Deck 12: Helping

Question 1

Before agreeing to help out at the local homeless shelter,Sharon weighs the costs (e.g. ,getting up at dawn)and benefits (e.g. ,feeling good about herself)of doing so.This strategy can be predicted by the

A)empathy-altruism hypothesis.
B)social-exchange theory.
C)social responsibility norm.
D)social comparison theory.

Answer 1

social-exchange theory.

Question 2

According to research cited in the text,which of the following is the correct order?

A)positive mood;positive behavior;positive thoughts;positive self-esteem
B)positive behavior;positive thoughts;positive self-esteem;positive mood
C)positive behavior;positive mood;positive thoughts;positive self-esteem
D)positive mood;positive thoughts;positive self-esteem;positive behavior

Answer 2

positive mood;positive thoughts;positive self-esteem;positive behavior

Question 3

You were walking down the street with your friend Sabrina when she stopped to ask a child why he was crying.The boy said that he was lost,so Sabrina took time out of her busy day to help the child find his way home.Sabrina's behavior can be characterized by

A)the reciprocity norm.
B)egoism.
C)the social-exchange theory.
D)altruism.

Answer 3

altruism.

Question 4

Our eagerness to do well after doing something bad reflects our need to

A)reduce private guilt.
B)reclaim a positive public image.
C)both reduce private guilt and reclaim a positive public image.
D)neither reduce private guilt nor reclaim a positive public image.

Question 5

According to the social-exchange theory,the rewards that motivate helping are

A)internal or external.
B)internal.
C)external.
D)consciously recognized before the act of helping.

Question 6

A person who is intensely self-focused in profound grief would

A)be less likely to help others.
B)be more likely to help others.
C)take pleasure in helping others.
D)not take pleasure in helping others.

Question 7

The motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's self-interests defines

A)the social responsibility norm.
B)egoism.
C)the social-exchange theory.
D)altruism.

Question 8

A major weakness of the reward theory is that it

A)is impossible to test experimentally.
B)fails to account for the reciprocal exchange of favors.
C)easily degenerates into explaining-by-naming.
D)ignores the role of internal self-rewards in motivating altruism.

Question 9

Altruism is to _______ as egoism is to _______.

A)Gouldner;Batson
B)reciprocity;social justice
C)the evolutionary theory;the social norms theory
D)another's welfare;one's own welfare

Question 10

Who of the following is most likely to respond favorably to an unexpected request for a charitable donation to a local hospital?

A)Melvin's older sister,who is hurrying to get to her scheduled appointment with the family doctor
B)Melvin's mother,who just received a very favorable job evaluation from her employer
C)Melvin's younger brother,who is depressed over receiving a D on a physics exam
D)Melvin's father,who is annoyed over the newspaper boy's trampling of his flower bed

Question 11

In McMillen and Austin's research (1971),participants who had lied were more likely to

A)lie again.
B)volunteer a large amount of time.
C)volunteer a small amount of time.
D)avoid the researchers.

Question 12

You are asked to participate in a blood drive.In thinking about doing so,you weigh the costs (e.g. ,being pricked by a needle)and benefits (e.g. ,feeling good about yourself)of doing so.This strategy can be predicted by the

A)empathy-altruism hypothesis.
B)social-exchange theory.
C)social responsibility norm.
D)social comparison theory.

Question 13

The opposite of altruism is

A)apathy.
B)antipathy.
C)egoism.
D)selfishness.

Question 14

The notion of egoism maintains that

A)self-esteem is a more important motive than social approval.
B)self-interest motivates all behavior.
C)our self-concept is determined by others' evaluation of us.
D)the healthy personality has a strong ego.

Question 15

Studies of the effects of mood on helping suggest that adults who feel _______ are more likely than those in a neutral control condition to help.

A)guilty
B)intense grief
C)unhappy
D)superior

Question 16

The notion that humans interact in such a way as to minimize costs and maximize rewards to the self is referred to as

A)the social-exchange theory.
B)egoism.
C)the reciprocity norm.
D)self-theory.

Question 17

Helping _______ a bad mood and _______ a good mood.

A)eliminates;increases
B)softens;sustains
C)does not change;amplifies
D)increases;increases

Question 18

Few findings have been more consistent than those that show that _______ people are helpful people.

A)happy
B)well-rested
C)well-educated
D)easy-going

Question 19

The free address labels that come with mailings that solicit donations to philanthropic causes likely follow the

A)reciprocity norm.
B)social exchange theory.
C)social responsibility theory.
D)social capital theory.

Question 20

Sociologist Gouldner (1960)contended that the norm of reciprocity

A)is the ultimate basis for feelings of empathy.
B)is stronger in females than in males.
C)is as universal as the incest taboo.
D)has little application in close relationships such as marriage.

