Deck 4: Behavior and Attitudes

Question 1

According to studies on implicit attitudes,which of the following statements about changing behaviors through persuasion is the most accurate?

A)It is easy for people to change if you tell them to change.
B)There is no way people will change.
C)It is best to work on general situations.
D)It is best to work on specific situations.

Answer 1

It is best to work on specific situations.

Question 2

In the ABCs of attitudes,"C" stands for

A)care.
B)connotation.
C)cognition.
D)concern.

Answer 2

cognition.

Question 3

Diener and Wallbom (1976)found that when research participants were instructed to stop working on a problem after a bell sounded,71 percent continued working when left alone.How many continued to work after the bell if they were made self-aware by working in front of a mirror?

A)70 percent
B)43 percent
C)31 percent
D)7 percent

Answer 3

7 percent

Question 4

You are teaching students,and unlike when you were a student,you find that the role of teacher feels more comfortable.This is an example of

A)a change in stereotype.
B)roles that shape our behavior.
C)conformity.
D)the principle of aggregation.

Question 5

In 1964,Leon Festinger concluded that the evidence to date

A)did not show that attitudes guide behaviors.
B)showed that attitudes guide behaviors.
C)was irrelevant to the attitude-behavior relation.
D)showed that attitudes and behaviors varied together.

Question 6

Which statement is NOT true according to attitude research?

A)Attitudes best predict behavior when they are formed by direct experience.
B)Attitudes best predict behavior when they are thought about.
C)Attitudes best predict behavior when they are potent.
D)Attitudes best predict behavior when they are learned from parents.

Question 7

Which statement is true?

A)Explicit attitudes are a good predictor of behavior.
B)Implicit attitudes are a good predictor of behavior.
C)Explicit and implicit attitudes are a good predictor of behavior.
D)Nothing is a good predictor of behavior.

Question 8

A favorable or unfavorable evaluation reaction toward something or someone is what social psychologists call a(n)

A)feeling.
B)cognition.
C)attitude.
D)behavioral tendency.

Question 9

Although you may spend the evening surfing the Internet rather than studying,you have generally been quite a disciplined student throughout your academic career and have always held the attitude that studying is important.The relationship between your studying behavior and your attitude toward studying can best be described by which social psychological term?

A)moral hypocrisy
B)behavioral inconsistency
C)the ABCs of attitudes
D)the principle of aggregation

Question 10

The Implicit Association Test (IAT)

A)measures conscious attitudes.
B)measures unconscious attitudes.
C)measures both conscious and unconscious attitudes.
D)measures our behaviors.

Question 11

The effect of _______ on _______ was vividly demonstrated in Zimbardo's (1971)classic study of a simulated prison.

A)attitudes;behaviors
B)roles;attitudes
C)roles;behaviors
D)attitudes;roles

Question 12

A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave is what social psychologists call a(n)

A)attitude.
B)behavior.
C)role.
D)stereotype.

Question 13

Higgins and Rholes (1978)found that when people say something positive to others when told to supported the research that

A)saying it changes our beliefs or feelings.
B)saying it does not change our beliefs or feelings.
C)saying it changes the other person's mind.
D)saying it does not change the other person's minD.

Question 14

When social psychologists try to measure attitudes of people they end up measuring

A)behaviors.
B)people's true attitudes.
C)people's expectations.
D)expressed attitudes.

Question 15

Attitudes include all of the following EXCEPT

A)affects.
B)behavioral tendencies.
C)cognitions.
D)aptitudes.

Question 16

According to your text,_______ is the term Batson and his colleagues (2002)used to describe the tendency to appear moral while avoiding the costs of being so.

A)behavioral inconsistency
B)moral cowardice
C)moral hypocrisy
D)attitude-behavior discrepancy

Question 17

In 1969,social psychologist Allan Wicker completed a review of dozens of research studies and concluded that people's expressed attitudes _______ predicted their varying behaviors.

