Deck 8: Group Influence

Question 1

Increased arousal enhances performance

A)only on easy tasks.
B)only on complex tasks.
C)on dominant responses.
D)on all responses.

Answer 1

on dominant responses.

Question 2

According to Johnson (2006),different groups help us meet different needs EXCEPT to

A)affiliate.
B)achieve.
C)gain social identity.
D)set group norms.

Answer 2

set group norms.

Question 3

Triplett conducted one of social psychology's first laboratory experiments by asking children to wind string on a fishing reel.The results of the study indicated that there was a _______ relationship between the speed at which the children wound the reel and the presence of other children.

A)positive
B)negative
C)neutral
D)curvilinear

Answer 3

positive

Question 4

According to the social facilitation effect,social psychologists can accurately predict that athletes will perform _______ with a large audience.

A)much worse
B)best
C)slightly worse
D)better at unlearned tasks

Question 5

_______ refers to the strengthening of dominant responses in the presence of others.

A)The groupthink effect
B)The social facilitation effect
C)Social loafing
D)Deindividuation

Question 6

Under the definition that is in the text,which of the following is NOT a group?

A)a doctor with her patient
B)three people who share the same taxi and decide who gets dropped off first
C)four people working together on a class project
D)five people riding the city bus

Question 7

Shaw (1981)argued that the one thing that all groups have in common is that the members

A)reside in the same location.
B)agree on most topics.
C)interact.
D)facilitate each other.

Question 8

Consistent with the social facilitation effect,Michaels and his colleagues (1982)found that when good pool players were observed,they did _______ than when they did not know they were being observed.

A)much worse
B)better
C)the same
D)slightly worse

Question 9

Sanders,Baron,and Moore (1978)explained social facilitation by noting that a conflict occurs between paying attention to others and paying attention to the task at hand.They named this explanation

A)evaluation apprehension.
B)social distortion.
C)driven by distraction.
D)deindividuation.

Question 10

Because of the relationship between crowding and arousal,you are likely to _______ on a difficult exam in a densely packed classroom.

A)do well
B)do poorly
C)do average
D)skip questions

Question 11

You have noticed that when you are at the gym,your exercise routine is not affected by how many other people are there.However,it is affected when other people are watching you exercise.This pattern in your behavior is what social psychologists call

A)social facilitation.
B)mere presence.
C)evaluation apprehension.
D)social loafing.

Question 12

The tendency of people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present is the original meaning of

A)the groupthink effect.
B)the social facilitation effect.
C)social loafing.
D)deindividuation.

Question 13

According to social psychologists,a group exists when two or more people interact with and influence each other,and

A)are also in the same place.
B)also work together.
C)also perceive themselves as "us."
D)also facilitate each other.

Question 14

Two or more people who interact with and influence one another for longer than a few moments is what social psychologists call a

A)clan.
B)crowd.
C)group.
D)mob.

Question 15

The larger the crowd,the _______ a person tends to be _______.

A)more;calm
B)less;calm
C)more;aroused
D)less;aroused

Question 16

On exam day,a student you do not know sits near you.This person is best described as a(n)

A)confederate.
B)co-actor.
C)ingroup member.
D)comrade.

Question 17

Triplett (1898)conducted one of social psychology's first laboratory experiments by asking children to wind string on a fishing reel.The results of the study indicated that there was a positive relationship between the speed at which the children wound the reel and the presence of other children.Later studies found the same pattern and dubbed it

A)the groupthink effect.
B)the social facilitation effect.
C)social loafing.
D)deindividuation.

Question 18

The concern for how others are evaluating us is called

A)distraction.
B)arousal.
C)mere presence.
D)evaluation apprehension.

Question 19

An example of someone who is involved with co-actors is

A)a runner in a race.
B)a runner surrounded by others jogging.
C)a group of people working on a class project.
D)someone involved with planning a party.

Question 20

When giving a speech in class,you spend most of the first five minutes wondering what your audience is thinking of you.This is a good example of _____ instead of thinking about what you are saying.

A)evaluation apprehension
B)social distortion
C)driven by distraction
D)deindividuation

Question 21

Sam has a tendency to contribute little effort to group assignments,as he thinks others will be sure to pick up the slack in an effort to get a good grade.Social psychologists would call Sam a

A)social facilitator.
B)free loafer.
C)free rider.
D)free loader.

