Deck 18: The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity

Question 1

Which of the following are not included among the bilateria, a clade of animals with bilateral symmetry at some stage of development?

A)sea stars (Echinodermata)
B)earthworms (Annelida)
C)sea anemones (Cnidaria)
D)octopus (Mollusca)

Answer 1

C

Question 2

During the Cambrian explosion approximately 535 to 525 million years ago,

A)all modern species of animals suddenly appeared.
B)animals rapidly diversified in the oceans.
C)a massive volcanic eruption nearly wiped out life on Earth.
D)great forests produced peat layers that were later transformed into coal.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following animals displays radial symmetry?

A)a worm
B)a sea anemone
C)a fish
D)a lobster

Answer 3

B

Question 4

All animals

A)are prokaryotic.
B)are heterotrophic.
C)have cell walls made of chitin.
D)obtain food by absorption.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Arthropods have an open circulatory system, while annelids have a closed circulatory system.
B)Vertebrates have an open circulatory system, while annelids have a closed circulatory system.
C)Vertebrates have an open circulatory system, while arthropods have a closed circulatory system.
D)Annelids have an open circulatory system, while molluscs have a closed circulatory system.

Question 6

A dog's head is at its ________ end, and its belly is its ________ surface.

A)posterior; dorsal
B)anterior; dorsal
C)posterior; ventral
D)anterior; ventral

Question 7

Animals directly evolved from

A)plants.
B)protists.
C)fungi.
D)bacteria.

Question 8

The ________ is a flagellated cell that sweeps water through a sponge's body.

A)choanocyte
B)amoebocyte
C)spicule
D)spongin

Question 9

In protostomes,

A)the opening formed during gastrulation becomes the mouth.
B)the opening formed during gastrulation becomes the anus.
C)there is no body cavity.
D)there is no endoderm.

Question 10

Organisms with true radial symmetry

A)have their sense organs, mouth, and brain clustered in the head.
B)tend to be highly mobile.
C)do not have a distinct head region and tend to be sedentary or passive drifters.
D)can be divided into two matching halves along only one plane.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about deuterostomes is true?

A)Deuterostomes lack true tissues.
B)Deuterostomes have only two tissue layers.
C)The opening that forms during deuterostome gastrulation becomes the anus.
D)The opening that forms during deuterostome gastrulation becomes the mouth.

Question 12

A typical sponge is best described as

A)a slow-moving suspension feeder with a true coelom.
B)a sessile suspension feeder with bilateral symmetry.
C)a slow-moving carnivore with no true tissues or symmetry.
D)a sessile suspension feeder with no true tissues or body symmetry.

Question 13

Which of the following is considered a likely explanation for the events of the Cambrian explosion?

A)Complex predator-prey relationships and increased atmospheric oxygen levels promoted animal diversification.
B)A great surge of volcanic activity was triggered by significant movements of the continental plates and possibly by an asteroid impact.
C)Solar flares led to increased UV radiation intensity, which in turn promoted a high rate of mutation. This led to rapid diversification of animals.
D)The massive growth of swamp vegetation depleted the atmosphere's carbon dioxide and eventually cooled the Earth's climate.

Question 14

The locomotive behavior of earthworms is enabled by contraction of their longitudinal and circular muscles; this is seen through their typical burrowing behavior. Nematodes, however, contract their longitudinal muscles against the pressure of fluid in their bodies to produce a whiplike motion that enables them to move. Suppose you place an earthworm and a nematode in a watery solution. Which do you think would be able to move more easily, and why?

A)the earthworm, because it uses two sets of muscles to help it move through the watery solution
B)the nematode, because its whiplike motion will easily propel it through the watery solution
C)the earthworm, because it can contract and expand its muscles to burrow down through the watery solution
D)the nematode, because it can move its paddle-like appendages on its segments to help it move through the watery solution

Question 15

Which of the following are not included among the eumetazoans that have true tissues?

A)sea stars (Echinodermata)
B)earthworms (Annelida)
C)sea anemones (Cnidaria)
D)sponges (Porifera)

Question 16

How do sponges transport nutrients within their bodies?

