Deck 9: Schools and Delinquency

Question 1

According to the profile developed by the U.S. Secret Service, school shootings:

A)are most often spontaneous, unplanned events
B)most often involve the worst academic performers as the shooters
C)involve shooters that are most often members of a racial minority group
D)involve shooters with a history of being bullied

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Academic tracking refers to:

A)school monitoring student performance to identify students that need help
B)recording where students end up five years after graduation
C)dividing students into groups according to ability and achievement level
D)identifying patterns of delinquency and victimization inside schools

Answer 2

C

Question 3

According to the text, schools with fewer behavioral problems in the student body are characterized by:

A)high-achieving students
B)laissez-faire discipline
C)absent parents
D)dress codes

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Policies that mandate specific consequences or punishments for delinquent acts and do not allow anyone to avoid these consequences are referred to as:

A)zero tolerance policies
B)restorative policies
C)retributive policies
D)balanced policies

Question 5

Which of the following statements about bullying is false?

A)Studies of bullying suggest that there are short- and long-term consequences for both the perpetrators and the victims of bullying
B)Studies suggest that chronically victimized students may, as adults, be at increased risk for depression, poor self-esteem, and other mental health problems
C)Studies suggest that bullying may be a critical risk factor in the development of future problems with violence and delinquency
D)Studies suggest that victims of bullying in early grades are less likely to be bullied later

Question 6

In Marvin Wolfgang's Philadelphia cohort study, those who were more likely to become involved in chronic delinquency:

A)were raised in two-parent households
B)had few disciplinary actions compared to nonoffenders
C)had diagnosed learning disabilities
D)left school without a diploma

Question 7

Today, more than 90 percent of school-aged children attend school, compared to only _____ percent in 1890.

A)7
B)23
C)42
D)57

Question 8

According to the text, about _____ percent of schools use random metal detectors.

A)15
B)10
C)8
D)22

Question 9

There are three independent views on the association between school failure and delinquency which of the following statements does not reflect one of these three views?

A)school failure is unrelated to delinquency
B)school failure is a direct cause of delinquent behavior
C)school failure leads to emotional and psychological problems that are the actual cause of antisocial behavior
D)school failure and delinquency share a common cause: social and personal problems

Question 10

According to the National Center for Education Statistics, about ______ students are killed at school each year.

A)35
B)15
C)45
D)25

Question 11

Police need _________________ before they can conduct a search, but educators can legally search students when there are reasonable grounds to believe the students have violated the law or broken school rules.

A)a hunch
B)mere suspicion
C)circumstantial evidence
D)probable cause

Question 12

Which of the following statements about tracking and school failure is true?

A)studies indicate that non-college-track students experience progressive deterioration of achievement
B)studies indicate non-college-track students experience less academic failure
C)studies indicate non-college-track students participate more in extracurricular activities
D)studies indicate non-college-track students have a decreased tendency to drop out

Question 13

Cohen contends that delinquency among lower class youths is a result of their poor preparation and socialization to function in schools. According to Cohen they essentially failed to live up to:

A)the final cut
B)par
C)standards of decency
D)middle-class measuring rods

Question 14

Which of the following statements about school shooters is true?

A)about 50 percent of all reported school shooters are minority group members
B)in most cases, there was no action (e.g., no notes or threats) indicating risk of violence prior to the school shootings
C)most school shooters have a significant, underlying mental disorder
D)school shooters typically develop a plan of attach well in advance

Question 15

Which of the following groups is reported to have the highest percentage of dropouts in 2007?

A)African Americans
B)Whites
C)Hispanics
D)Asians

Question 16

According to the text, which of the following statements about kids who bring guns to school is false?

A)many of the kids that bring guns to school have a history of being abused and bullied
B)many of the kids that bring guns to school have been the victims of crime themselves
C)many of the kids that bring guns to school perceive a lack of support from peer, parents, and teachers
D)many of the kids that bring guns to school hang with peers who do not carry weapons

Question 17

A school-based prevention program based on behavioral strategies is most likely to involve:

A)increasing students' awareness about the dangers of drug abuse and delinquency
B)improving students' psychological assets and self-image to give them the resources to resist antisocial behavior
C)training students in techniques to resist peer pressure
D)treating youths who have already manifested problems

Question 18

Over time the overall drop out rate is:

A)increasing
B)decreasing
C)staying the same
D)still not measured by US school officials

Question 19

Schools can drug test student athletes according to the United States Supreme Court decision in:

A)New Jersey v. T.L.O.
B)Goss v. Lopez
C)Vernonia School District v. Acton
D)Ingraham v. Wright

Question 20

According to the National Center for Educational Statistics, what percentage of public schools report at least one violent crime occurred at their school?