A)hardly ever
B)often
C)strongly
D)always

Question 18

The finding that religious attitudes can predict the total quantity of religious behaviors over time is an example of

A)moral hypocrisy.
B)the power of the situation over time.
C)the ABCs of attitudes.
D)the principle of aggregation.

Question 19

People's attitude toward religion is a(n)_______ predictor of whether they will go to worship next weekend.

A)strong
B)average
C)poor
D)inconsistent

Question 20

In the ABCs of attitudes,"A" stands for

A)attitude.
B)attribution.
C)attraction.
D)affect.

Question 21

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later to a larger request is called the _______ phenomenon.

A)foot-in-the-door
B)lowball
C)compliance
D)conformity

Question 22

The research indicates that if you wish to love someone more,you should

A)let them do favors for you.
B)ignore their negative traits.
C)act as if you do.
D)focus on their positive traits.

Question 23

People are _________ to comply with a large request if they comply with a small request first.

A)less likely
B)more likely
C)not likely
D)not influenced

Question 24

Which of the following theories assumes that to reduce discomfort,we justify our actions to ourselves?

A)self-presentation theory
B)self-consistency theory
C)cognitive dissonance theory
D)self-perception theory

Question 25

Impression management is to _______ as cognitive dissonance is to _______.

A)overjustification;insufficient justification
B)Bem;Festinger
C)self-monitoring;self-presentation
D)self-presentation;self-justification

Question 26

As mentioned in the textbook,the daily flag salute by school children in the U.S.is an attempt to use _______ to build _______.

A)compliance;attitudes
B)public beliefs;private conformity
C)public conformity;private beliefs
D)conformity;compliance

Question 27

Research in France found that having people first sign a petition against landmines increased the likelihood that Internet users would contribute to a fund for victims of landmines.This is an example of the _______ phenomenon.

A)foot-in-the-door
B)lowball
C)compliance
D)conformity

Question 28

Which of the following theories assumes that for strategic reasons,we express attitudes that make us appear consistent?

A)self-presentation theory
B)self-consistency theory
C)cognitive dissonance theory
D)self-perception theory

Question 29

The tension that arises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions is called

A)cognitive tension.
B)cognitive inconsistency.
C)cognitive dissonance.
D)cognitive interference.

Question 30

Following the U.S.Supreme Court's 1954 decision to desegregate schools,the percentage of European-Americans favoring integrated schools more than doubled.This is an example of how

A)attitudes influence behavior when they are specific to the behavior examined.
B)attitudes influence behavior when they are potent.
C)moral attitudes feed moral actions.
D)moral actions feed moral attitudes.

Question 31

Impression management,or making a good impression by being consistent in our behavior,is another term for

A)self-presentation theory.
B)self-consistency theory.
C)cognitive dissonance theory.
D)self-perception theory.

Question 32

Research revealed that the POWs of the Korean War were brainwashed through the tactic of

A)torture and punishment.
B)gradually escalating demands,or "start small and build."
C)attitude adjustment.
D)confidence-building.

Question 33

No one wants to look foolishly inconsistent,according to _______ theory.

A)self-perception
B)self-justification
C)self-presentation
D)social orientation

Question 34

Interested in purchasing a digital camera,you find one priced extremely low.As you are about to purchase the camera,you find that it does not come with a power cord,memory card,or battery.You purchase all of these separately.The total cost surpasses what another store had listed the camera as at a higher price,but included all the accessories.You have been a victim of the _______ technique.

A)foot-in-the-door
B)lowball
C)compliance
D)conformity

Question 35

If the number of people in favor of gay and lesbian marriage increases after a law is passed allowing for such,this would be an example of how

A)attitudes influence behavior when they are specific to the behavior examined.
B)attitudes influence behavior when they are potent.
C)moral attitudes feed moral actions.
D)moral actions feed moral attitudes.

Question 36

Research indicates that harming an innocent victim,especially voluntarily,leads one to

A)feel increasingly guilty.
B)disparage the victim to justify the behavior.
C)act more kindly toward others.
D)become more aggressive toward others.

