Deck 6: Gender and Delinquency

Question 1

To illustrate support for the chivalry hypothesis, its proponents point to data showing that even though women make up about 20 percent of arrestees, they account for less than ______ percent of inmates.

A)5
B)13
C)35
D)50

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In a 1928 work, The Unadjusted Girl, W. I. Thomas suggested that some girls who have not been socialized under middle-class family controls can become:

A)introverted psychopaths
B)isolated from their peers
C)overly concerned with male peers
D)impulsive thrill seekers

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Girls who reach puberty at an earlier age were viewed as being at a higher risk for delinquency because:

A)they were teased by their classmates
B)they were socially isolated
C)their hormones were off balance
D)they had more contact with older boys

Answer 3

D

Question 4

According to Bem's _____________________, our culture polarizes males and females by forcing them to obey mutually exclusive gender roles, or "scripts."

A)gender schema theory
B)chivalry hypothesis
C)psychodynamic theory
D)power control theory

Question 5

Which of the following statements about gender differences and delinquency is false?

A)Among males, early offending is highly correlated with later misbehavior
B)Males seem more aggressive and less likely to form attachments to others
C)Females view aggression as an appropriate means to gain status
D)Females are more likely to be influenced by current levels of social support than they are by their early history of antisocial behavior

Question 6

With the publication in 1895 of his book The Female Offender, ____________ extended his pioneering work on criminality to females.

A)Freud
B)Lombroso
C)Thomas
D)Burt

Question 7

According to the _______________________, females first use their sexual charms to instigate crime and then beguile males in the criminal justice system to get preferential treatment.

A)gender schema theory
B)chivalry hypothesis
C)psychodynamic theory
D)power control theory

Question 8

There are some neurological differences between males and females; females are _____-brain oriented while males are _____-brain oriented.

A)left, right
B)right, left
C)left, center
D)front, rear

Question 9

According to ___________________, female criminality is overlooked or forgiven by males in the criminal justice system.

A)gender schema theory
B)chivalry hypothesis
C)psychodynamic theory
D)power control theory

Question 10

Which of the following best describes Lombroso's view of female criminality?

A)females committed less crime because of their higher intelligence and virtue
B)females committed less crime because of their higher status and education in society
C)females committed more crime because of their piety and maternal instincts
D)in appearance, delinquent females appeared closer to men than to other women

Question 11

According to _________________, female delinquency is linked to the wish for luxury and excitement.

A)W. I. Thomas
B)Freud
C)Lombroso
D)Courtright

Question 12

In 2008, of the 900 juveniles arrested for murder, only _____ were female.

A)25
B)65
C)213
D)309

Question 13

Freud contends that females suffer from __________________, which produces an inferiority complex in girls, forcing them to compensate for their "defect."

A)math phobia
B)gender identity disorder
C)psychosis nirvana
D)penis envy

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true concerning gender socializing and aggression?

A)Males display relational aggression.
B)Men are more likely to feel distressed, experiencing sadness and anxiety.
C)Females display relational aggression.
D)Men are more likely to be the victims of physical and sexual abuse.

Question 15

According to some _____________ theorists, gender differences in the delinquency rate can be explained by inborn differences in aggression.

A)personality
B)psychodynamic
C)biosocial
D)socialization

Question 16

In her study of gang girls in East Los Angeles, Moore found that close to _______ percent of the girls she interviewed were afraid of their fathers.

A)50
B)70
C)30
D)20

Question 17

In 1925, Cyril Burt:

A)found that females are more aggressive than males.
B)linked female delinquency to menstruation.
C)found no association between female delinquency and menstruation.
D)found the majority of females who experience menstruation related anxiety engage in crime.

Question 18

According to ________________________, women who commit crimes have biological and psychological traits similar to men.

A)gender schema
B)the chivalry hypothesis
C)the masculinity hypothesis
D)power control theory

Question 19

Which of the following statements is false concerning gender differences in cognition?

A)Males acquire language faster.
B)Females are superior in verbal ability.
C)Males test higher in visual spatial performance.
D)Females are less likely to have reading problems.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about female violence is false?

A)the majority of girl's violence is directed at same sex peers
B)girls fight more frequently at home with parents than do boys
C)girls in disadvantaged neighborhoods are more likely to perpetrate violence against others
D)girls associated with primarily male gangs exhibit less violence than those in all-female gangs

Question 21

Male delinquency is increasing at a faster rate than female delinquency, especially for crimes of violence.

Question 22

According to the _______________ feminist view, male exploitation acts as a trigger for female delinquent behavior.

A)liberal
B)critical
C)multiracial
D)radical

Question 23

According to _____________________ theory, gender differences in delinquency rates are a function of class differences that influence family life.

A)power-control
B)gender schema
C)liberal feminist
D)radical feminist

Question 24

Which of the following families is most likely to produce daughters whose law-violating behaviors mirror those of their brothers?

A)paternalistic families
B)maternalistic families
C)egalitarian families
D)fundamentalist families

Question 25

Girls are often stereotyped as talkative, and research supports that hypothesis.

Question 26

The androgen most often related to antisocial behavior is testosterone.

Question 27

Girls associated with primarily male gangs exhibit less violence than those in all female gangs.

Question 28

Which of the following families is most likely to produce daughters whose law-violating behaviors mirror those of their brothers?

A)paternalistic families
B)maternalistic families
C)egalitarian families
D)fundamentalist families

Question 29

Today more than ever, criminologists portray female delinquents as "fallen women" who were exploited by men and involved in illicit sexual activities.

Question 30

Females display more self-control than males, a factor that has been related to criminality.