A)They have simple digestive and circulatory systems composed of spongin.
B)They rely on diffusion to move nutrients between their cells.
C)Their mobile amoebocytes transport food molecules from cell to cell.
D)They are not able to transport nutrients within their bodies but must independently absorb all necessary nutrients from the surrounding water.

Question 17

Typical animal embryos have ________, or external cell layer, and ________, which lines the digestive tract.

A)an ectoderm; a blastula
B)an ectoderm; an endoderm
C)an endoderm; an ectoderm
D)a mesoderm; a gastrula

Question 18

Which of the following items demonstrates radial symmetry?

A)a glove
B)a tennis racket
C)a pair of sunglasses
D)an apple pie

Question 19

Most of the animals alive today

A)are vertebrates.
B)are invertebrates.
C)are choanoflagellates.
D)are really colonies of protist cells.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true of a typical animal?

A)Homeotic genes play important roles in the development of the organism from zygote to adult.
B)The organism requires carbon dioxide as an essential nutrient.
C)The cell walls are diverse in structure but are composed of chitin.
D)The haploid larvae develop into diploid adults.

Question 21

The most numerous, diverse, and widespread animals are the

A)Arthropoda.
B)Mollusca.
C)Annelida.
D)Chordata.

Question 22

________ are soil-dwellers; ________ are mostly marine; and ________ mostly inhabit fresh water.

A)Earthworms; leeches; annelids
B)Earthworms; leeches; polychaetes
C)Earthworms; polychaetes; leeches
D)Polychaetes; earthworms; leeches

Question 23

You find a wormlike, soft-bodied adult animal in a mudflat. It is bilaterally symmetrical, is segmented, has a true coelom, and has a complete digestive tract. Based on these characteristics, what phylum does the animal represent?

A)Cnidaria
B)Platyhelminthes
C)Nematoda
D)Annelida

Question 24

Which of the following statements regarding cnidarians is true?

A)Cnidarians have three true tissue layers.
B)The digestive and circulatory compartment of cnidarians is called the gastrovascular cavity.
C)The more stationary cnidarian body form, which is cylindrical with a ring of tentacles, is the medusa.
D)Cnidarians are herbivores and can be destructive grazers on seaweeds.

Question 25

Which of the following groups includes both spiders and horseshoe crabs?

A)millipedes
B)crustaceans
C)chelicerates
D)insects

Question 26

The digestive tract of a nematode is most like which of the following?

A)a sock
B)a soda straw
C)a cup
D)a baseball

Question 27

Which of the following groups has a series of similar segments that make up most of the body?

A)millipedes
B)crustaceans
C)scorpions
D)insects

Question 28

Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)are ________ and typically have ________.

A)radially symmetrical; no digestive system
B)bilaterally symmetrical; a gastrovascular cavity with one opening
C)bilaterally symmetrical; a complete digestive tract with a mouth and anus
D)all parasites; no digestive system

Question 29

Which adaptation is a key characteristic of annelids that greatly increases their flexibility and mobility?

A)complete digestive tract
B)exoskeleton
C)segmentation
D)three true tissue layers

Question 30

Animals that are segmented and have jointed appendages and an exoskeleton are members of the phylum

A)Platyhelminthes.
B)Annelida.
C)Cnidaria.
D)Arthropoda.

Question 31

You inflate a balloon and let it go. It shoots away as air exits forcefully through the balloon's narrow opening. This most closely resembles the mode of movement seen in

A)sea anemones.
B)snails.
C)squid.
D)nematodes.

Question 32

Tapeworms are similar to fungi in that

A)they have cell walls made of chitin.
B)they are sessile autotrophs.
C)they feed by absorption.
D)they inhabit marine, damp terrestrial, and freshwater habitats.

Question 33

Coral reefs are

A)shells of Mollusca that have been converted to rock by geological processes.
B)hard external skeletons secreted by coral animals (Cnidaria).
C)marine rocks that often are used as attachment places by Cnidaria.
D)hardened sugars that are secreted by algae.

Question 34

Which of the following is a typical characteristic of molluscs?