Question 37

Research on how behavior affects our attitudes suggests all the findings EXCEPT that

A)people don't adapt what they say to please their listeners.
B)people are quicker to tell people good news rather than bad.
C)people adjust their message toward their listener's position.
D)people adjust their message to their listeners,and having done so,believe the altered message.

Question 38

The fact that 76 percent of Californians agreed to install a huge ugly sign in their front yard after first being approached with a small request two weeks earlier exemplifies the _______ phenomenon.

A)foot-in-the-door
B)lowball
C)compliance
D)conformity

Question 39

A variation of the foot-in-the-door technique is often used by car dealers,because it typically results in people complying with higher and higher requests.It is called the _______ technique.

A)foot-in-the-door
B)lowball
C)compliance
D)conformity

Question 40

If you are asked to participate in a research study without knowing the start time,you are _______ to participate than if you were aware that the study began at 7 am.

A)less likely
B)more likely
C)just as likely
D)much less likely

Question 41

According to the dissonance theory,managers,teachers,and parents should use _______ to elicit the desired behavior.

A)reminders of their legitimate authority
B)only social punishments and rewards
C)promises rather than threats
D)the smallest possible incentive

Question 42

If you are studying because you want to do well in a course and truly want to understand the material,you are more likely to want to study in the future as compared to those students who view studying as compulsory.Your situation is an example of how

A)attitudes follow behaviors.
B)behaviors follow attitudes.
C)attitudes follow behaviors for which we feel some responsibility.
D)behaviors follow attitudes for which we feel some responsibility.

Question 43

After spending a great deal of time researching vehicles,Linda makes a purchase.After having owned the vehicle for several months,she experiences dissonance and wonders if she made the right decision with her purchase.According to dissonance theory,we would expect Linda to reduce her dissonance by _______ the chosen vehicle and _______ the unchosen vehicles.

A)focusing on;ignoring
B)ignoring;focusing on
C)downgrading;upgrading
D)upgrading;downgrading

Question 44

Sarah has always strongly believed that it is wrong to steal,but after she steals a bottle of nail polish from the drug store,her attitude toward stealing becomes significantly less harsh.Which theory best accounts for her shift in attitude?

A)cognitive dissonance theory
B)self-perception theory
C)reinforcement theory
D)role-playing theory

Question 45

A research study had experimental participants perform a dull task but paid them to lie by telling a prospective participant that the task had been enjoyable.Results showed that the participants who were paid _______ came to believe that the task had been _______.

A)$1;tedious and boring
B)$1;interesting and enjoyable
C)$20;interesting and enjoyable
D)$20;tedious and boring

Question 46

You are fortunate to receive multiple job offers after graduating from college.You find the decision-making very difficult,but once you decide on an offer to accept,you notice yourself _______ the job offers that you did not accept.

A)focusing on
B)ignoring
C)downgrading
D)upgrading

Question 47

The cognitive dissonance theory was formulated by

A)James Laird.
B)William James.
C)Leon Festinger.
D)Daryl Bem.

Question 48

The insufficient justification effect involves reducing dissonance by _______ justifying one's behavior when _______ justification is insufficient.

A)externally;internal
B)internally;external
C)cognitively;emotional
D)emotionally;cognitive

Question 49

Although you were opposed to the war with Iraq,your attitude changed when you were required to report on the justifications for it at your job as a newspaper journalist.Which theory best explains the change in your attitude?

A)self-presentation theory
B)self-consistency theory
C)cognitive dissonance theory
D)self-perception theory

Question 50

After making important decisions,we usually reduce dissonance by _______ the chosen alternative and _______ the unchosen option.

A)focusing on;ignoring
B)ignoring;focusing on
C)downgrading;upgrading
D)upgrading;downgrading

Question 51

Once we make a decision or choice,and feel some cognitive dissonance,

A)we form additional reasons for that decision or choice.
B)we begin to doubt our reasons for making that decision or choice.
C)we become less confident about the decision or choice.
D)the option we did not choose becomes more attractive.

