Deck 13: Conflict and Peacemaking

Question 1

Peace is defined as

A)the surface calmness.
B)the suppression of open conflict.
C)the absence of conflict.
D)the outcome of creatively managed conflict.

Answer 1

the outcome of creatively managed conflict.

Question 2

Attempting to explain one's own behavior situationally is a characteristic of

A)the Prisoner's DilemmA.
B)the Commons Dilemma.
C)both dilemmas.
D)neither dilemma.

Answer 2

both dilemmas.

Question 3

In small groups,as opposed to large ones,individuals are

A)more likely to take more than their equal share.
B)less anonymous and thus less cooperative.
C)less likely to take more than their equal share.
D)more open about their conflicts.

Answer 3

less likely to take more than their equal share.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a feature shared by both the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Commons Dilemma?

A)One party's wins necessarily equal the other party's losses.
B)Participants tend to commit the fundamental attribution error.
C)Participants' motives change in the course of the entrapment.
D)Both are non-zero-sum games.

Question 5

If an attorney creates a Prisoner's Dilemma for two suspects,the attorney's goal is to

A)trick either one of them into revealing what really happened.
B)create an incentive for one of them to confess while the other maintains innocence.
C)create an incentive for both of them to confess privately.
D)achieve the greatest punishment for both suspects.

Question 6

In playing the laboratory version of the Prisoner's Dilemma,you would personally obtain the best payoff on any given trial if you _______ and the other person _______.

A)confess;does not confess
B)confess;confesses
C)do not confess;confesses
D)do not confess;does not confess

Question 7

In real life,which of the following parallels the tragedy of the commons?

A)pollution of rivers and streams
B)gun control
C)the death penalty
D)online auctions

Question 8

In the tragedy of the commons,the "commons" refers to

A)disputed border territory.
B)stolen goods or winnings.
C)any jointly used,finite resource.
D)private property that repeatedly changes ownership.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a way to resolve social dilemmas?

A)competition
B)changing the payoffs
C)appealing to altruistic norms
D)regulations

Question 10

Some individuals have many children so that they can ensure someone will take care of them in the future.However,this contributes to the collective devastation of overpopulation.This is an example of

A)mirror-image perception.
B)the jigsaw problem.
C)perceived injustice.
D)a social dilemma.

Question 11

The outcome of creatively managed conflict is

A)satisfaction.
B)peace.
C)accord.
D)compliance.

Question 12

In the Prisoner's Dilemma,if both prisoners confess,each will get a _______;if neither confesses,each will _______.

A)moderate sentence;get a light sentence
B)severe sentence;get a light sentence
C)severe sentence;go free
D)moderate sentence;get a severe sentence

Question 13

Conflict is defined as

A)perceived incompatibility of actions or goals.
B)dissatisfaction with relationship outcomes.
C)hostility that results from frustrating interaction.
D)competition for mutually exclusive goals.

Question 14

Sato (1987)gave Japanese students opportunities to harvest trees in a simulated forest for money.When the students equally shared the costs of planting the forest,the result was that

A)most of the trees were left to grow too tall for harvesting because the students bickered about the criterion to be used in sharing profits.
B)most of the trees were harvested before they had grown to the most profitable size.
C)none of the trees were harvested because the collectivist students did not want to be the first to ask for his or her share.
D)students made maximum profit not only for themselves individually but for the group.

Question 15

Christina and Massimo have been saving money since they got married.Now Massimo wants to buy a new car,but Christina wants to continue saving for a new house.Massimo and Christina

A)are experiencing conflict.
B)are experiencing dissonance.
C)have mirror-image perceptions.
D)are developing superordinate goals.

Question 16

Despite official government warnings of a severe water shortage,most citizens fail to conserve in the belief that their personal water consumption will have little effect on the community's total water supply.The eventual depletion of the community's water resources provides an example of

A)mirror-image perceptions.
B)individualistic calamity.
C)the tragedy of the commons.
D)rational disaster.

Question 17

In the commons dilemma,people often consume more than they realize when

A)others take on a cooperative strategy.
B)resources are not partitioned.
C)the "commons" is divided into equal parts.
D)everyone cooperates.

Question 18

The occurrence of conflict in any relationship

A)is usually a sign of lack of motivation.
B)can stimulate improved human relations.
C)is a necessary evil of human interaction.
D)necessarily signifies an incompatibility of goals.

Question 19

Pursuing one's self-interest to the collective detriment of one's community or society is the central pattern in

A)mirror-image perception.
B)the jigsaw problem.
C)perceived injustice.
D)a social dilemma.

Question 20

When individuals consume more than their share,and the cost of doing so is dispersed among all,the result is called

A)greed.
B)environmental devastation.
C)overconsumption.
D)the tragedy of the commons.

