Deck 2: The Self in a Social World

Question 1

In Savitsky and Gilovich's study,public speakers who were informed about the illusion-of-transparency phenomenon felt

A)more nervous while speaking.
B)better about their speech and appearance.
C)worse about their appearance while speaking.
D)no different about their speech.

Answer 1

better about their speech and appearance.

Question 2

_______ is defined as the beliefs about the self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information.

A)Personality
B)Self-schema
C)Self-esteem
D)Self-concept

Answer 2

Self-schema

Question 3

Assuming that everyone thinks you are a jerk because you forgot to show up at a dinner party with a gift for the host can be considered an example of the _____ effect.

A)transparency
B)audience
C)spotlight
D)headlight

Answer 3

spotlight

Question 4

The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others is referred to as the illusion of

A)transparency.
B)an audience.
C)the spotlight.
D)the headlight.

Question 5

An example of how social comparisons can actually breed misery,rather than satisfaction,is when we

A)compare ourselves to close friends.
B)compare ourselves to strangers.
C)raise the standards by which we evaluate our own attainments.
D)lower the standards by which we evaluate our own attainments.

Question 6

Images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future are called our

A)hoped-for selves.
B)transparent selves.
C)possible selves.
D)eventual selves.

Question 7

High school students who finished near the top of their class are more likely to experience a threat to their academic self-esteem if they attend a

A)small,selective university.
B)small,non-competitive university.
C)large,selective university.
D)large,non-competitive university.

Question 8

After seeing a billboard for the lottery,you imagine a life of the rich and famous for yourself.This future self-schema you imagine is an example of a/an

A)hoped-for self.
B)feared self.
C)possible self.
D)eventual self.

Question 9

According to Myers' discussion on social comparison,people typically _______ the standards by which they evaluate their own attainments when they experience a(n)_______ in affluence,status,or achievement.

A)raise;decrease
B)raise;increase
C)lower;decrease
D)lower;increase

Question 10

A study by Gilovich,Medvec,and Savitsky (2000)had undergraduate students enter a room wearing Barry Manilow T-shirts.Those wearing the T-shirts

A)thought no one would notice them.
B)overestimated how many peers would notice them.
C)underestimated how many peers would notice them.
D)were correct about how many peers would notice them.

Question 11

Assuming that everyone else is staring at the pimple on your chin is an example of the

A)transparency effect
B)audience effect
C)spotlight effect
D)headlight effect

Question 12

The belief that others are paying more attention to one's appearance and behavior than they actually are is referred to as the _____ effect.

A)transparency
B)audience
C)spotlight
D)headlight

Question 13

A person's answer to the question "Who am I?" comprises his or her

A)personality.
B)self-schema.
C)self-esteem.
D)self-concept.

Question 14

The fact that we usually attribute more responsibility to our partners than to ourselves when problems arise in a relationship is an example of how

A)self-interest colors our social judgment.
B)social surroundings affect our self-awareness.
C)self-concerns motivate our social behavior.
D)social relationships help to define our self.

Question 15

You prefer that professors post exam scores (by identification number),rather than returning them individually.It makes you feel better to see how you did in comparison to other students.This is an example of what social psychology phenomenon?

A)social rank
B)social comparison
C)social ratings
D)social contrast

Question 16

The extent to which we evaluate our abilities and opinions by comparing ourselves to others is called

A)hoped-for possible self.
B)feared possible self.
C)social rank.
D)social comparison.

Question 17

____ are mental templates by which we organize our worlds.

A)Concepts
B)Heuristics
C)Schemas
D)Perspectives

Question 18

When you give a presentation in class and feel extremely nervous you will tend to _____ what others think about your nervousness.

A)underestimate
B)overestimate
C)successfully predict
D)have no idea

Question 19

According to the author of the text,no topic in psychology today is more researched than

A)relationships.
B)social judgment.
C)the self.
D)social surroundings.

Question 20

A study by Gilovich,Medvec,and Savitsky (2000)had undergraduate students enter a room wearing Barry Manilow T-shirts.This study explored which concept mentioned in the text?

