Deck 13: Social Psychology

Question 1

Evaluating someone in a negative way, simply because of his or her membership in a particular group, would constitute:

A)discrimination
B)prejudice
C)group polarization
D)deindividuation

Answer 1

prejudice

Question 2

General knowledge structures about social experiences or people are called:

A)stereotypes
B)social schema
C)attributions
D)first impressions

Answer 2

social schema

Question 3

Sheila believes that all news reporters are cynical, doubting individuals who would sell their souls to obtain an exclusive story.In this case, Sheila's beliefs about the traits and behaviors of news reporters represent:

A)a self-fulfilling prophecy
B)a stereotype
C)the fundamental attribution error
D)social interference

Answer 3

a stereotype

Question 4

The Dribblers new basketball coach really doesn't expect much and is convinced they will never make the playoffs.During the regular season, the coach seldom offers praise for a really outstanding play, and after a particularly bad loss, the coach is prone to make statements such as "What can you expect; the other team was really good." In response to the coach's lack of confidence, the team ends up at the bottom of their division.This situation illustrates the concept of:

A)a self-fulfilling prophecy
B)the fundamental attribution error
C)a self-serving bias
D)stereotypes

Question 5

The study of how people use processes such as perception, memory, thought, and emotion to help make sense of other people as well as themselves is:

A)social cognition
B)attitude formation
C)groupthink
D)group polarization

Question 6

When people first meet individuals who are physically attractive, they usually assume that compared to someone with average looks, the attractive individual is:

A)more intelligent, better adjusted, and more socially aware
B)less intelligent but higher in self-monitoring
C)more intelligent, but more likely to have personal problems
D)lower in self-monitoring and more popular

Question 7

Beliefs about the personal traits and behaviors of individuals who belong to specific groups are called:

A)stereotypes
B)self-fulfilling prophecies
C)fundamental attribution errors
D)social inferences

Question 8

According to recent neuroimaging studies, which areas of the brain becomes active when making decisions about categories of people?

A)the semantic regions
B)the phonological regions
C)the exemplar regions
D)the social regions

Question 9

Darla's first impression of her blind date will be most strongly influenced by his:

A)name
B)apparent intelligence
C)first words
D)physical appearance

Question 10

Stereotypes can cause people to:

A)place too much emphasis on the differences that exist between groups
B)place too little emphasis on the differences that exist between groups
C)respond negatively to self-fulfilling prophecies
D)place too much emphasis on the differences that exist within groups

Question 11

Stereotypes can lead people to:

A)place too much emphasis on the differences that exist within groups
B)place too little emphasis on the differences that exist within groups
C)respond negatively to self-fulfilling prophecies
D)respond positively to self-fulfilling prophecies

Question 12

A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when an individual:

A)takes credit for his or her success but refuses to accept responsibility for his or her failure
B)overestimates the impact of external, situational factors on another person's behavior
C)underestimates the impact of external, situational factors on another person's behavior
D)is induced to act in ways that are consistent with expectations held by others

Question 13

Doyle has never met Sierra, but he has heard that she is attractive and a lot of fun.When he calls her on the phone to arrange a date, he is charming and charismatic.In response to his manner, Sierra is poised and relaxed, just as he expected she would be.This situation illustrates the concept of:

A)a self-fulfilling prophecy
B)the fundamental attribution error
C)a self-serving bias
D)stereotypes

Question 14

Helga, who lives in Boravia, holds a strong negative stereotype about people who live in the neighboring country of Moldravia.Because of this you would expect Helga will:

A)overemphasize the differences that exist between her people and those of Moldravia
B)fail to emphasize the differences between her people and those of Moldravia
C)respond negatively to self-fulfilling prophecies
D)place too much emphasis on the differences that exist within groups

Question 15

Which of the following is the most powerful determinant of a first impression?

A)a person's overall level of intelligence
B)the physical attractiveness of the person
C)the sound of a person's voice
D)a person's personality characteristics

Question 16

Stereotypes consist of:

A)beliefs about the personal traits and behaviors of individuals who belong to specific groups
B)expectations about the actions of others that can induce individuals to act in atypical ways
C)inferences about the causes of behavior in other people
D)behaviors that prevent other people from having equal access to social opportunities

Question 17

The process through which individuals are induced to act in ways that are consistent with expectations held by others is called:

A)the fundamental attribution error
B)the self-serving bias
C)impression formation
D)a self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 18

Which of the following is an incorrect statement about physically attractive people?