Question 21

At the beginning of 2000,people were aware that global warming was already occurring,yet they were also buying gas-slurping SUVs in record numbers.This is an example of

A)greed.
B)overconsumption.
C)how knowing good does not always lead to doing good.
D)how important status is to so many people.

Question 22

In both the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Commons Dilemma,people are tempted to explain their own behavior _______ and others' behavior _______.

A)situationally;situationally
B)dispositionally;dispositionally
C)situationally;dispositionally
D)dispositionally;situationally

Question 23

Which one of the following is an example of a non-zero-sum game?

A)the Prisoner's Dilemma
B)the Commons Dilemma
C)both the Prisoner's and the Commons Dilemmas
D)neither the Prisoner's nor the Commons Dilemmas

Question 24

Esses and his colleagues (2005)found that competition breeds conflict when

A)people perceive that resources are limited and available on a non-zero-sum basis.
B)there is no distinct outgroup.
C)the ingroup is dominant.
D)communication is facilitateD.

Question 25

According to research,it seems that just knowing about the dire consequences of noncooperation in a social dilemma

A)is sufficient to convince people to behave cooperatively.
B)leads to greater mistrust of others.
C)tends to foster greater self-interest and competition.
D)has little real effect on people's behavior.

Question 26

Which of the following is cited in the text as an example of changing payoffs to resolve social dilemmas?

A)allowing carpoolers to drive in the faster,freeway lane
B)requiring carpool cars and vans to park in special,larger parking lots farther away from the office building
C)lowering the price of gasoline to well below $1 per gallon
D)raising the price of gasoline to well above $5 per gallon

Question 27

Attempting to explain others' behavior dispositionally is a characteristic of

A)the Prisoner's DilemmA.
B)the Commons Dilemma.
C)both dilemmas.
D)neither dilemma.

Question 28

Which of the following is cited in the text as a method for resolving social dilemmas?

A)communication
B)punishment
C)increasing group size
D)competition

Question 29

The smaller the group,the more

A)responsible each person feels for it.
B)intense the conflict among individual members.
C)apathetic people are about its preservation.
D)the more likely communication will take the form of intimidation and deception.

Question 30

Equity exists when

A)rewards are distributed in proportion to individuals' contributions.
B)partners share equally in the rewards of collective effort.
C)rewards are distributed in relation to individuals' needs or deservingness.
D)group members decide among themselves how rewards should be distributeD.

Question 31

One potential way to prevent conflict is to

A)avoid making excess regulations.
B)avoid over-communication.
C)reduce excess resources.
D)keep groups small.

Question 32

The relationship between the size of a group and a person's feeling of responsibility for it is

A)positive.
B)negative.
C)neutral.
D)curvilinear.

Question 33

Research on laboratory dilemmas reveals that cooperation is facilitated if

A)one person is 100 percent cooperative.
B)the opponents can communicate with one another.
C)the game is changed into a zero-sum game.
D)the size of the payoffs is increaseD.

Question 34

As Sherif noted,despite the fact that the competitive behavior of the boys in the warring camps seemed "wicked,disturbed,and vicious," what actually triggered their evil behavior was

A)their leaders' modeling of aggression.
B)their delinquent backgrounds.
C)their ethnic identities.
D)an evil situation.

Question 35

Which statement is NOT true? Win-lose competition _____.

A)will usually have a negative outcome.
B)breeds conflict
C)is expected when people perceive that resources are limited
D)is expected when a distinct outgroup stands out as a potential competitor

Question 36

In a non-zero-sum game

A)both can win and both can lose.
B)one side wins and the other loses.
C)one's gains equal another's losses.
D)altruistic motives dominate.

Question 37

In research on social dilemmas,it has been found that group discussion

A)polarized competitive tendencies.
B)had no effect on the outcome.
C)led to greater cooperation and better outcomes for all participants.
D)led to escalated conflict and tension.

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT cited in the text as a method for resolving social dilemmas?

A)regulation
B)making the group smaller
C)communication
D)competition

Question 39

A common excuse for noncooperation is

A)"I couldn't have made a difference anyway."
B)"The devil made me do it."
C)"That's unfair."
D)"Cooperation is for the weak and cowardly."

Question 40

In Sherif's research,the camper groups became hostile towards each other when

A)they learned of the other group's existence.
B)the two groups first met.
C)competition between the groups was introduced.
D)competition between the groups endeD.

Question 41

When Bush called Iraq "evil" in the buildup to the invasion,he was making which common misperception?

A)underestimating the strength of one's enemy
B)demonizing the enemy
C)rationalizing one's own motives
D)blaming the wrong people

Question 42

When two sides have clashing perceptions,at least one of them is misperceiving the other,and when that is the case,according to Bronfenbrenner (1961),"It is characteristic of such images that they are _______."