A)transparency effect
B)audience effect
C)spotlight effect
D)headlight effect

Question 21

You overhear a neighbor say that she believes gay marriage should be illegal and she favors tax cuts for the wealthy.Knowing what you do about individualism and collectivism,you can conclude that your neighbor is likely to be a political

A)liberal.
B)conservative.
C)independent.
D)undecideD.

Question 22

Which statement about predicting your own behaviors or relationships is TRUE?

A)You are the best predictor of your own behaviors.
B)You can predict the fate of your relationships but not your behaviors.
C)The people who know you can probably predict your behaviors better than you.
D)Neither you nor the people who know you can predict your behaviors or the fates of your relationships.

Question 23

Political conservatives tend to be economic _______ and moral ??_______.

A)individualists;collectivists
B)collectivists;individualists
C)progressives;traditionalists
D)traditionalists;progressives

Question 24

Self-esteem is more personal and less relational in what type of culture?

A)individualistic
B)collectivistic
C)self-centered
D)other-centered

Question 25

A person from a(n)_____ culture is more likely to say,"Went to the movie," and a person from a(n)_____ culture is more likely to say,"I went to the movie."

A)individualistic;collectivistic
B)collectivistic;individualistic
C)self-centered;other-centered
D)other-centered;self-centered

Question 26

Political liberals tend to be economic ????_______ and moral _______.

A)individualists;collectivists
B)collectivists;individualists
C)progressives;traditionalists
D)traditionalists;progressives

Question 27

The habit of using how we imagine another person perceiving us,as a mirror for perceiving ourselves,is referred to as

A)a self-fulfilling prophecy.
B)low self-esteem.
C)a social comparison.
D)the looking-glass self.

Question 28

Your self-esteem would correlate closely with what others think of you and your group if you were in a(n)______ culture.

A)individualistic
B)collectivistic
C)self-centered
D)other-centered

Question 29

Giving priority to the goals of one's group,such as one's family or workplace,and defining one's identity accordingly is called

A)cooperation.
B)communality.
C)collectivism.
D)groupthink.

Question 30

In the U.S. ,those living in Hawaii and the deep South exhibit more _______ than those living in the Mountain West states.

A)individualism
B)collectivism
C)self-esteem
D)self awareness

Question 31

Which of the following maxims best represents the concept of individualism?

A)Two heads are better than one.
B)To thine own self be true.
C)Father knows best.
D)It takes a village to raise a chilD.

Question 32

According to Wilson and Gilbert (2003),people have the greatest difficulty predicting _______ of their future emotions.

A)the intensity
B)the duration
C)both the intensity and the duration
D)neither the intensity nor the duration

Question 33

Kitayama and Markus (2000)found that,for American students,happiness comes from feeling

A)close,friendly,and respectful.
B)effective,superior,and proud.
C)like part of a successful group.
D)included and wanteD.

Question 34

Our self-concept is fed by our roles,our social identity,our comparisons,and by

A)rare stressors,such as a family crisis.
B)our surrounding culture.
C)everyday hassles.
D)genetics.

Question 35

In what type of culture would a threat to our personal identity (such as having someone tell us we are dumb or weird)cause us to be more upset than a threat to our collective identity (such as having someone ridicule students)?

A)individualistic
B)collectivistic
C)self-centered
D)other-centered

Question 36

Since our self-concept seems to adjust to our situation,which is most correct?

A)The interdependent self is not embedded in social membership.
B)With an interdependent self,one has a lesser sense of belonging.
C)With an interdependent self,one has a greater sense of belonging.
D)There is no relationship between the interdependent self and belonging.

Question 37

When facing competition,we often protect our self-concept by perceiving

A)ourselves as superior to the competitor.
B)the competitor as superior to us.
C)the competitor as disadvantaged in comparison to us.
D)the competitor as advantaged in comparison to us.

Question 38

Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals,and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications is the definition of

A)high self-esteem.
B)low self-esteem.
C)individuality.
D)individualism.

Question 39

You overhear a neighbor say that she believes gay marriage should be legal,and she opposes tax cuts for the wealthy.Knowing what you do about individualism and collectivism,you can conclude that your neighbor is likely to be a political

A)liberal.
B)conservative.
C)independent.
D)undecideD.

Question 40

According to the text,self-esteem typically _____ in Japanese exchange students after they spend several months at a Canadian university.This suggests that self-concepts become more individualized after visiting Western countries.