A)they are thought to be healthier
B)they are thought to be better adjusted
C)they are more likely to be carded when trying to buy alcohol
D)they are thought to be more socially aware than someone of average looks

Question 19

Prejudice involves:

A)behaving negatively toward members of a group
B)holding a negative attitude toward members of a group
C)experiencing cognitive dissonance in interactions with someone from an out-group
D)central processing of information about out-group members

Question 20

Sven, who lives in Moldravia, holds a strong negative stereotype about people who live in the neighboring country of Boravia.Because of this, you would expect Sven will:

A)place too much emphasis on the differences that exist within the people of Boravia
B)place too little emphasis on the differences that exist within the people of Boravia
C)respond negatively to self-fulfilling prophecies
D)respond positively to self-fulfilling prophecies

Question 21

Evaluating someone in a positive way, simply because of her or his membership in a particular group, would constitute:

A)discrimination
B)deindividuation
C)prejudice
D)polarization

Question 22

Attributions are:

A)implicit cognitions underlying prejudiced attitudes
B)inference processes people use to assign causes and effects to behavior
C)explicit cognitions underlying prejudiced attitudes
D)inference processes people use to determine their attitudes toward objects

Question 23

If a person openly expresses a dislike of another person simply because of that person's group membership, that person's prejudice is:

A)explicit
B)rational
C)implicit
D)irrational

Question 24

Since Charles was young, he has believed that Canadians are arrogant, smug people.He only has to find out that a person is from Canada and he draws the conclusion that that person is arrogant and smug.Charles is displaying:

A)discrimination
B)prejudice
C)group polarization
D)deindividuation

Question 25

Research suggests that one of the best ways to reduce prejudice and discrimination is through:

A)perspective taking
B)thought suppression
C)counterconditioning
D)free association

Question 26

Negative attitudes about a group that are not consciously recognized are known as:

A)implicit discrimination
B)explicit discrimination
C)implicit prejudice
D)explicit prejudice

Question 27

Treating a person in an unfair way, simply because of his or her membership in a particular group, would constitute:

A)deindividuation
B)prejudice
C)a self-serving bias
D)discrimination

Question 28

When a person is not prejudiced at a conscious level, but unknowingly acts in a way that expresses dislike of another person because of that person's group membership, that person's prejudice is:

A)explicit
B)rational
C)implicit
D)irrational

Question 29

A shopkeeper will leave his store open beyond the regular closing hours if people of her own ethnic background are inside, but will not do this for members of an ethnic group she openly dislikes.The shopkeeper feels:

A)implicit formation
B)explicit formation
C)implicit prejudice
D)explicit prejudice

Question 30

A man always says he has no problem with individuals who are homosexual, but when his son's gay friend comes over for dinner, the man finds some reason to be somewhere else without realizing what he's doing.The man is exhibiting:

A)implicit formation
B)explicit formation
C)implicit prejudice
D)explicit prejudice

Question 31

Rory is forming an attribution regarding Amy.Rory is:

A)trying to determine the cause of Amy's behavior
B)becoming attracted to Amy
C)feeling prejudice toward Amy
D)attempting to understand Amy's point of view

Question 32

A woman openly says he dislikes people who are homosexual, so when her son's gay friend comes over to play video games she always goes somewhere else.The woman is exhibiting:

A)implicit formation
B)explicit formation
C)implicit prejudice
D)explicit prejudice

Question 33

Although she doesn't realize that she's doing it, an accountant spends more time with clients from her own ethnic group, but less time with members of a group different than her own.The accountant is an example of the phenomenon called:

A)implicit formation
B)explicit formation
C)implicit prejudice
D)explicit prejudice

Question 34

Explicit prejudice involves:

A)positive attitudes about a group that are not consciously recognized
B)negative attitudes about a group that are not consciously recognized
C)positive attitudes about a group that are consciously endorsed
D)negative attitudes about a group that are consciously endorsed

Question 35

Negative attitudes about a group that are consciously endorsed are known as:

A)implicit discrimination
B)explicit discrimination
C)implicit prejudice
D)explicit prejudice

Question 36

Amy is trying to figure out why Rory is acting so strangely.Amy is going through the process known as:

A)attribution
B)formation
C)elucidation
D)facilitation

Question 37

The inference processes people use to assign causes and effects to behavior are called:

A)attributions
B)formations
C)attitudes
D)facilitations

Question 38

Theories that are concerned with the processes that underlie inferences of cause and effect are called:

A)attitude theories
B)formation theories
C)attribution theories
D)facilitation theories

Question 39

Attribution theories are concerned with:

A)implicit cognitions underlying prejudiced attitudes
B)the processes that determine attitudes toward objects
C)explicit cognitions underlying prejudiced attitudes
D)the processes that underlie inferences of cause and effect

Question 40

Implicit prejudice involves:

A)positive attitudes about a group that are not consciously recognized
B)negative attitudes about a group that are not consciously recognized
C)positive attitudes about a group that are consciously endorsed
D)negative attitudes about a group that are consciously endorsed

Question 41

One type of information that individuals assess when making attributions is consistency.This means that individuals try to determine:

A)how a particular person reacts toward a variety of objects or events
B)how different people react toward a given object or event
C)how different people react toward a variety of objects or events
D)how a particular person reacts toward a given object or event at different times

Question 42

Glenna is always terrified of her neighbor's dog, but she is not terrified of the dog that lives down the street from her.In this example, Glenna's behavior has:

A)low consistency
B)low distinctiveness
C)high consensus
D)high distinctiveness

Question 43

In the covariation model of attribution, which type of information indicates whether other people show similar reactions when they are exposed to the same event?

A)consistency
B)reliability
C)distinctiveness
D)consensus

Question 44

If Jess acts cranky only when she has been up late the previous night, crankiness has:

A)high distinctiveness
B)high consensus
C)low consensus
D)low consistency

Question 45

Diana is trying to determine whether her two-year old son reacts fearfully whenever any dog is barking.Which type of information is Diana using?

A)consistency
B)reliability
C)distinctiveness
D)consensus

Question 46

One type of information that individuals assess when making attributions is distinctiveness.This means that individuals try to determine:

A)how a particular person reacts toward a given object or event at different times
B)how different people react toward a given object or event
C)how different people react toward a variety of objects or events
D)how a particular person reacts toward a variety of objects or events

Question 47

Which of the following is one of the types of information used in making an attribution in the covariation model?

A)validity
B)reliability
C)individuality
D)consensus

Question 48

In the covariation model of attribution, which type of information provides an indication of whether a change occurs uniquely in the presence of an event?

A)consistency
B)reliability
C)distinctiveness
D)consensus

Question 49

Like everyone else in his neighborhood, Devin is terrified of the Doberman that lives across the street.In this example, there is:

A)high consistency
B)low distinctiveness
C)low consistency
D)high consensus

Question 50

Adair is only in a good mood in the afternoons if he has the chance to work out over his lunch hour.In this example, Adair's behavior has:

A)low consistency
B)low distinctiveness
C)high distinctiveness
D)high consensus

Question 51

Don is trying to determine whether all two-year olds react fearfully whenever a dog is barking.Which type of information is Don using?

A)consistency
B)reliability
C)distinctiveness
D)consensus

Question 52

In the covariation model of attribution, three types of information are used in making decisions.Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A)consistency
B)reliability
C)distinctiveness
D)consensus

Question 53

Ira is always in a better mood when he comes back from his exercise class.In this example, Ira's behavior has:

A)high distinctiveness
B)high consensus
C)high consistency
D)low distinctiveness

Question 54

Some of the people in Jacqueline's aerobics class are in a better mood after their half-hour workout, but others are short tempered and irritable after class.In this example, there is:

A)low consensus
B)low consistency
C)high distinctiveness
D)low distinctiveness

Question 55

Barry is sometimes very agreeable in meetings, but other times he refuses to go along with anything that is suggested.In this example, Barry's behavior has:

A)low distinctiveness
B)high consensus
C)low consistency
D)low consensus

Question 56

In the covariation model of attribution, which type of information is being used when a person tries to determine whether a change occurs regularly when the causal event is present?

A)consistency
B)reliability
C)distinctiveness
D)consensus

Question 57

Which of the following is one of the types of information used in making an attribution in the covariation model?

A)consistency
B)reliability
C)validity
D)efficacy

Question 58

Which of the following is one of the types of information used in making an attribution in the covariation model?

A)validity
B)reliability
C)distinctiveness
D)individuality

Question 59

One type of information that individuals assess when making attributions is consensus.This means that individuals try to determine:

A)how a particular person reacts toward a given object or event at different times
B)how a particular person reacts toward a variety of objects or events
C)how different people react toward a given object or event
D)how different people react toward a variety of objects or events

Question 60

Don is trying to determine whether his two-year old son reacts fearfully every time the neighbor's dog barks.Which type of information is Don using?