Question 22

When being observed increases evaluation concerns,_______ occurs;when being lost in a crowd decreases evaluation concerns,_______ occurs.

A)deindividuation;groupthink
B)groupthink;deindividuation
C)social loafing;social facilitation
D)social facilitation;social loafing

Question 23

When individual efforts are pooled and not evaluated,evaluation apprehension is _______ and the probability of social loafing is _______.

A)high;low
B)low;high
C)high;high
D)low;low

Question 24

Ingham (1974)found that when blindfolded participants thought they were pulling a tug of war with other participants,they _______ than when they thought they were pulling alone.

A)pulled more
B)pulled less
C)pulled the same amount
D)varied more in their pulling amount

Question 25

Social psychologists have accurately predicted that _______ will exhibit less social loafing.

A)women
B)men
C)children
D)the elderly

Question 26

People in groups will loaf less when the

A)task is challenging,appealing,or involving.
B)task is difficult.
C)group members do not know each other.
D)task is not rewardeD.

Question 27

The best way to improve individual performance by a group is to

A)evaluate the group output.
B)evaluate each person individually.
C)average the production of the group members.
D)There is no way to do this.

Question 28

Which is NOT a factor in why other people create arousal in us?

A)apprehension
B)distraction
C)mere presence
D)vanity

Question 29

Which of the following circumstances contributes to people becoming deindividuated?

A)They are immersed in a large group.
B)They are physically anonymous.
C)They are involved in arousing,distracting activities.
D)All of the above

Question 30

The increased number of office buildings with large open spaces rather than private offices is an example of how social facilitation research has

A)helped confirm the theory.
B)guided new exploration of research topics.
C)suggested practical applications.
D)been misused by industries.

Question 31

Your psychology professor has assigned group projects to your class.She has chosen to individually grade each student's contribution to the assignment as an attempt to reduce

A)social facilitation.
B)social loafing.
C)minority influence.
D)group polarization.

Question 32

Evaluation apprehension helps explain why people perform best when

A)their co-actor is slightly superior.
B)their co-actor is dissimilar.
C)their co-actor is slightly inferior.
D)there is no co-actor present.

Question 33

In a study by Latané and his colleagues (1979),participants were asked to shout and clap as loud as possible.Participants produced the most noise when they

A)thought they were shouting alone.
B)thought there was one other person shouting with them.
C)thought there were five other people shouting with them.
D)were not feeling any evaluation apprehension.

Question 34

Groups tend to loaf less when

A)the members of the group are friends.
B)they will never see each other again.
C)the members are dissimilar.
D)the members are strangers.

Question 35

According to your text,people in _______ cultures exhibit less social loafing than people in _______ cultures.

A)independent;dependent
B)dependent;independent
C)collectivistic;individualistic
D)individualistic;collectivistic

Question 36

At your factory job,output was measured at the end of every day by how much the team of workers you belonged to produced.Because of this evaluation procedure,your behavior was characterized by _______;now that a new manager has taken over and each individual worker's output is measured by a computer,your behavior is now characterized by _______.

A)deindividuation;groupthink
B)groupthink;deindividuation
C)social loafing;social facilitation
D)social facilitation;social loafing

Question 37

Sam has a tendency to contribute little effort to group assignments,as he thinks others will be sure to pick up the slack in an effort to get a good grade.This is an example of

A)social facilitation.
B)social loafing.
C)deindividuation.
D)mere presence.

Question 38

_______ refers to the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable.

A)Social facilitation
B)Social loafing
C)Deindividuation
D)Mere presence

Question 39

When the output of collective farms and private plots were compared,

A)the collective farms were more productive.
B)the private plots were more productive.
C)there was little difference between the two.
D)the output depended on the relationships within the group.

Question 40

People are more likely to exhibit social loafing if

A)their efforts are not rewarded.
B)rewards are divided according to individual effort.
C)rewards are divided equally regardless of individual effort.
D)they are individually monitoreD.

