Deck 11: The History and Development of Juvenile Justice

Question 1

Which of the following is a principle consideration of the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899?

A)the system should emphasize rules and procedures to provide an orderly environment to process cases
B)the system should avoid the trappings of the adult criminal process with all its confusing rules and procedures
C)the system should emphasize rules and procedures to teach delinquents to respect the law
D)the system should emphasize rules and procedures so that delinquents will know what to expect once they 'graduate' to the adult system

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What type of labor was performed by juveniles housed in the House of Refuge?

A)welding
B)none, they received religious training
C)they performed piecework manufacturing
D)they learned management and organizational principles

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The doctrine of ___________________ allowed justice officials to place youths in restrictive settings, for the youth's own good, and without the legal protections afforded by the adult criminal justice system.

A)in loco parentis
B)in forma pauperis
C)parens patriae
D)pluribus unum

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In their study of the early juvenile court in Memphis, Tennessee, Shelden and Osborne noted that more than 96 percent of the actions with which females were charged were:

A)status offenses
B)violent crime
C)property offenses
D)drug related offenses

Question 5

Which of the following is not a principle consideration of the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899?

A)dispositions should rely on determinant sentencing models
B)children should not be held as accountable as adult transgressors
C)disposition should be predicated on analysis of the youth's special circumstances and needs
D)the system should avoid the trappings of the adult criminal process with all its confusing rules and procedures

Question 6

Brace and the Children's Aid Society devised the ______________________ to send these children to western farms where they could be cared for and find a home.

A)placing-out plan
B)frontier resettlement plan
C)urban dispersal plan
D)wilderness survival program

Question 7

Prior to the creation of the juvenile court, how were juveniles who violated the law treated?

A)they were simply released once their identity was established
B)they were treated as an adult
C)they were treated more harshly than adults to teach other youths
D)we don't know since no records were kept then

Question 8

The first Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children was created in 1874, and by 1900:

A)it had ceased to exist
B)it had merged with the SPCA
C)there were 300 such societies in the U.S.
D)there were 27 such societies in the U.S.

Question 9

From the court's creation in 1899 until the late 1960s, the burden of proof in a juvenile court case was:

A)beyond a reasonable doubt
B)preponderance of the evidence
C)absolute certainty
D)80% probability

Question 10

Which of the following was seen as the primary purpose of the original juvenile justice system?

A)incapacitation
B)deterrence
C)retribution
D)rehabilitation

Question 11

New York philanthropist Charles Loring Brace helped develop the _______________ in 1853.

A)Children's Aid Society
B)Farm Aid
C)Up with People
D)Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children

Question 12

The most prominent of the care facilities developed by the child savers was the _____________________________, which opened in 1825.

A)The Oliver Twist House
B)Hull House
C)Home for Little Wanderers
D)House of Refuge

Question 13

According to the text, which of the following statements best describes what children's legal rights were like during the period of the Child Savers?

A)child rights were strictly enforced
B)children enjoyed greater protections of their legal rights than adults
C)there were many court cases which clarified and expanded juvenile legal rights
D)none of the above are true

Question 14

In 1912, the first federal child welfare agency was formed and was called:

A)the Child Savers Bureau
B)the U.S. Children's Bureau
C)the National Society for the Protection of Children
D)the Children's Aid Society

Question 15

In 1817 prominent New Yorkers formed the ________________________, which viewed the moral training of youths from the dangerous classes as inadequate.

A)Society for the Prevention of Pauperism
B)Coalition for City Wide Improvement
C)Society of Moral Righteousness
D)Institute for Social Betterment

Question 16

Which state was the first to develop probation as a disposition of the court?

A)New York
B)California
C)Massachusetts
D)Pennsylvania

Question 17

Which of the following statements about the U.S. juvenile justice system is false?

A)in all fifty states and the District of Columbia, nineteen is the maximum age for a youth to fall under the jurisdiction of the juvenile court
B)most of the nation's police agencies have juvenile components
C)most children come into the justice system as a result of contact with a police officer
D)none of the above statements are false

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the goals of the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899?