Question 21

Which of the following specifically predicts that we will be more altruistic toward our relatives than toward close friends?

A)evolutionary psychology
B)the social norms theory
C)the social-exchange theory
D)the self-presentation theory

Question 22

In which of the following countries is the norm of social responsibility supported most strongly?

A)India
B)England
C)United States
D)Canada

Question 23

According to the text,an attribution of an uncontrollable predicament (such as a family crisis or natural disaster)is likely to encourage _______ to help.

A)political conservatives
B)political liberals
C)political independents
D)males rather than females

Question 24

According to the text,the social responsibility norm gets selectively applied according to which one of the following principles?

A)Give but require repayment with interest.
B)Give people what they deserve.
C)Give away only what you will never use.
D)Do unto others as they have done unto you.

Question 25

The social responsibility norm refers to the expectation that

A)people will help when necessary in order to receive help themselves later.
B)leaders will help more than regular group members.
C)people will help those dependent upon them.
D)to receive help,people must ask for it.

Question 26

Evolutionary psychology contends that the essence of life is

A)gene survival.
B)self-actualization.
C)holistic health.
D)the discovery of meaning.

Question 27

When people need our help,we are most likely to provide assistance if we attribute their need to

A)a lack of motivation.
B)circumstances beyond their control.
C)poor planning or foresight.
D)their mood or disposition.

Question 28

Social-exchange is a _______ theory,while social norms is a _______ theory.

A) sociological;psychological
B)psychological;sociological
C)biological;psychological
D)sociological;biological

Question 29

A classmate of Bianca's wants to borrow Bianca's notes to study for an upcoming exam.Research suggests that Bianca will most likely agree if the classmate says she needs the notes because she

A)takes inadequate notes.
B)does not like this class as well as her other courses.
C)has been absent due to illness.
D)has not been able to concentrate in class.

Question 30

After Mr.Walters' neighbor helped him paint his house,Mr.Walters felt obligated to offer to help the neighbor remodel his kitchen.Mr.Walters' sense of obligation most likely resulted from the

A)door-in-the-face phenomenon.
B)social responsibility norm.
C)reciprocity norm.
D)equal status norm.

Question 31

_______ are twice as likely as _______ to seek medical and psychiatric help.

A)European-Americans;Asian-Americans
B)Asian-Americans;European-Americans
C)Men;women
D)Women;men

Question 32

If victims seem to have created their own problems by laziness or lack of foresight,people are less willing to offer help.Helping responses are thus closely tied to

A)the overjustification effect.
B)attributions.
C)self-concepts.
D)empathy.

Question 33

The idea that altruism toward one's close relatives enhances the survival of mutually shared genes is referred to as

A)evolutionary kinship.
B)altruistic selection.
C)kin selection.
D)self-serving helpfulness.

Question 34

Mr.Lemming's neighbors mowed his lawn,but he was too sick and weak to reciprocate.We can predict that Mr.Lemming may feel

A)demeaned because he cannot reciprocate.
B)angry at his neighbors.
C)grateful and happy.
D)ungrateful.

Question 35

University students were more willing to make a charity pledge when

A) they were promised a pledge in return.
B)it was for someone who had bought them candy.
C)it was anonymous.
D)the pledge was unsolicited.

Question 36

Ian is from England,Dan is from America,and Tam is from India.Which one of these people is most likely to support and act on the norm of social responsibility?

A)Ian
B)Dan
C)Tam
D)Ian and Dan are both more likely than Tam.

Question 37

Research on gender and helping norms revealed that _______ offered more help when the persons in need were females,and _______ offered help equally to males and females.

A)men;women
B)women;men
C)older men;younger women
D)younger men;older women

Question 38

According to the evolutionary theory,genetic selfishness predisposes us to helping based on

A)reciprocity.
B)social responsibility.
C)social justice.
D)egoism.

Question 39

From an evolutionary perspective,it would be most difficult to explain why

A)John paid his son's hospital bill.
B)Phyllis helped her mother clean the house.
C)William helped his next-door neighbor paint his house.
D)Ruth risked her life to save a stranger from being murdereD.

Question 40

Research on gender and helping norms revealed that

A)females offer more help to males
B)males offer to help males and females equally.
C)females seek more help.
D)both males and females help others equally.

Question 41

Darley and Latané described a sequence of decisions a bystander must make before he or she will intervene in an emergency.Which of the following is NOT one of the specific steps?

A)noticing the incident
B)interpreting the incident as an emergency
C)assessing the victim's desire for help
D)assuming personal responsibility for intervening

Question 42

Latané and Darley (1968)had university students complete questionnaires in a small room,and then had smoke pour into the room from a wall vent.Students who were working _______ tended to notice the smoke in _______.