A)a gastrovascular cavity with only one opening
B)a sessile lifestyle
C)an internal skeleton and segmented body plan
D)a rasping organ called the radula

Question 35

While wading in the ocean, you look down into the water and notice an umbrella-shaped, translucent animal. It swims by pulsing its body, and long tentacles trail behind it. One of them brushes your leg. Ouch! You feel a burning sensation where it touched you. To what phylum does this creature probably belong?

A)Porifera
B)Cnidaria
C)Platyhelminthes
D)Mollusca

Question 36

A bilaterally symmetrical, wormlike animal that has a complete digestive tract and a cuticle could be a member of which of the following phyla?

A)Cnidaria
B)Annelida
C)Nematoda
D)Chordata

Question 37

Most adult insects have three major body parts or sections. They are the

A)head, body, and legs.
B)head, thorax, and abdomen.
C)antennae, head, and abdomen.
D)legs, wings, and body.

Question 38

An organism that can fly and has an exoskeleton must be

A)a member of the Chordata.
B)an echinoderm.
C)an insect.
D)a polychaete.

Question 39

Which mollusc group includes primarily sedentary animals that use mucus-coated gills to trap fine food particles?

A)cephalopods
B)gastropods
C)chitons
D)bivalves

Question 40

While walking in your basement, you hear a crunching noise and notice that you have stepped on an organism. You look closely and see part of a segmented body and a few jointed appendages. What phylum does this animal represent?

A)Echinodermata
B)Annelida
C)Arthropoda
D)Chordata

Question 41

Which of the following correctly lists organisms from least complex in overall development to most complex?

A)hydras, sponges, lobsters, clams, tunicates
B)sponges, hydras, clams, lobsters, tunicates
C)sponges, clams, lobsters, tunicates, hydras
D)clams, sponges, hydras, tunicates, lobsters

Question 42

Which of the following phyla is most closely related to echinoderms?

A)Annelida
B)Mollusca
C)Arthropoda
D)Chordata

Question 43

Which of the following statements about tunicates indicates that these animals are chordates?

A)Larvae show segmentation, radial symmetry, and a pseudocoelom.
B)Larvae have a dorsal hollow nerve cord, a post-anal tail, pharyngeal slits, and a notochord.
C)Larvae and adults both have a true coelom.
D)Tunicates have tube feet and a water vascular system.

Question 44

You find a small, elongated animal embedded in the sand with one end sticking out. Among other things, it has segmental musculature, a coelom, a notochord, and a complete digestive tract with an anus located partway down the body. This animal is

A)an annelid.
B)a larval echinoderm.
C)either a larval echinoderm or a chordate.
D)a chordate.

Question 45

Complete metamorphosis is considered to occur in a species

A)if the larva and adult have different diets.
B)if the larva and adult live in different habitats.
C)if a pupation stage separates the larval and adult stages.
D)if the adult has wings, but the larva does not.

Question 46

The traits that are unique to insects and have probably contributed to their diversity and success include

A)small body size, an exoskeleton, and sexual reproduction.
B)flight, short generation times, and complex life cycles including complete metamorphosis.
C)the exoskeleton, an open circulatory system, and jointed appendages.
D)the presence of four or more pairs of legs, an exoskeleton, and a water-resistant cuticle.

Question 47

According to the "new" revised phylogeny based on genetic analyses, annelids are a member of the Lophotrochozoa and are most closely related to which of the following groups?

A)echinoderms
B)molluscs
C)cnidarians
D)arthropods

Question 48

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Cnidarians have no true tissues and are filter feeders, while flatworms have true tissues and a gastrovascular cavity.
B)Nematodes have no true tissues and are filter feeders, while chordates have true tissues and a gastrovascular cavity.
C)Molluscs have no true tissues and are filter feeders, while cnidarians have true tissues and a gastrovascular cavity.
D)Sponges have no true tissues and are filter feeders, while cnidarians have true tissues and a gastrovascular cavity.