A)22 percent
B)86 percent
C)48 percent
D)62 percent

Question 21

In the 1986 case, Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser, the Supreme court upheld a school system's right to:

A)discipline a student who uses obscene or profane language and gestures
B)censor active speech when deemed inappropriate by the school principal
C)allow school prayer before classes began
D)provide space for an after-school Bible club

Question 22

African American youth educated in states where a higher proportion of their classmates are European American experience significantly higher incarcerations rates as adults.

Question 23

Which of the following best describes the United States Supreme Court ruling in Santa Fe Independent School District, Petitioner v. Jane Doe?

A)The Court upheld students' right to active speech
B)The Court ruled that schools can drug test student athletes
C)The Court upheld a school system's right to discipline a student who uses obscene or profane language and gestures
D)The Court ruled that prayers led by an "elected" student undermines the protection of minority viewpoints

Question 24

Family dysfunction increases the chances of dropping out of school among all racial and ethnic groups.

Question 25

In Goss v. Lopez, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that:

A)school systems have a right to drug test all athletes
B)any time a student is to be suspended for up to ten days he or she is entitled to a hearing
C)high school students have a constitutional right to use active speech
D)teachers have the right to use corporal punishment to discipline their students

Question 26

Experts have concluded that many of the underlying problems of delinquency are connected with the nature and quality of the school experience.

Question 27

____________________ is a form of expression protected by the First Amendment but not associated with actually speaking words.

A)Active speech
B)Passive speech
C)Interpretive speech
D)Expressive speech

Question 28

The 1969 Supreme Court case of Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District is the most important case concerning:

A)the censorship of articles in student publications
B)a student's right to pray in school
C)a student's right to passive speech
D)a student's right to active speech

Question 29

Only 9 percent of the chronic offenders in Wolfgang's Philadelphia cohort study graduated from high school, compared to 74 percent of non-offenders.

Question 30

Which of the following Acts restricts the disclosure of personal student information without parental consent?

A)Taft Hartley Act
B)Bartley-Fox Act
C)Gramm-Newman Act
D)Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act

Question 31

According to the text, almost half of all female dropouts left school because they were pregnant or had already given birth.

Question 32

Researchers find that school failure is a stronger predictor of delinquency than variables such as economic class, race/ethnic background, or peer-group relations.

Question 33

African American students drop out at a lower rate than European American students.

Question 34

In _________________________ (2001), the Supreme Court required an upstate New York school district to provide space for an after-school Bible club for elementary students.

A)Good News Club v. Milford Central School
B)Vernonia School District v. Acton
C)Goss v. Lopez
D)Ingraham v. Wright

Question 35

Academic tracking is an effective method for providing academic success to all students in a school.

Question 36

What legal doctrine gives the schools the right to assume some of the duties of parents, including discipline?

A)in loco parentis
B)in prayentis mantis
C)educatum primus
D)investiture

Question 37

In a 1988 case, Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, the Court extended the right of school officials to censor active speech when it ruled that the principal could censor articles in a student:

A)student term paper
B)school-sponsored publication
C)off campus website
D)off campus billboard adjacent to campus

Question 38

Delinquency has been associated with low self-control and impulsivity, traits that also may produce school failure.

Question 39

Which of the following best describes the United States Supreme Court ruling in Ingraham v. Wright concerning corporal punishment in schools?

A)the eighth amendment prohibits corporal punishment in schools
B)neither the Eighth nor the Fourteenth Amendment was violated by a teacher's use of corporal punishment to discipline students
C)the court ruled that only reasonable discipline is allowed in schools
D)corporal punishment in schools is legal in only 3 states

Question 40

According to the text, high school dropouts are more likely to stay out of prisons than those who have a high school diploma.

Question 41

A recent study that examined all 220 school-related shootings occurring between July 1, 1994 and June 30, 1999, found that most were suicides.

Question 42

Dividing students into groups according to their ability and achievement levels is called _____________________.

Question 43

A recent study conducted by the American Civil Liberties Union and Human Rights Watch found that students with disabilities were the least likely to receive corporal punishment at school.