Question 31

Which of the following social thinkers is not closely associated with biological explanations of delinquency?

A)Cyril Burt
B)Cesare Lombroso
C)Augusta Bronner
D)Jody Miller

Question 32

The gender gap in crime and delinquency arrest has remained unchanged over the last 20 years.

Question 33

According to _____________________, females are less delinquent than males because their social roles provide fewer opportunities to commit crimes.

A)liberal feminists
B)radical feminists
C)psychodynamic theory
D)Marxist theory

Question 34

According to socialization models, men are much more likely to feel distressed than women.

Question 35

Some biosocial experts believe that females are more aggressive because they have evolved that way to secure more mates.

Question 36

Adler argued that female delinquency would be affected by:

A)male supremacy
B)the cognitive development of girls
C)particular female traits
D)the changing roles of women

Question 37

According to the text, which of the following statements about gender and the juvenile justice system is false?

A)girls are far more likely than boys to be picked up by police for status offenses
B)once in the system, girls tend to receive fewer benefits and services than their male counterparts
C)police are more likely to arrest female adolescents for sexual activity
D)girls are less likely than boys to receive the harshest sanction available

Question 38

In _________________ families, fathers are the breadwinners and mothers stay home or have menial jobs.

A)paternalistic
B)matriarchal
C)materialistic
D)egalitarian

Question 39

According to liberal feminists, increasing female offending patterns are caused by:

A)hormone levels
B)experiences of abuse
C)an environment in which the roles of girls and boys converge
D)exploitation of females by fathers and husbands

Question 40

Girls fight more frequently at home with parents than do boys.

Question 41

Psychologist Janey Shibley Hyde, found that men and women are basically more alike than different on critical psychological variables; she refers to her finding as the __________________________ hypothesis.

Question 42

There are cognitive differences between adolescent males and females; girls have been found to be superior in ______________ , while boys test higher in math.

Question 43

In egalitarian families, the husbands assume the role of breadwinners and mothers remain at home; mothers are expected to control the behavior of daughters while giving sons greater freedom.

Question 44

Chesney-Lind's study found that police are more likely to arrest female adolescents for sexual activity and to ignore the same behavior among male adolescents.

Question 45

Early theorists linked _______________ sexuality to female criminality.

Question 46

According to the ____________________, women who commit crimes have biological and psychological traits similar to men.

Question 47

According to liberal feminists, gender inequality stems from the unequal power of men and women in a capitalist society.

Question 48

According to W.I. Thomas, female delinquency is linked to a wish for luxury and excitement.

Question 49

In 1925, Cyril Burt linked female delinquency to _____________________.

Question 50

Liberal feminists hold that gender inequality stems from the unequal power of men and women.

Question 51

In patriarchal families, the husband and wife share similar positions of power at home and in the workplace; daughters gain a kind of freedom that reflects reduced parental control.

Question 52

According to Freud, psychological conflict in girls was caused by ____________, which resulted in an inferiority complex in girls.

Question 53

Girls seem to be more deeply affected than boys by child abuse, and the link between abuse and female delinquency seems strong than it is for male delinquency.

Question 54

The ___________________ is the view that low female crime and delinquency rates are a reflection of the leniency with which police treat female offenders.

Question 55

_____________________ theory is a theory of development that holds that children internalize gender scripts that reflect the gender-related social practices of the culture.

Question 56

In paternalistic families, the husbands assume the role of breadwinners and mothers remain at home; mothers are expected to control the behavior of daughters while giving sons greater freedom.

Question 57

Moore's study of gang girls in East Los Angeles found that about 30 percent of the females reported that family members made sexual advances towards them.

Question 58

Critical feminists argue that, as the roles of women change, so will their crime patterns.

Question 59

The _________________ brain is believed to control spatial relations.

Question 60

Early criminologists viewed the female offender as an aberration who engaged in crimes that usually had a _________________ connotation.

Question 61

Compare and contrast early biological and early psychological explanations of female delinquency.

Question 62

Identify and discuss the masculinity hypothesis.

Question 63

Discuss the gender differences in the juvenile justice system presented in the text.

Question 64

Serious female delinquents have been found to have a relatively high incidence of ______________________ traits, an affective disorder described by a lack of remorse or shame, poor judgment, failure to learn by experience, and chronic lying.

Question 65

The U.S. strengthened the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 in 2005 with the inclusion of a $360-million funding package. The package expanded the ______________ program, a nation-wide initiative that helps law enforcement agents pursue sex traffickers and child prostitution rings.

Question 66

According to _______________________, gender differences in delinquency rates are a function of class differences and economic conditions that influence the structure of family life.

Question 67

Research surveys have found that ______ percent of adolescent girls are sexually harassed in school.

Question 68

In ________________ families, husbands and wives share the power at home; liberties and controls are equal for sons and daughters.

Question 69

John Hagan and associates have speculated that gender differences in delinquency are a function of ________________ differences that influence family life.

Question 70

_____________________ feminists believe female delinquency originates with the onset of male supremacy, the subordination of women, male aggression, and the efforts of men to control females sexually.

Question 71

The androgen most often related to antisocial behavior is ____________________.

Question 72

Identify and discuss gender differences in development. Be sure to focus your answer on socialization, cognitive, and personality differences.

Question 73

In ________________ families, fathers are the bread winners of the family and mothers stay home. Mothers are expected to control the behavior of their daughters while granting freedoms to their sons.

Question 74

The ___________________ perspective examines the structure of economic conditions and traditional sex roles that limit female opportunities.

Question 75

Compare and contrast liberal and critical feminist views on female delinquency.