Question 52

As noted in the textbook,at the beginning of the Iraq war only 38 percent of Americans said the war was justified even if Iraq did not have weapons of mass destruction.When no such weapons were found after the war,58 percent of Americans then supported the war.Myers explains this revision of people's memories of the government's rationale for going to war as an example of

A)self-presentation.
B)cognitive dissonance.
C)self-justification.
D)self-perception.

Question 53

After much deliberation,you decide on a college to attend.After you have made your decision,you find yourself reducing any dissonance by _______ the chosen university and _______ the unchosen universities.

A)focusing on;ignoring
B)ignoring;focusing on
C)downgrading;upgrading
D)upgrading;downgrading

Question 54

You have recently earned a promotion at work and are now a manager.You decide to use your knowledge of social psychology to improve the working conditions of your new subordinates.You know that the dissonance theory predicts that attitudes will follow behaviors for which we feel some responsibility;therefore you decide to use _______ to elicit the desired behaviors in your subordinates.

A)reminders of your legitimate authority
B)only social punishments and rewards
C)promises rather than threats
D)the smallest possible incentive

Question 55

The attitudes-follow-behavior effect is strongest when

A)people are rewarded for their behavior.
B)people feel that they have no choice in their behavior.
C)people feel that they have some choice in their behavior.
D)the behavior has no foreseeable consequences.

Question 56

Which theory best explains why 40 percent of smokers in the U.S.judge smoking as not very harmful?

A)self-presentation
B)cognitive dissonance
C)insufficient justification
D)self-perception

Question 57

Which theory assumes that we observe our actions for clues about our own attitudes and beliefs?

A)self-presentation
B)cognitive dissonance
C)self-justification
D)self-perception

Question 58

You receive more than one marriage proposal,and after deciding on who you wish to spend your life with,dissonance theory would predict that you would _______ the individual whose proposal you did accept.

A)focus on
B)ignore
C)downgrade
D)upgrade

Question 59

Though she is opposed to capital punishment,Lisa is asked to give a speech in favor of it to round out a class debate.Dissonance theory predicts that her true attitude will undergo the most change if she

A)makes a speech implying capital punishment is really wrong.
B)agrees to give the speech but only if she tells both sides.
C)agrees to give the speech without special incentives.
D)agrees to give the speech for a large rewarD.

Question 60

As a teenager,your parents always forced you to clean your room.Now that you are living on your own,you feel no motivation to clean,as there are no parents around to nag you.This is an example of how

A)attitudes follow behaviors.
B)behaviors follow attitudes.
C)attitudes follow behaviors for which we feel some responsibility.
D)behaviors follow attitudes for which we feel some responsibility.

Question 61

Rewarding people for doing what they already enjoy may lead them to attribute their action to the reward.This is called

A)cognitive dissonance.
B)self-perception.
C)the overjustification effect.
D)the insufficient justification effect.

Question 62

Myra's neighbor,a little boy,practices his saxophone loudly and annoyingly.According to the overjustification effect,if Myra wants to get him to quit playing,she should

A)show her annoyance.
B)pay him to quit playing.
C)pay him a small amount to quit playing and then offer him more and more.
D)pay him to play and then offer him less and less.

Question 63

Which of the following theories assumes that our actions are self-revealing?

A)self-presentation theory
B)self-consistency theory
C)cognitive dissonance theory
D)self-perception theory

Question 64

As a teenager,you enjoyed jogging.As a result,your parents purchased new running shoes for you after every major milestone (e.g. ,when you ran your first marathon).According to the self-perception theory,your parents' behavior likely did what to your intrinsic motivation for jogging?

A)decreased it
B)increased it
C)removed it
D)instilled it

Question 65

When we are unsure of our attitudes,we infer them the same way someone else would who was observing us - that is,we look at our behavior.Which theory does this describe?

A)self-presentation theory
B)self-consistency theory
C)cognitive dissonance theory
D)self-perception theory

Question 66

Which theory explains our conclusion that we must be nervous because we feel shaky - while forgetting we just had two cups of strong coffee?