Question 41

People who are made self-aware by acting in front of a mirror or TV camera have been found to

A)exhibit increased self-confidence.
B)behave more consistently with their attitudes.
C)be less thoughtful in analyzing complex social issues.
D)be more vulnerable to persuasive appeals that run counter to social norms.

Question 42

A review of studies on deindividuation showed that physical anonymity makes one _______ to cues presented in a situation,whether negative or positive.

A)more responsive
B)less responsive
C)suddenly responsive
D)ambivalent

Question 43

The relationship between self-consciousness and deindividuation is

A)positive.
B)negative.
C)neutral.
D)curvilinear.

Question 44

Zimbardo reported that women who were masked and hooded in KKK-style hoods and robes tended to _______ than women who were visible and wore name tags.

A)administer longer shocks to a victim
B)engage in greater social loafing
C)make riskier decisions
D)make more contact and reveal more personal information

Question 45

On Halloween night,Diener and her colleagues (1976)conducted a study of trick-or-treat theft at homes scattered throughout the Seattle area.Given a chance to steal candy,the children who were _______ were most likely to commit transgressions.

A)anonymous and alone
B)anonymous and in a group
C)frustrated and alone
D)frustrated and in a group

Question 46

Initial research on risk taking found that group discussion leads to

A)more caution than individuals would take.
B)more risk than the average individual would take.
C)enhanced group members' initial leaning.
D)group moderation.

Question 47

The relationship between group size and the probability of deindividuation occurring is

A)positive.
B)negative.
C)neutral.
D)curvilinear.

Question 48

Watson (1973)found that cultures with depersonalized warriors were

A)more likely to be victorious.
B)less likely to be victorious.
C)less likely to brutalize their victims.
D)more likely to brutalize their victims.

Question 49

Based on research cited in the text,who is most likely to honk aggressively at someone stopped at a green light?

A)The driver of a moped
B)The driver of a convertible with the top down
C)The drive of a convertible with the top up
D)The driver of a motorcycle

Question 50

Douglas and McGarty (2001)reported that the anonymity of Internet chat rooms,newsgroups,and listservs seems to foster more hostile behavior than is observed in face-to-face conversations.This is an example of how _______ contribute(s)to deindividuation.

A)group size
B)physical anonymity
C)arousing activities
D)culture

Question 51

When people experience a loss of self-awareness as well as evaluation apprehension,they are in a state of

A)social facilitation.
B)social loafing.
C)deindividuation.
D)groupthink.

Question 52

All of these issues contribute to deindividuation EXCEPT

A)group size.
B)physical anonymity.
C)arousing activities.
D)individual values.

Question 53

A looting mob is a good example of

A)social loafing.
B)groupthink.
C)deindividuation.
D)a risky shift.

Question 54

Whenever your friend Ted surfs online,he writes terribly harsh letters to strangers using a bogus email address.Ted's behavior can likely be attributed to the role of _______ in deindividuation.

A)group size
B)physical anonymity
C)arousing activities
D)culture

Question 55

A loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension,which can occur in group situations,is called

A)groupthink.
B)social loafing.
C)group polarization.
D)deindividuation.

Question 56

Later research on risk taking found that group discussion leads to

A)more caution than individuals would take.
B)more risk than the average individual would take.
C)enhanced group members' initial leaning.
D)group moderation.

Question 57

Deindividuation is _____ likely when self-awareness is _____.

A)more;high
B)less;high
C)not;low
D)never;low

Question 58

Research on group polarization began with the erroneous conclusion that group discussion leads to

A)more caution than individuals would take.
B)more risk than the average individual would take.
C)enhanced group members' initial leaning.
D)group moderation.

Question 59

One effect of deindividuation is

A)diminished self-restraint.
B)increased self-awareness.
C)social facilitation.
D)a risky shift.

Question 60

According to the text,physical anonymity _______ results in antisocial behavior.

A)always
B)sometimes
C)never
D)almost never

Question 61

Consistent with what is known about group polarization,Schkade and Sunstein (2003)found that on federal appellate court cases,a Republican judge sitting with two other Republican judges voted _____ than when sitting with one Democratic judge.

A)more liberally
B)more conservatively
C)more predictably
D)less predictably

Question 62

Which of the following is an example of group polarization in one's community?