A)in groups;less than five seconds
B)alone;less than five seconds.
C)on a challenging task;about 20 seconds
D)on a rote task;less than five seconds

Question 43

According to the text,the _______ of altruism propose(s)two types of prosocial behavior: a tit-for-tat reciprocal exchange and a more unconditional,intrinsic helpfulness.

A)social norms theory
B)social-exchange theory
C)evolutionary theory
D)social norms,social-exchange,and evolutionary theories

Question 44

Since we are born selfish,evolutionary psychologists such as Richard Dawkins propose that we attempt to

A)develop a drug that will encourage altruism.
B)develop an "altruistic gene."
C)teach altruism.
D)live only in small,isolated communities.

Question 45

In observing people's responses to staged emergencies,Darley and Latané (1970)found that _______ greatly decreased intervention.

A)social alienation
B)a lack of empathy
C)the presence of other bystanders
D)self-concern

Question 46

People who live in _______ are least likely to relay a phone message,mail "lost" letters,cooperate with survey interviewers,do small favors,or help a lost child.

A)big cities
B)small towns
C)rural environments
D)apartments

Question 47

Batson and his colleagues (1981)had university women watch another woman suffer a series of painful shocks.Some participants were led to feel empathy for her and were then asked if they would trade places,taking her remaining shocks.The results indicated that

A)most participants agreed to help but only if they would be rewarded.
B)most participants agreed to help even if they knew that their part in the experiment was complete.
C)most participants downplayed the victim's suffering or convinced themselves that she deserved to be shocked.
D)most participants refused to trade places but expressed sympathy and sought compensation for the victim from the experimenters.

Question 48

Latané and Darley attempted to explain people's failure to intervene in cases like that of Kitty Genovese,a woman who was violently attacked,in terms of

A)situational influences.
B)personality traits.
C)mood factors.
D)selfish genes.

Question 49

In a study by Latané and Rodin (1969),a female experimenter apparently fell and hurt her ankle.What percentage of participants who were alone offered help?

A)100 percent
B)70 percent
C)40 percent
D)10 percent

Question 50

Hoffman (1981)reported that infants cry more when they hear another infant crying.This is an example of

A)egoism.
B)empathy.
C)altruism.
D)voyeurism.

Question 51

_______ is an emotion evoked by sympathy for another.

A)Egoism
B)Empathy
C)Altruism
D)Voyeurism

Question 52

Evolutionary psychologists would have greatest difficulty explaining why

A)Jill agreed to donate bone marrow to save the life of a stranger.
B)Molly agreed to drive her neighbor to the doctor.
C)Simon donated a kidney to save the life of his son.
D)Rick helped his best friend paint his house.

Question 53

You trip over a fallen branch and sprain your ankle.According to research on the bystander effect,a stranger who sees your plight will be most likely to offer aid if there are _______ others present.

A)no
B)two
C)four
D)ten

Question 54

Who among the following psychologists believes that genuine empathy-induced altruism is part of human nature?

A)Darley
B)Schaller
C)Cialdini
D)Batson

Question 55

The tendency to overestimate others' ability to "read" our internal states is called the illusion of

A)deceit.
B)visibility.
C)awareness.
D)transparency.

Question 56

The fact that a person is less likely to help in an emergency when other people are present is called

A)the bystander effect.
B)pluralistic ignorance.
C)the self-interest effect.
D)the suppression of responsibility effect.

Question 57

According to the evolutionary theory,it can be predicted that it is more likely that

A)children will be more devoted to their parents than vice versA.
B)parents will be more devoted to their children than vice versa.
C)women will be more devoted to their parents than men.
D)men will be more devoted to their children than women.

Question 58

A stranger has collapsed on a city sidewalk due to a heart attack.According to Darley and Latané,what is the first thing that must happen before you will help in this emergency?

A)You must recognize the event as life-threatening.
B)You must assume responsibility for helping.
C)You must notice the stranger.
D)You must make sure the victim is alone and truly in need of help.

Question 59

Which of the following is NOT one of the steps in Darley and Latané's decision tree?

A)noticing the incident
B)interpreting the incident as an emergency
C)weighing the costs and benefits of helping
D)assuming responsibility for intervening

Question 60

Batson believes that true altruism does exist in feelings of sympathy and compassion for others.Which is NOT an example of genuine altruism?

A)In general,women report more empathy than men and are less likely to support war.
B)It is easier to feel empathy for a needy individual than "mother earth."
C)Empathy-induced altruism can pose a threat to the common good when we narrow our focus of concern to close friends vs.others we don't know.
D)Helping others by giving to a charity that supports an issue we think is really important.

Question 61

The network of traits that predisposes a person to be helpful are all of the following EXCEPT

A)high in positive emotionality.
B)high in awareness.
C)high in empathy.
D)high in self-efficacy.