A)decreases
B)increases
C)peaks and then drops sharply
D)remains constant

Question 41

Learning about immune neglect,which statement applies to how most people respond to failing an exam?

A)They don't care.
B)They quit working in class because they feel so bad.
C)They move on and try to do better.
D)There is no immune neglect.

Question 42

According to Leary (2007),self-esteem feelings that are low

A)motivate us to act with lesser sensitivity to others' expectations.
B)motivate us to act with greater sensitivity to others' expectations.
C)don't motivate us.
D)have no affect on our behavior.

Question 43

Studies of "affective forecasting" required participants to predict their future

A)school performance.
B)family situation.
C)thoughts.
D)emotions.

Question 44

People with low self-esteem are _____ to have clinical problems,including anxiety,loneliness,and eating disorders.

A)less likely
B)more likely
C)not linked
D)unrelated

Question 45

Baumeister (2003)reported that people who engaged in sexual activity at an early age,teen gang leaders,terrorists,and men in prison for committing violent crimes tend to possess

A)high self-esteem.
B)low self-esteem.
C)high self-efficacy.
D)low self-efficacy.

Question 46

The best way to improve your performance in class is to be _____ in the praise and _____ about your ability and performance.

A)specific;truthful
B)specific;inflated
C)general;truthful
D)general;inflated

Question 47

Most people with high self-esteem value individual achievement and relationships with others.Narcissists value

A)individual achievement.
B)individual achievement and relationships.
C)relationships.
D)neither individual achievement nor relationships.

Question 48

Which statement is most accurate in relationship to our self-awareness?

A)We really know ourselves well and accurately.
B)Our account of our predicted intensity and duration of feelings is accurate.
C)We know and can predict our behavior better than others can.
D)We really don't know ourselves as well as we think we do.

Question 49

The planning fallacy is the tendency to

A)overestimate how long a task will take.
B)not make plans.
C)predict accurately how long a task will take.
D)underestimate how long a task will take.

Question 50

When we accommodate and adjust to personal injuries,romantic breakups,and exam failures,we cope more readily than we would expect.Wilson and Gilbert (2003)referred to this phenomenon as

A)immune neglect.
B)our psychological immune system.
C)our psychological denial system.
D)rationalizing.

Question 51

You just broke up with someone you had been dating for a few months.You are surprised at how upset you are over the breakup,given that the relationship was not that serious.This is an example of how people have difficulty predicting the

A)type of their future emotions.
B)duration of their future emotions.
C)frequency of their future emotions.
D)intensity of their future emotions.

Question 52

According to Myers,we are prone to "impact bias," or _______ the impact of emotion-causing events (such as finding out the results after being tested for HIV).

A)failing to appreciate
B)denying
C)underestimating
D)overestimating

Question 53

A sense that one is competent and effective refers to one's

A)self-esteem.
B)self-aggrandizement.
C)self-worth.
D)self-efficacy.

Question 54

According to Woodzicka and LaFrance (2001),women reported that they would feel angry if asked sexually harassing questions during a job interview.When actually asked such questions,women more often experienced

A)anger.
B)rage.
C)fear.
D)submission.

Question 55

Our sense of self-worth is also called our

A)self-concept.
B)self-efficacy.
C)self-esteem.
D)self-value.

Question 56

Researchers reported a _______ correlation between persistence and self-efficacy.

A)positive
B)negative
C)moderate
D)zero

Question 57

People with high self-esteem and narcissism are _____.

A)no different from those with low self-esteem
B)no different from those that have only high self-esteem
C)focused on having positive relationships
D)more aggressive

Question 58

When it comes to predicting the intensity and duration of our future emotions,research indicates that most people

A)excel.
B)experience great difficulty.
C)perform moderately well.
D)either excel or fail,depending on the situation.

Question 59

The state of a "dual attitude system" exists when we have differing _______ and _______ attitudes.

A)conscious;unconscious
B)internal;external
C)explicit;implicit
D)positive;negative

Question 60

Practice that forms new habits,albeit slowly,tends to change what type of attitudes?

