we are diverse" reflects

A)an outgroup bias.
B)the outgroup homogeneity effect.
C)ethnocentrism.
D)a categorization bias.

Question 62

The benefit of being high in stigma consciousness is that it can buffer individual

A)autonomy.
B)freedom.
C)self-esteem.
D)confidence.

Question 63

Sack and Elder (2000)found that more than 80 percent of both Whites and Blacks say race relations are generally good in their neighborhoods,but fewer than 60 percent see relations as generally good in the country as a whole.This is referred to as

A)ethnocentrism.
B)an ingroup bias.
C)social dominance.
D)an outgroup bias.

Question 64

Taylor and Fiske (1978)found that a Black in an otherwise White group,a man in an otherwise female group,or a woman in an otherwise male group seem

A)less prominent than the others in the group.
B)less influential.
C)to be uninvolved in the group.
D)more prominent and influential.

Question 65

A tendency to favor one's group is called

A)ethnocentrism.
B)an ingroup bias.
C)an outgroup bias.
D)social dominance.

Question 66

Your co-worker tells you that she has both a pet snake and a pet dog at home.You are most likely to describe her to new office employees as a

A)snake owner.
B)dog owner.
C)both a snake owner and a dog owner.
D)co-worker.

Question 67

We are more prone to ingroup biases when our group is _______ and _______ relative to the outgroup.

A)large;higher in status
B)large;lower in status
C)small;higher in status
D)small;lower in status

Question 68

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)The greater our familiarity with a social group,the more we see its diversity.
B)The less our familiarity with a social group,the more we stereotype.
C)We are likely to exaggerate the similarities within a group we are not a part of.
D)The larger and more powerful the group,the less we attend to them and the more we stereotype.

Question 69

You are Black,and you have difficulty recognizing the White customers who were in your store during a robbery.This is an example of

A)a group-serving bias.
B)an outgroup effect.
C)own-race bias.
D)distinctive case.

Question 70

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A)Motivations not only lead people to be prejudiced but also lead people to avoid prejudice.
B)Automatic prejudices subside when people's motivation to avoid prejudice is internal rather than external.
C)Automatic prejudices subside when people's motivation to avoid prejudice is external rather than internal.
D)Categorization is necessary for prejudice.

Question 71

Kleck and Strenta (1980)had women who falsely believed that they appeared disfigured by theatrical makeup interact with a female partner.Results indicated that women who thought they were disfigured

A)interacted for a longer period of time with their partners.
B)interacted for a shorter period of time with their partners.
C)rated their partners as more tense,distant,and patronizing.
D)rated their partners as warmer,more open,and friendlier.

Question 72

What connection has been found in experiments exploring self-image and prejudice?

A)People with high self-image tend to be more prejudiced.
B)People with low self-image tend to be more prejudiced.
C)There is no connection found between a person's self-image and their level of prejudice.
D)The connection between a person's self-image and their level of prejudice is a weak one.

Question 73

In Gerontology class,your professor gives an assignment that requires you to write two obituaries for yourself,one for if you were to die tomorrow,the other for if you were to die at age 80.Social psychologists accurately predicted that the anxiety associated with this assignment would lead students to be _______ likely to derogate _______ members.

A)more;outgroup
B)more;ingroup
C)less;outgroup
D)less;ingroup

Question 74

Betty and Tina,both third-graders in the same classroom,are assigned by their teacher to different groups that will compete in a spelling bee.Betty and Tina each believe that their own group is composed of the better spellers.The girls' beliefs best illustrate

A)the just-world phenomenon.
B)an ingroup bias.
C)the fundamental attribution error.
D)an outgroup bias.

Question 75

Because we are sensitive to distinctive events,the simultaneous occurrence of two such events is especially noticeable.Our attentiveness to unusual occurrences can create

A)the group-serving bias.
B)authoritarianism.
C)the outgroup homogeneity effect.
D)illusory correlations.

Question 76

People vary in how likely they are to expect that others will stereotype them.This is called

A)discrimination expectation.
B)prejudice anticipation.
C)stigma consciousness.
D)stereotype threat.

Question 77

Your new roommate introduces himself as having an Irish and Tahitian background.You are most likely to introduce your roommate to your friends as

A)Irish.
B)Tahitian.
C)both Irish and Tahitian.
D)your roommate.

Question 78

The tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race is called the

A)ingroup heterogeneity effect.
B)outgroup homogeneity effect.
C)own-race bias.
D)faceism effect.

Question 79

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Categorization can provide useful information about people with minimum effort.
B)It is easy to resist categorizing people into groups.
C)Categorization provides no cognitive foundation for prejudice.
D)Categorization always leads to discrimination.

Question 80

Although most suspects in cases of incest,child molestation,and sexual abuse are heterosexual males,the local newspaper omits the word "heterosexual" in any related headlines.In contrast,whenever a self-described gay male is arrested for a crime,the headline proclaims "homosexual arrested." The resulting prejudice that gay males are more likely to commit violent crimes can in part be blamed on

A)an illusory correlation.
B)ingroup bias.
C)outgroup homogeneity effects.
D)group-serving biases.