Question 44

One common strategy of school-based delinquency prevention programs focus on _________________ strategies. These strategies seek to improve students' psychological assets and self image, giving them the resources to resist antisocial behavior.

Question 45

According to the text, over 50 percent of students are bullied in school.

Question 46

It is possible that school-based crimes have a " ____________________;" that is, striking back against a weaker victim is a method of regaining lost possessions or self-respect.

Question 47

In the 1984 United States Supreme Court case New Jersey v. T.L.O. the court ruled that students were protected against unreasonable searches and seizures, but that school personnel are not bound by the same restrictions as police officers.

Question 48

A school-based prevention program that trains students in techniques to resist peer pressure is utilizing ____________________ strategies.

Question 49

In Goss v. Lopez, the Supreme Court rules that any time a student is to be suspended for up to ten days, he or she is entitled to a hearing.

Question 50

According to the text, the most frequent motivation behind school shootings is revenge.

Question 51

According to the text, only 25 percent of schools control access to school buildings by locking or monitoring doors.

Question 52

One common strategy of school-based delinquency prevention programs focus on _________________ strategies. These strategies seek to increase students' awareness about the dangers of drug abuse and delinquency.

Question 53

Cohen contends that delinquency among lower class youths is a result of their poor preparation and socialization to function in schools. According to Cohen they essentially failed to live up to ____________________________.

Question 54

According to the United States Supreme Court, to justify prohibiting a form of speech or expression of opinion, the school must be able to show that the forbidden conduct will substantially interfere with the discipline required to operate the school.

Question 55

The 2000 United States Supreme Court case Santa Fe independent School District, Petitioner v. Jane Doe ruled that school prayers led by an elected student threatens the religious freedom of minority viewpoints and therefore is unconstitutional.

Question 56

The _____________________ Act of 2001 authorizes federal programs aimed at improving America's primary and secondary schools by increasing the accountability for states, school districts, and schools via planning and standardized testing.

Question 57

A Secret Service study found that over 50 percent of school shooters are minority-group members.

Question 58

A school-based prevention program that establishes school management and disciplinary programs that deter crime is utilizing _________________ strategies.

Question 59

In 1995, the Supreme Court extended schools' authority to search by legalizing a random drug-testing policy for _________________________.

Question 60

Many schools have adopted a ___________________ policy that mandates predetermined punishments for specific offenses.

Question 61

Identify and discuss how two educational trends and two educational problems facing impact delinquency rates.

Question 62

Discuss the legal rights of students as they relate to personal privacy, free speech, and school discipline.

Question 63

Identify and discuss the three views on the association between school failure and delinquency presented in the text.

Question 64

In a 1988 case, Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, the Court extended the right of school officials to censor ____________________ when it ruled that the principal could censor articles in a student publication.

Question 65

Identify and discuss at least three of the five school-based prevention strategies presented in the text. Provide examples of each.

Question 66

The 2000 United States Supreme Court case Santa Fe Independent School District, Petitioner v. Jane ruled that___________________ led by an elected student threatens the religious freedom of minority viewpoints and therefore is unconstitutional.

Question 67

In Good News Club v. Milford Central School (2001), the Supreme Court required an upstate New York school district to provide space for an after-school __________________ for elementary students.

Question 68

A 1974 federal law, the ______________________________, restricts disclosure of information from a student's education records without parental consent.

Question 69

In the 1984 United States Supreme Court case ____________________, the court ruled that students were protected against unreasonable searches and seizures, but that school personnel are not bound by the same restrictions as police officers.

Question 70

Identify and discuss at least four of the seven school security efforts presented in the text.

Question 71

In a 1988 case, Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, the Court extended the right of school officials to censor active speech when it ruled that the principal could censor articles in a ___________________.

Question 72

An important U.S. Supreme Court decision concerning a student's right to passive speech was in 1969 in the case of _______________ v. Des Moines Independent Community School District; this case involved the right to wear black armbands to protest the war in Vietnam.

Question 73

In the 1977 case _______________________, the Court held that neither the Eighth nor the Fourteenth Amendment was violated by a teacher's use of corporal punishment to discipline students.

Question 74

In the 1976 case, ____________________, the Supreme Court rules that any time a student is to be suspended for up to ten days, he or she is entitled to a hearing.

Question 75

______________________ is a form of expression protected by the First Amendment, but not associated with actually speaking words.