A)internal
B)external
C)implicit
D)explicit

Question 61

Saying "I earned an A on my psychology test" versus "My instructor gave me a C on my psychology test" exemplifies how we associate ourselves with

A)failure and distance ourselves from success.
B)success and distance ourselves from failure.
C)rewards and distance ourselves from punishment.
D)punishment and distance ourselves from rewards.

Question 62

According to the self-serving bias,we tend to attribute our successes to _______ and our losses to _______.

A)chance;skill
B)skill;chance
C)hoped-for possible selves;feared possible selves
D)feared possible selves;hoped-for possible selves

Question 63

Which of the following is an example of unrealistic optimism?

A)If I study enough,I'll do well on this exam.
B)I'm sure I'll get a great job when I graduate.
C)The stock market is a very risky place.
D)If I quit smoking,I'll lower my risk of cancer.

Question 64

You attend a self-help discussion group,where the leader is encouraging people to think of themselves as the writers,directors,and actors of their own lives.The group leader is hoping people will adopt a(n)_______ locus of control.

A)internal
B)external
C)high
D)low

Question 65

People who successfully stop smoking and do well in school tend to have a(n)_______ locus of control.

A)internal
B)external
C)high
D)low

Question 66

According to Schwartz (2000;2004),individualistic modern cultures have "an excess of freedom," which is positively correlated with

A)life satisfaction.
B)clinical depression.
C)self-efficacy.
D)an external locus of control.

Question 67

Most people perceive themselves as

A)less intelligent than others.
B)less attractive than others.
C)much less prejudiced than others.
D)knowing others better than we know ourselves.

Question 68

If your initial efforts to lose weight,stop smoking,or improve your grades are successful,it is likely that your self-efficacy will

A)increase.
B)decrease.
C)stay the same.
D)eventually become stable.

Question 69

When we compare ourselves with others,most of us tend to

A)view others as superior.
B)view everyone as relatively average.
C)ignore our strengths and focus on their strengths.
D)see ourselves as better than the average person.

Question 70

Research has found that when prisoners are given some control over their environments,such as being able to move chairs and operate the lights,they tend to

A)attempt to control other aspects of their lives,such as how often they go outside.
B)experience more stress.
C)exhibit more health problems.
D)commit less vandalism.

Question 71

The tendency to perceive oneself favorably is referred to as

A)self-esteem.
B)self-efficacy.
C)the self-deprecating bias.
D)the self-serving bias.

Question 72

Blaming the tree for getting in your way after you crashed the car is an example of

A)poor self-control.
B)poor self-efficacy.
C)poor self-esteem.
D)self-serving bias.

Question 73

You are more likely to be satisfied with your selection of soda,purchased from the vending machine,if you are presented with _______ options rather than if you are presented with _______ options.

A)a few;many
B)many;a few
C)some;no
D)no;some

Question 74

You notice that your niece is unusually persistent when working on her homework.She rarely claims that she is unable to complete an assignment and is academically successful.You would be correct in speculating that she likely has _______ feelings of self-efficacy.

A)strong
B)weak
C)average
D)variable (depending on if it is related to school or not)

Question 75

Your best friend earned a grade of F on her latest physics exam,and believes it was because the professor wrote a very difficult exam.She therefore has a(n)_______ locus of control.

A)internal
B)external
C)high
D)low

Question 76

You have tried to study for an exam with flashcards,with a friend,and with your notes - all to no avail.You begin to feel that you should give up,as whatever you do does not seem to help your exam scores.According to Myers,the best term for this symptom is

A)low self-esteem.
B)low self-control.
C)learned helplessness.
D)the looking-glass self.

Question 77

The sense of hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated negative events is called

A)depression.
B)low self-esteem.
C)learned hopelessness.
D)learned helplessness.

Question 78

After much contemplation,you decide to decline an invitation to a really great party,as you need to study for an exam.Doing well on this exam will help you meet your long-term goal of graduating with a strong grade point average,which will help you obtain a desirable job.You likely have a(n)_______ locus of control.

A)internal
B)external
C)high
D)low

Question 79

The extent to which we perceive outcomes as a result of our own efforts or as a result of chance refers to

A)self-esteem.
B)self-efficacy.
C)locus of control.
D)social comparison.

Question 80

Researchers reported that both anxiety and depression are ______ correlated with self-efficacy.

A)positively
B)negatively
C)moderately
D)slightly