A)self-defeating
B)self-confirming
C)self-handicapping
D)self-monitoring

Question 43

Some noncapitalist cultures define justice not as equity but as

A)equality.
B)fulfillment of a need.
C)either equality or fulfillment of a need.
D)socialism.

Question 44

One aspect of mirror-image perception is that one side tends to

A)exaggerate its differences from its adversaries.
B)see itself reflected in the way others see it.
C)see the situation as the reflection of an evil situation.
D)agree with the other side.

Question 45

What does your text refer to as the "golden rule" of social justice?

A)"Equity for strangers,equality for friends."
B)"An eye for an eye,a tooth for a tooth."
C)"Care most for those in greatest need."
D)"Whoever has the gold makes the rules."

Question 46

Which one of the following is NOT one of the seeds of misperception,according to your text?

A)self-serving bias
B)reduced competition
C)fundamental attribution error
D)groupthink

Question 47

The misperceptions of those who are in conflict with each other,such as two nations who regard each other with suspicion and hostility,are usually

A)nonreciprocal.
B)unilateral.
C)mutual.
D)inequitable.

Question 48

In times of tension,such as during an international crisis,

A)views of the opposing side become more simplistic.
B)political statements acknowledge that each country's motives are complex.
C)judgments about action are prolonged and postponed by time-consuming reevaluations.
D)tendencies toward groupthink are weakeneD.

Question 49

According to Staub and Bar-Tal (2003)all of the following are characteristics of a group in intractable conflict EXCEPT the group that

A)views its own goals as supremely important.
B)believes itself to be victimized.
C)takes pride in "us" and intensely devalues "them."
D)attributes similar characteristics to the other group.

Question 50

Group conflicts are often fueled by an illusion that top leaders are _____ and their people are _____.

A)good;evil
B)evil;good
C)evil;evil
D)evil;helpless

Question 51

What do self-serving biases,group polarization,and negative stereotypes have in common?

A)They illustrate the power of the situation.
B)They are potential seeds of misperception.
C)They illustrate that we are cognitive misers.
D)They negate conflict.

Question 52

Knowing that one's group has over-benefited can trigger

A)equality.
B)feelings of guilt.
C)heightened competition.
D)retaliation.

Question 53

John believes that he is hardworking and his wife Rachel is lazy.Rachel believes that she is hardworking and John is lazy.This is an example of

A)an inequitable relationship.
B)mirror-image perception.
C)a superordinate goal.
D)a social trap.

Question 54

In a study of executives who were asked to describe a recent conflict,Thomas and Pondy (1977)found that 12 percent described the opposing party as _______ and 74 percent perceived themselves as _______.

A)cooperative;cooperative
B)intelligent;intelligent
C)cooperative;competitive
D)rational;competent

Question 55

The reciprocal views that parties in conflict often hold of one another are referred to as

A)mirror-image perceptions.
B)stereotypic reciprocation.
C)complementary images.
D)reciprocal illusions.

Question 56

Ralph White reviewed ten wars from the last century and reported that each was marked by at least one misperception.Which of the following was NOT on this list?

A) underestimating the enemy's strength
B)overestimating the leaders' power
C)demonizing the enemy
D)rationalizing one's own motives

Question 57

The Republic of Fredonia believes its long-time enemy,the Kingdom of Franistan,is aggressive,greedy,and impulsive.On the other hand,Franistan believes Fredonia is hostile,selfish,and unpredictable.This is an example of

A)an inequitable relationship.
B)a zero-sum relationship.
C)mirror-image perceptions.
D)reciprocal illusions.

Question 58

Rodney and Ralph are twin brothers who each contributed $75 to purchase a new bicycle.Rodney rides it 75 percent of the time.This would be an example of

A)an inequitable relationship.
B)the tragedy of the commons.
C)a zero-sum relationship.
D)mirror-image perceptions.

Question 59

Which statement tends NOT to be true,related to misperceptions in conflict?

A)Terrorism is in the eye of the beholder.
B)It is a good people/bad people "them" world.
C)Both sides have an exaggerated perception of the other's position.
D)There are no issues related to "bias blind spots."

Question 60

Before they married,Melinda and Michael,who are both employed full time and collect the same pay,agreed to share equally in routine household tasks such as cleaning and grocery shopping.In reality,Melinda is now doing about 80 percent of the household work.This situation is an example of

A)an integrative disaster.
B)an inequitable relationship.
C)a social dilemma.
D)a zero-sum relationship.