Question 49

According to recent genetic research, the complexity of an organism

A)is directly correlated with the number of protein-coding genes in its genome.
B)is inversely related to the number of protein-coding genes in its genome.
C)has more to do with how genes are used than with which genes are present.
D)is not related to genes or development, so it must have another source.

Question 50

Which of the following features is unique to chordates?

A)bilateral symmetry
B)a coelom
C)a notochord
D)a complete digestive tract including an anus

Question 51

Which of the following is an invertebrate chordate?

A)lancelets
B)snakes
C)sharks
D)sea urchins

Question 52

The symmetry of echinoderms generally includes

A)radially symmetrical larvae and adults.
B)bilaterally symmetrical larvae and adults.
C)bilaterally symmetrical larvae and radially symmetrical adults.
D)radially symmetrical larvae and bilaterally symmetrical adults.

Question 53

Invertebrate diversity contributes to all of the following except

A)medicines.
B)food sources for humans.
C)bioremediation.
D)cosmetics.

Question 54

The insect body plan includes many groups of serially repeated units. For example, there are typically three pairs of legs, one on each of the three segments of the thorax. Which of the following options best describes how these pairs of legs develop and evolve?

A)A single gene controls the development of all six legs. Thus within a species, all three pairs of legs are identical.
B)The leg pairs all influence each other during development. Gene products move by diffusion from one segment to the other. Therefore, it is impossible to alter the development and form of one pair of legs without causing similar changes in the other two pairs of legs.
C)The body parts develop in a modular fashion. Therefore, a genetic change could alter the development of one pair of limbs without noticeably changing the rest of the insect's body plan.
D)The leg pairs grow under the control of an ancient set of highly conserved genes. Therefore, all insects have more or less identical legs. Other parts of the insect body plan can evolve somewhat more freely.

Question 55

The flexible, longitudinal rod that is located between the digestive tract and the nerve cord in chordates is called the

A)spinal cord.
B)notochord.
C)dorsal, hollow nerve cord.
D)spine.

Question 56

To be characterized as a chordate, an organism must

A)display all four key characteristics of Chordata in both the larval and adult stages.
B)possess a backbone in at least one life stage.
C)possess a backbone in both the larval and adult stages.
D)display each of the four key characteristics of the chordates at some point in the life cycle.

Question 57

Which of the following exhibits bilateral symmetry?

A)a butterfly
B)a sponge
C)a sea anemone
D)a pair of hands

Question 58

Which of the following is a unique feature of echinoderms?

A)bilateral symmetry
B)a water vascular system
C)radial symmetry
D)a deuterostome pattern of development

Question 59

Traditional animal phylogenetic trees and the most recent molecular phylogenetic trees have many similarities. Which is a feature of the recent trees that was not present in the traditional phylogeny?

A)the placement of Echinodermata and Chordata together in a clade of deuterostomes
B)the status of sponges as the first group to diverge from the other animals
C)the grouping of nematodes and arthropods into a clade called the Ecdysozoa
D)the grouping of all bilaterally symmetric animals within a single clade

Question 60

Different species of brittle stars (echinoderms)have different feeding mechanisms. When a species of brittle star feeds by using tentacle-like appendages to capture large food particles, it is using which of the following feeding mechanisms?

A)radula for feeding
B)suspension feeding
C)clawlike appendages for feeding
D)nectar feeding

Question 61

Complete the analogy: A cuticle is to a nematode as a/an ________ is to a/an ________.

A)sock; shoe
B)raincoat; human
C)collar; dog
D)earring; ear

Question 62

Which part of this figure shows the thorax segment of the lobster?

A)structure A
B)structure B
C)structure C
D)structure D

Question 63

Cassiopeia is a marine organism with a medusa body that has an unusual orientation: It floats upside-down. It also has a distinct coloration that is due to algae that live between the epidermis (outer)layer and gastrodermis (inner layer that lines the digestive cavity)of the Cassiopeia. The algae provide food for the Cassiopeia, and the Cassiopeia's orientation provides sunlight to the algae for photosynthesis. Cassiopeia is a/an ________, and the Cassiopeia and the algae have a ________ relationship.