A)gang delinquency
B)cheering wildly at a football game
C)an isolated,troubled teenager being aggressive towards his classmates
D)a looting mob

Question 63

Which one of the following is NOT an explanation for group polarization?

A)informational influence
B)normative influence
C)social facilitation
D)desire to be accepted

Question 64

You are hesitant to ask questions in class because you assume everyone else understands and you would therefore seem foolish.Your thinking best exemplifies

A)groupthink.
B)pluralistic ignorance.
C)social loafing.
D)self-handicapping.

Question 65

Evaluating one's opinions and abilities by comparing oneself to others is called

A)informational influence processing.
B)normative influence processing.
C)the reactance theory.
D)the social comparison theory.

Question 66

Individuals who believe that physician-assisted suicides should be legalized meet to discuss the issue.Research on group interaction suggests that after the discussion the individuals will be

A)more likely to question the wisdom of legalizing physician-assisted suicides.
B)even more convinced that physician-assisted suicides should be legalized.
C)sharply divided over whether physician-assisted suicides should be legalized.
D)opposed to the legalization of physician-assisted suicides.

Question 67

The text suggests that the extremism of terrorist organizations,such as those involved in the September 11th attacks on the United States,is very likely the result of the naturally occurring process of

A)group polarization.
B)pluralistic ignorance.
C)social loafing.
D)social facilitation.

Question 68

Maggie favors the death penalty.In discussing this issue with some like-minded classmates,she hears arguments for this position that she has never considered before.After the discussion,her opinion is more extreme.This outcome is best explained by

A)informational influence processes.
B)normative influence processes.
C)the reactance theory.
D)the social comparison theory.

Question 69

Myers and Bishop (1970)organized groups of prejudiced and unprejudiced high school students and asked them to respond to issues involving racial attitudes,both before and after group discussion.Results showed that after within-group discussion,_______ became _______.

A)all students;more prejudiced
B)all students;less prejudiced
C)between-group differences;smaller
D)between-group differences;greater

Question 70

According to Festinger (1954),it is human nature to want to evaluate our opinions by

A)comparing ourselves with others.
B)designing everyday tests of validity.
C)engaging in frequent introspection.
D)actively studying the results of scientific research.

Question 71

What underlying processes help to explain the occurrence of group polarization?

A)informational influences and normative influences
B)minority influences and social facilitation
C)psychological reactance and deindividuation
D)social comparison and self-censorship

Question 72

The fact that active participation in discussion produces more polarization is best explained by

A)informational influence processes.
B)normative influence processes.
C)the cognitive miser theory.
D)a decrease in pluralistic ignorance.

Question 73

Students who join extracurricular groups on campus tend to find their attitudes regarding the groups' purpose increase if they stay in the group.This is an example of

A)social facilitation.
B)groupthink.
C)minority influence.
D)group polarization.

Question 74

Group polarization occurs when group discussion _______ group members' initial inclinations.

A)challenges
B)reverses
C)neutralizes
D)strengthens

Question 75

The fact that people associate mostly with others whose attitudes are similar to their own suggests the prevalence of naturally occurring

A)social facilitation.
B)groupthink.
C)minority influence.
D)group polarization.

Question 76

Wright (2003)suggested that the Internet is an effective means to rally like-minded people and mobilize lethal consequences,such as recruiting individuals for terror organizations.Which concept in social psychology best explains this trend?

A)group polarization
B)pluralistic ignorance
C)social loafing
D)social facilitation

Question 77

_______ in discussion produces more attitude change than does _______.

A)Arguing;agreeing
B)Agreeing;arguing
C)Active participation;passive listening
D)Passive listening;active participation

Question 78

Social comparison is more likely to sway responses on

A)issues that have a factual element.
B)moderate,rather than severe,issues.
C)value-laden judgments.
D)complex,rather than simple issues.

Question 79

A false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling,or how they are responding is what social psychologists call

A)an imaginary audience.
B)social comparison.
C)pluralistic ignorance.
D)groupthink.

Question 80

Teresa has joined the campus Amnesty International Group,and after attending a few of the meetings now feels even more passionate about human rights.Social psychologists would explain the change in Teresa's opinions using

A)social facilitation.
B)groupthink.
C)minority influence.
D)group polarization.