A)children should be treated as adult criminals
B)the system should deter, punish, and treat juveniles
C)disposition should consider the youth's special circumstances and needs
D)the juvenile system should mirror the adult system in formality and process

Question 19

The largest piece of crime legislation in the history of the United States, the 1994 _____________________________ provided for a hundred thousand new police officers and billions of dollars for prisons and prevention programs for both adult and juvenile offenders.

A)Omnibus Safe Streets and Crime Control Act
B)Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice Act
C)Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act
D)Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act

Question 20

By 1930 about ______________ youths were placed out in rural homesteads by the Children's Aid Society.

A)5,000
B)27,000
C)47,000
D)150,000

Question 21

Juvenile aftercare is similar to ____________________ for adults.

A)probation
B)parole
C)incarceration
D)treatment

Question 22

If the youth is adjudicated delinquent, the court must decide an outcome or treatment approach; this decision is made during the:

A)adjudication hearing
B)pretrial conference
C)dispositional hearing
D)arraignment

Question 23

Which of the following is not offered in the text as a potential benefit of teen courts?

A)accountability
B)increased effectiveness
C)timeliness
D)cost savings

Question 24

Which of the following is not noted as a benefit of using the comprehensive strategy in the text?

A)increased prevention of delinquency
B)fewer delinquents becoming serious, violent, and chronic offenders
C)decreased reliance on juvenile justice system
D)decreased costs of juvenile corrections

Question 25

According to the text, which of the following is the most commonly used formal sentence for juvenile offenders?

A)parole
B)probation
C)detention
D)residential treatment

Question 26

According to the latest statistics, about half of all children arrested are referred to the juvenile court.

Question 27

In the 1940s, the U.S. Supreme Court radically altered the juvenile justice system when it issued a serious of decisions that established the right of juveniles to receive due process of law.

Question 28

A(n) __________________ for a juvenile is similar to a criminal trial for an adult.

A)bifurcated process
B)adjudicatory hearing
C)disposition hearing
D)sentencing hearing

Question 29

Which of the following statements about the juvenile justice system is false?

A)the terminology used in juvenile justice is designed to shield kids from stigma
B)some states are experimenting with peer-run teen courts
C)experts agree that the focus of the juvenile justice system is rehabilitation
D)there are conflicting values in juvenile justice

Question 30

Like adults, juveniles are protect against reasonable search and seizure under the ________________ and Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution.

A)Fifth
B)Eight
C)Fourth
D)Seventh

Question 31

Pretrial motions are not allowed in the juvenile justice system.

Question 32

Prior to the creation of the juvenile justice system, the poor, the insane, the diseased, and vagrant and destitute children were commonly housed in the same institutions.

Question 33

According to the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899, the objective of the juvenile justice system is to treat and rehabilitate rather than punish.

Question 34

Which of the following statements about a detention hearing is true?

A)A detention hearing involves the fact-finding process wherein the juvenile court determines whether there is sufficient evidence to sustain the allegations in a petition
B)A detention hearing is the equivalent of sentencing for adult offenders
C)A detention hearing is normally held to determine whether to remand the child to a shelter
D)A detention hearing finds the child delinquent guilty and the court must decide what should be done to treat the child

Question 35

The National Research Council and Institute of Medicine's Panel on Juvenile Crime expressed alarm over an increasingly punitive juvenile justice system and recommended that:

A)the federal government should assist the states through federal funding and incentives to reduce the use of secure detention and secure confinement by developing community-based alternatives
B)the federal government should assist the states in developing residential intervention programs designed to reduce delinquency
C)the federal government should assist the states in focusing their efforts in the protection of the community
D)the federal government should limit state assistance to monetary incentives

Question 36

The leaders of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (SPCC) were more concerned with sex related status offenses of female youths than they were of male youths.