Question 61

For Blacks,the most noticeable consequence of desegregated schooling is

A)very short-term improvements of interracial relations.
B)the reduced likelihood of attending primarily White colleges.
C)the increased likelihood of living and working in integrated settings.
D)a more favorable self-image.

Question 62

When considering reactions to a common external threat,approval of President Bush's performance after September 11,2001

A)increased.
B)decreased.
C)stabilized.
D)was unaffecteD.

Question 63

Which of the following best illustrates a superordinate goal?

A)A college student who has been failing English gets an A on a paper.
B)A woman beats her husband at tennis.
C)Apartment dwellers install a television antenna they can all use.
D)An obese person loses 20 pounds in two weeks.

Question 64

Aronson's jigsaw technique involved having elementary school children

A)study in small,racially mixed teams and then compete with other teams in a class tournament.
B)form academically and racially diverse groups,with each member of the group becoming an expert in one area.
C)role-play being members of another race for two-week periods.
D)take turns telling each other about their family backgrounds in small-group discussions.

Question 65

According to Slavin (2003),a "practical,proven method for implementing contact theory in the desegregated classroom," is

A)academic competition between different schools.
B)after-school class on race relations.
C)peer support group.
D)cooperative learning.

Question 66

When we think we are interested in knowing someone and think about approaching them,especially someone from outside our racial or social group,we assume our body language will show our interest.This is an example of all of the following EXCEPT

A)people often underestimate the transparency of their feelings.
B)the "illusion of transparency."
C)worry about rejection.
D)social misperceptions.

Question 67

Through the use of _______,Muzafer Sherif made boy camper enemies into friends.

A)contact
B)superordinate goals
C)bargaining
D)conciliation

Question 68

A goal that overrides people's differences from one another is called a(n)

A)superior goal.
B)superordinate goal.
C)ingroup goal.
D)independent goal.

Question 69

The fact that 51 percent of Americans approved of President Bush's performance on September 10,2001,and 90 percent of Americans approved of President Bush's performance on September 11,2001 is an example of

A)cooperation.
B)cohesiveness as a result of a common external threat.
C)justification for poor performance.
D)heightened paranoia.

Question 70

Gurin and her colleagues (2002)found that informal interactions enabled by ethnic diversity in college classrooms

A)increase perceptions of differences among ethnic groups.
B)tend to foster greater acceptance of differences among ethnic groups.
C)have little effect on perceptions of differences among ethnic groups.
D)tend to foster more negative perceptions of other ethnic groups.

Question 71

Review of desegregation situations shows that sometimes increased contact improves racial attitudes and sometimes it does not,especially when there is

A)anger.
B)lack of trust.
C)miscommunication.
D)anxiety or perceived threat.

Question 72

In general,all but one statement is a way of improving relations toward peacemaking.Which of the following is NOT one of the predictors for decreasing prejudice?

A)increase contact
B)indirect contact
C)the extended-contact effect
D)distance

Question 73

The U.S.Supreme Court's 2003 decision that racial diversity may be a criterion in admissions to colleges and universities was

A)the result of counter-prejudice.
B)the result of negative stereotypes.
C)based on research findings that revealed that racial diversity in the classroom has positive consequences.
D)based on research findings that revealed that minorities excel in diverse groups.

Question 74

Studies from eleven countries show adolescents have more positive peer relationships and may achieve more when working _____,rather than _____.

A)competitively;cooperatively
B)submissively;domineering
C)cooperatively;competitively
D)domineering;submissively

Question 75

In order for contact between opposing racial groups to reduce conflict,the contact must

A)occur in a zero-sum context.
B)be structured to confer equal status on both races.
C)temporarily award superior status to the minority group.
D)be mediated by a third party.

Question 76

Which of the following is NOT one of the four Cs of peacemaking identified in the text?

A)contact
B)correction
C)conciliation
D)communication

Question 77

Desegregation could be expected to have poor results when contacts were competitive,unsupported by authorities,and unequal.Contact should be _____.

A)unequal in status
B)equal in status
C)short-term
D)long-term

Question 78

Surveys of nearly 4,000 Europeans revealed that an important factor in determining whether attitudes toward a minority group will become more favorable is whether

A)one has a friend who is a member of that minority group.
B)the minority group tends to be submissive.
C)the minority group has a history of significant accomplishment.
D)the language of the minority group can be easily mastereD.

Question 79

When both sides of a conflict believe "we are peace-loving - they are hostile," each may treat the other in ways that _____ its expectations.

A)deny
B)confirm
C)reduce
D)expand

Question 80

After their town was ravaged by a disastrous tornado,two rival community groups set aside their differences and worked together on repairing the damage.This cooperation best illustrates the importance of

A)mediation.
B)the GRIT strategy.
C)superordinate goals.
D)the jigsaw technique.