A)mollusc; mychorrizal
B)arthropod; symbiotic
C)cnidarian; symbiotic
D)echinoderm; symbiotic

Question 64

Suppose you use a dissecting microscope to observe organisms that have colonized discs of densely packed, fibrous wood (Masonite plates)that have been submerged in 6 inches of lake water for eight weeks. You see insect cases (protective shelters), insect larvae, and newly emerged insects with wings. You determine that you are looking at an insect species

A)that undergoes incomplete metamorphosis.
B)that undergoes complete metamorphosis.
C)with a body plan of radial symmetry.
D)with complete digestive tracts.

Question 65

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Corals belong to phylum Cnidaria. The reefs themselves are made up of millions of polyps, each of which secretes a calcium carbonate skeleton that becomes part of the reef structure. Corals, which are attached to the reef as adults, have free-swimming larvae that develop into new polyps.
Corals are actually colorless. The brilliant colors that are visible on the reef come from the zooxanthellae (microscopic algae) that live within their body tissues. The zooxanthellae and corals have a symbiotic relationship in which corals provide carbon dioxide and mineral nutrients (released as wastes from coral digestion) to the zooxanthellae. The zooxanthellae perform photosynthesis. Photosynthesis produces nutrients (in the form of sugars) for the coral and also releases oxygen. This relationship supplements energy from predation and allows corals to survive in clear tropical water, even though these areas have very low nutrient levels.
Corals supplement the energy they receive from the zooxanthellae by capturing prey with their

A)amoebocytes.
B)cnidocytes.
C)choanocytes.
D)osteocytes.

Question 66

Use the figure below to answer the questions that follow.
.

Which group of animals is the most diverse?

A)Sponges
B)Deuterostomes
C)Bilaterians
D)Eumetazoans

Question 67

Caddisflies are insects that lay their eggs on the bottom of streams. The eggs mature into larvae, and eventually the larvae pupate, move to the surface of the stream, shed their pupal membranes, and emerge as winged adults. Caddisflies demonstrate

A)incomplete metamorphosis.
B)complete metamorphosis.
C)alteration of generations.
D)animal diversification.

Question 68

Use the figure below to answer the questions that follow.
.

Which phyla of animals are most closely related?

A)Chordates and Nematodes
B)Flatworms and Molluscs
C)Sponges and Chordates
D)Arthropods and Annelids

Question 69

Which of the following are threats to the biodiversity of invertebrates?

A)habitat destruction
B)non-native (invasive)species
C)habitat degradation
D)habitat destruction, non-native (invasive)species, habitat degradation

Question 70

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Corals belong to phylum Cnidaria. The reefs themselves are made up of millions of polyps, each of which secretes a calcium carbonate skeleton that becomes part of the reef structure. Corals, which are attached to the reef as adults, have free-swimming larvae that develop into new polyps.
Corals are actually colorless. The brilliant colors that are visible on the reef come from the zooxanthellae (microscopic algae) that live within their body tissues. The zooxanthellae and corals have a symbiotic relationship in which corals provide carbon dioxide and mineral nutrients (released as wastes from coral digestion) to the zooxanthellae. The zooxanthellae perform photosynthesis. Photosynthesis produces nutrients (in the form of sugars) for the coral and also releases oxygen. This relationship supplements energy from predation and allows corals to survive in clear tropical water, even though these areas have very low nutrient levels.
What advantage do free-swimming larvae confer on reef-building corals?

A)providing reef-building corals with a defense against fishes and other predators
B)allowing reef-building corals to establish colonies in the deep ocean
C)increasing survival since coral larvae have exoskeletons of chitin
D)allowing reef-building corals to expand their populations into new habitats

Question 71

Suppose that the bottom of an ocean floor is disrupted, and bits of algae along with other bottom-dwelling microorganisms are scattered about into the ocean water. Which organism would be able to take the best advantage of this temporary food source?

A)sponges
B)cnidarians
C)parasitic flatworms
D)soil-dwelling nematodes

Question 72

Which part of this figure shows the tube feet of the starfish?

A)structure A
B)structure B
C)structure C
D)structure D