Question 62

We tend to help more often when

A)we have just observed someone else helping.
B)we are rushed.
C)the person is perceived to be different from us.
D)we are in a group of people.

Question 63

Research evidence indicates that prosocial models of helping

A)presented on television have virtually no effect on children.
B)promote altruism in children but not in adults.
C)promote altruism in the observers.
D)decrease helping because observers seem to believe that aid is less necessary.

Question 64

Which is NOT one of the reasons that affect us as to when we will help others?

A)the number of bystanders
B)avoiding eye contact
C)interpreting the situation
D)assuming responsibility

Question 65

Confederates who were dressed either conservatively or in counterculture garb approached either "straight" or "hip" college students and asked for change to make a phone call.Results of this experiment confirmed a _______ bias in helping.

A)familiarity
B)similarity
C)credibility
D)complementary

Question 66

Research on the relationship between personality traits and helping behavior revealed that

A)personality traits have little to no influence on helping.
B)the person and the situation interact to predict helping.
C)assertiveness strongly predicts helping across a variety of situations.
D)gender is the only characteristic that predicts helping better than situational factors.

Question 67

Which of the following factors is likely to increase helping behavior?

A)the presence of others who offer help
B)the presence of others who do nothing
C)time pressure
D)being non-religious

Question 68

Which of the following statements is NOT true? As the number of bystanders at an emergency increases,any given bystander is

A)less likely to notice the situation.
B)less likely to interpret it as an emergency.
C)less likely to assume responsibility.
D)less likely to walk away.

Question 69

Who of the following is LEAST likely to help an injured pedestrian?

A)Tatiana,who has just found $10 in a grocery store.
B)Ivan,who is five minutes late for a committee meeting.
C)Anastasia,who has just lost a dollar bill in a poker game.
D)Boris,who is five minutes early for work.

Question 70

In an enactment of the Good Samaritan situation,Darley and Batson (1973)studied the helpfulness of Princeton seminarians in order to assess whether helping behavior was influenced by

A)religious education.
B)age differences.
C)social responsibility.
D)time pressures.

Question 71

According to the text,people in a hurry may be less willing to help because they

A)have weighed the costs of helping and have decided they are too high.
B)never fully grasp the situation as one requiring their assistance.
C)tend to be selfish and primarily concerned with meeting their own needs.
D)tend to be in a negative mood state and therefore are less likely to help.

Question 72

Miller and his colleagues (2001)reported that we are more empathic and helpful toward those who are _______ us.

A)close in proximity to
B)similar to
C)different from
D)older than

Question 73

In a study by Latané and Rodin (1969),a female experimenter apparently fell and hurt her ankle.When pairs of strangers confronted the emergency,what percentage offered help?

A)100 percent
B)70 percent
C)40 percent
D)10 percent

Question 74

Altruism researcher Daniel Batson reported that empathy-induced altruism

A)is always helpful.
B)does not inhibit aggression.
C)lowers cooperation.
D)can feed favoritism,injustice,and indifference.

Question 75

Myers suggests that there are a number of reasons why individuals who live in big cities tend to be less helpful.Which of the following is NOT one of those reasons?

A)They are seldom alone in public places.
B)They become cold and uncaring after living in a city.
C)They experience "compassion fatigue."
D)They experience "sensory overloaD."

Question 76

When looking at ingroup similarity and helping,researchers noted all of the following EXCEPT

A)people tend to help those that are perceived similar in a narrowly defined group.
B)people tend to help those that are perceived similar in an inclusive larger defined group.
C)one way to increase people's willingness to help others is to promote social identities that are more inclusive than exclusive.
D)one way to increase people's willingness to help others is to promote social identities that are more exclusive than inclusive.

Question 77

According to the bystander effect,

A)we are more likely to help others when others are present.
B)we are less likely to help others when others are present.
C)we are unaffected by bystanders when help is needed.
D)a bystander is the person most likely to help.

Question 78

Darley and Batson (1973)gave Princeton seminary students time to think about a talk that they were about to have recorded,and then sent them to the recording studio.Participants who had been _______ were most likely to stop and offer aid to a "victim" they encountered en route to the recording studio.

A)asked to talk about career opportunities
B)asked to talk about the Good Samaritan parable
C)given extra time to reach the studio
D)told they were already late in departing for the studio

Question 79

DeBruine (2002)found that when students played an interactive game with a supposed other player,participants were _______ when the other person's pictured face had some features of their own face morphed into it.

A)more trusting but less generous
B)more trusting and more generous
C)less trusting but more generous
D)less trusting and less generous

Question 80

In the experimental studies of bystander non-intervention,researchers have

A)always first obtained the participant's informed consent.
B)been careful to debrief their laboratory participants.
C)subsequently found that most research participants believe the laboratory experiments have little,if any,value or application to everyday life.
D)been unable to replicate real-life situations.