Question 37

The National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals was established by the Reagan administration and it called for a complete dissolution of the Juvenile Justice System.

Question 38

If a child denies an allegation of delinquency, an adjudicatory hearing or trial is scheduled.

Question 39

The Child Savers devoted significant attention and resources to insuring the protection of the rights of juveniles.

Question 40

According to the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899, children should not be held as accountable as adult transgressors.

Question 41

The concept of deinstitutionalization was established by the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Act of 1994.

Question 42

Although some states allow it, juveniles do not have a constitutional right to a jury trial.

Question 43

Unlike juveniles, adults have a constitutional right to counsel.

Question 44

Brace and the Children's Aid Society devised the" ________________________" to send these mostly urban children to western farms where they could be cared for and find a home.

Question 45

The procedure of separating adjudicatory and dispositionary hearings so different levels of evidence can be heard at each is called a ________________________.

Question 46

Head Start and Smart Start are examples of intervention programs that focus on teenage youths.

Question 47

____________________ opened in 1825 in New York City; it was founded on the principles of reformation through hard work, manual labor, and strict discipline.

Question 48

Probation is the most commonly used formal sentence for juvenile offenders.

Question 49

Only the state of Alaska has not changed its transfer statutes to make it easier to waive juveniles to adult courts.

Question 50

Like adults, juveniles are indicted for a crime.

Question 51

Efforts to ensure that juveniles are given appropriate treatment are consistent with the doctrine of parens patriae that predominated in the first half of the twentieth century.

Question 52

The concept of _____________________ refers to the power of the state to act in behalf of the child and provide care and protection equivalent to that of a parent.

Question 53

____________________ is the trial stage of the juvenile court process.

Question 54

From the court's creation in 1899 until the late 1960s, _____________________ was the burden of proof in a juvenile court case.

Question 55

____________________ are commonly characterized in state statutes as persons or children in need of supervision.

Question 56

The first modern state juvenile court was created in 1899 in __________________.

Question 57

The criminal trial is called a adjudicatory hearing in the juvenile justice system.

Question 58

Both juveniles and adults can be placed in pretrial detention facilities.

Question 59

______________________ were used to transfer urban youths to Western farm communities between 1854 and 1930.

Question 60

A _______________________ is held to determine whether a juvenile is to be detained or released while proceedings are pending in the case.

Question 61

Between 1992 and 1995, forty states and the District of Columbia changed their transfer statutes to make it easier to waive juveniles to adult courts, and since 1992 only one state, __________________, has not changed its transfer status for this purpose.

Question 62

Describe the social, political, and economic events which led to the development of the juvenile justice system in the United States.

Question 63

Secure pretrial holding facilities are called ____________________ rather than jails in the juvenile justice system.

Question 64

A ________________ is a document filed in juvenile court alleging that a juvenile is a delinquent, a status offender, or a dependent and asking that the court assume jurisdiction over the juvenile.

Question 65

Juveniles are not indicted for a crime; they have a __________________ filed against them.

Question 66

Briefly describe the juvenile justice process as presented in the text.

Question 67

Identify and discuss the pressing issues in the future of juvenile justice presented in the text.

Question 68

Secure pretrial holding facilities are called ___________________ rather than jails.

Question 69

For juvenile offenders, a(n) ___________________, is the equivalent of sentencing for adult offenders.

Question 70

List and discuss the similarities and differences between the juvenile and adult justice systems as presented in the text.

Question 71

The standard of evidence in juvenile delinquency adjudications, as in adult criminal trials, is proof _____________________________.

Question 72

List and discuss the four potential benefits of teen courts presented in the text.

Question 73

__________________ are courts that make use of peer juries to decide nonserious delinquency cases.

Question 74

The philosophy behind the _________________________ approach is to limit the most restrictive sanctions to the most dangerous offenders, while increasing restrictions and intensity of treatment services as offenders move from minor to serious offenses.

Question 75

________________ determines the jurisdiction of the juvenile court.