A)consistency
B)reliability
C)distinctiveness
D)consensus

Question 61

Another name for the correspondence bias is the:

A)self-serving bias
B)distinctiveness error
C)fundamental attribution error
D)vividness error

Question 62

When people overestimate the influence of internal, personal factors and underestimate the role of external, situational factors in interpreting another person's behavior, they:

A)are showing a self-serving bias
B)initiate a self-fulfilling prophecy
C)are making the fundamental attribution error
D)experience cognitive dissonance

Question 63

When Phil wrecked his motorcycle last month, you decided that he probably crashed because the streets were wet that day.Your decision is an example of:

A)an internal attribution
B)self-serving bias
C)cognitive dissonance
D)an external attribution

Question 64

People tend to make internal attributions for behavior when the behavior is:

A)high in consistency, but low in distinctiveness or consensus
B)high in consistency, high in distinctiveness and high in consensus
C)low in consistency, but high in distinctiveness or consensus
D)low in consistency, low in distinctiveness, and low in consensus

Question 65

When a behavior is high in consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus, people tend to:

A)make internal attributions
B)make the fundamental attribution error
C)make external attributions
D)show the self-serving bias

Question 66

Which type of attribution is a person making when a person's behavior is attributed to a personality trait or disposition?

A)internal
B)external
C)distinctiveness
D)consensus

Question 67

In trying to understand why some ethnic neighborhoods are dominated by poverty, people often infer that the residents are lazy and unmotivated.This type of inference illustrates:

A)the fundamental attribution error
B)a stable global attribution
C)inverse discrimination
D)a stable external attribution

Question 68

An external attribution occurs when individuals attribute the cause of a person's behavior to:

A)a personality trait or disposition
B)a situation in the environment
C)a factor that the individual cannot control
D)a factor that the individual can control

Question 69

When behavior is high in consistency, but low in distinctiveness or consensus, people tend to:

A)make internal attributions
B)make external attributions
C)make the fundamental attribution error
D)show the self-serving bias

Question 70

An internal attribution occurs when individuals attribute the cause of a person's behavior to:

A)a situation in the environment
B)a factor that the individual cannot control
C)a personality trait or disposition
D)a factor that the individual can control

Question 71

Elizabeth watched 20 episodes of a new television series.She thought that every one of the episodes she saw was terrible.However, all Elizabeth's friends think that this is one of the best television series of all time.In this case, most people should make:

A)an external attribution for Elizabeth's rating of the new television series
B)an internal attribution for Elizabeth's rating of the new television series
C)a situational attribution for Elizabeth's rating of the new television series
D)an attribution error in explaining Elizabeth's rating of the new television series

Question 72

Like everyone else in his botany class, Cecil is anxious just before the weekly quizzes.Based on Kelley's covariation model, in this example, there is:

A)low distinctiveness
B)low consistency
C)high consensus
D)high consistency

Question 73

When the surgeon's patient died, the intern decided the surgeon was incompetent.This illustrates:

A)an internal attribution
B)an external attribution
C)a self-serving bias
D)cognitive dissonance

Question 74

Svetlana just heard that her neighbor, Bart, was involved in an automobile accident at a nearby intersection.If Svetlana concludes that Bart's children distracted him, and this caused the accident, she has made:

A)an internal attribution
B)a self-serving attribution
C)an external attribution
D)an attributional error

Question 75

Last month, Sam wrecked his parents' new SUV.The parents decided the accident occurred because Sam is not a good driver.This illustrates:

A)an internal attribution
B)an external attribution
C)a self-serving bias
D)cognitive dissonance

Question 76

When Liz broke her leg this winter, you decided that she probably fell because of all the icy sidewalks.Your decision is an example of:

A)an internal attribution
B)self-serving bias
C)cognitive dissonance
D)an external attribution

Question 77

Another name for the fundamental attribution error is the:

A)self-serving bias
B)distinctiveness error
C)correspondence bias
D)vividness error

Question 78

John acts nervous when he talks with his psychology professor.If many other students also act nervous in that situation, the covariation model would describe the behavior as:

A)low in consistency
B)low in distinctiveness
C)high in consensus
D)high in distinctiveness

Question 79

People tend to make external attributions for behavior when the behavior is:

A)high in consistency, but low in distinctiveness or consensus
B)low in consistency, but high in distinctiveness or consensus
C)low in consistency, low in distinctiveness, and low in consensus
D)high in consistency, high in distinctiveness, and high in consensus

Question 80

Which type of attribution is a person making when a person's behavior is attributed to a situation in the environment?

A)internal
B)external
C)distinctiveness
D)consensus