A)self-presentation theory
B)self-consistency theory
C)cognitive dissonance theory
D)self-perception theory

Question 67

Jeremy loses his former interest in doing arithmetic after his teacher promises him $1 for each problem he solves correctly.Which theory best explains Jeremy's loss of interest in arithmetic?

A)self-perception theory
B)cognitive dissonance theory
C)self-presentation theory
D)self-monitoring theory

Question 68

When people are bribed to do what they already like doing,they start to see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing.This is called the

A)foot-in-the-door effect.
B)self-justification effect.
C)overjustification effect.
D)insufficient justification effect.

Question 69

Which statement is NOT true according to the research findings on behavior and attitudes?

A)Our expressions influence our feelings.
B)Our posture affects our performance.
C)We find cartoons funnier while using our smile muscles.
D)You can't sense how someone else is feeling if you mirror their facial expressions.

Question 70

Schnall and Laird's (2003)research revealed that individuals induced to repeatedly practice happy expressions tended to recall more happy memories and found their happy mood lingered.This is best explained by the

A)self-presentation theory.
B)self-consistency theory.
C)cognitive dissonance theory.
D)self-perception theory.

Question 71

Although your mother had to nag you to clean your room as a child,she always praised your desire to keep your room clean and orderly when you finished.Her comments likely _______ your intrinsic motivation to maintain a clean and orderly environment on your own.

A)increased
B)decreased
C)eliminated
D)provoked

Question 72

The smallest incentive that will get people to do something is usually the most effective in getting them to like the activity and keep doing it.This is best explained by the

A)self-presentation theory.
B)emotional contagion theory.
C)overjustification effect.
D)insufficient justification effect.

Question 73

When external inducements are insufficient to justify our behavior,we reduce dissonance by justifying the behavior internally.Which of the following theories explains this insufficient justification effect?

A)self-perception
B)self-presentation
C)role-playing
D)cognitive dissonance

Question 74

Which of the following theories explains the insufficient justification effect by claiming that we explain our behavior by noting the conditions under which it occurs?

A)self-perception
B)self-presentation
C)role-playing
D)cognitive dissonance

Question 75

The best way to cultivate Mark's enjoyment of a task that is not intrinsically appealing to him is to have him comply with the behavior and then suggest that

A)he did the task for an intrinsic reason.
B)he did the task for an extrinsic reason.
C)he did the task because he was forced into doing it.
D)he not do the task again.

Question 76

As a teenager,you enjoyed jogging.Concerned with your weight,your parents gave you money whenever you went jogging.According to the self-perception theory,your parents' behavior likely did what to your intrinsic motivation for jogging?

A)decreased it
B)increased it
C)removed it
D)instilled it

Question 77

Vaughan and Lanzetta's (1981)study required participants to observe someone receiving an electric shock.Some,but not all,of the participants were required to make a pained expression whenever the shock was implemented.The results indicated that compared to those students who were not required to make a pained expression,those who did perspired more and had faster heart rates whenever they observed the person being shocked.Which theory are the results consistent with?

A)self-presentation theory
B)self-consistency theory
C)cognitive dissonance theory
D)self-perception theory

Question 78

According to the overjustification effect,promising children a reward for doing what they already intrinsically enjoy will

A)lead to more enjoyment of the activity.
B)lead to less enjoyment of the activity.
C)increase the time and effort they put into the activity.
D)encourage them to do the activity on their own,without the promise of future rewards.

Question 79

According to the overjustification effect,reinforcements that praise people tend to _______ intrinsic motivation,and reinforcement that seeks to control people _______ intrinsic motivation.

A)decrease;increases
B)increase;decreases
C)remove;instills
D)instill;removes

Question 80

Which theory explains our conclusion that we must be anxious because we woke up before dawn?

A)self-presentation theory
B)self-consistency theory
C)cognitive dissonance theory
D)self-perception theory