Deck 13: Juvenile Justice in the Twenty First Century

Question 1

The level of evidence for a finding of "juvenile delinquency" is proof beyond a reasonable doubt.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Juveniles do not enjoy the same protection against double jeopardy as do adults.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The child savers movement was made up of middle-class civic leaders who helped poor children.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Federal courts have ruled that bail is guaranteed to juveniles.

Question 5

Juveniles do not have the protection of the Miranda decision: they do not have the right to remain silent during police interrogation.

Question 6

The decision to waive a juvenile to adult criminal court is mostly based on the prosecutor's and the state's desire for deterrence and punishment.

Question 7

Early reform schools sought to rehabilitate juvenile offenders.

Question 8

There are often three judicial hearings in the juvenile court process.

Question 9

In the 1960s and 1970s, the US Supreme Court radically altered the juvenile justice system when it issued a series of decisions that established the right of juveniles to due process of law.

Question 10

The efforts of the child savers prompted the development of the first comprehensive juvenile court in 1899.

Question 11

An excluded offense waiver is where state laws exclude from juvenile court jurisdiction certain offenses that are either very minor or very serious.

Question 12

Under the reverse waiver system, a judge can overrule a mandated waiver and decide that a youth shall be tried in juvenile court.

Question 13

Acts such as truancy and running away from home are considered status offenses.

Question 14

Federal courts have not found it necessary to rule on the issue of a juvenile's constitutional right to bail.

Question 15

Juveniles do not have the right to an attorney at a hearing to decide whether the case should be transferred to juvenile court.

Question 16

Parens patriae is the notion that your parents have a legal duty to act in the best interests of their children until they reach the age of 21.

Question 17

Incarceration in a public facility is the most common formal sentence for juvenile offenders.

Question 18

Most incarcerated juvenile offenders are held for status offenses.

Question 19

Most juvenile aftercare programs include probation.

Question 20

Charles Loring Brace was the philanthropist who developed the Children's Aid Society.

Question 21

Modern development of legally separating adult and juvenile offenders can be traced to two developments in English custom law, one is

A)Legal rights of juveniles
B)Parens patriae
C)Psychological treatment of youth
D)The need for judicial waiver

Question 22

Courts cannot release to the press identifying information about a juvenile, but they must release information about an adult offender.​

Question 23

After police processing, a juvenile goes straight to a juvenile detention facility.

Question 24

The juvenile justice system developed as a result of:​

A)a desire to help and treat children.
B)a desire to sanction the children not being punished in criminal justice.
C)Roman laws.
D)stare decisis laws.

Question 25

State laws mandate that certain offenses be tried in adult court. The only way to get these offenses back to juvenile court is with a reverse waiver.

Question 26

When did the House of Refuge in New York first open

A)1645
B)1773
C)1825
D)1910

Question 27

Which of the following is false

A)The Supreme Court has established the right of juveniles to receive due process of law.
B)Juveniles do not have the right to confront witnesses at trial.
C)Juveniles committing status offenses are not usually placed in secure detention facilities.
D)The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 sought to deinstitutionalize status offenders.

Question 28

In its early form, what was the burden of proof for verdicts handed down by the juvenile court

A)Beyond a reasonable doubt
B)Reasonable suspicion
C)Beyond a preponderance of evidence
D)Absolute certainty

Question 29

The approach of the early American juvenile court is best described as:​

A)paternalistic​
B)adversarial
C)investigative
D)due process oriented

Question 30

The most commonly used formal sentence for juvenile offenders is institutionalization.

Question 31

The courts have ruled that juveniles are not permitted to be detained before trial for the purposes of protecting that child's welfare and the public safety

Question 32

Which 19th century program was similar to a modern foster home

A)The House of Refuge
B)The Children's Aid Society
C)The Child Savers United Agency
D)The typical house of reformation

Question 33

The juvenile court labels ungovernable, habitually disobedient, and truant children to be:​

A)status offenders.
B)juvenile delinquents.
C)chancery children.
D)deprived children.

Question 34

​What impact did the Supreme Court have on the juvenile justice system in the 1960s and 1970s

A)It adopted a hands-off approach on most legal issues.
B)It adopted a conservative ideology that stressed victims' rights and punishment.
C)It adopted a liberal ideology that stressed a need for growth in program scope.
D)It radically altered the juvenile justice system through ruling that established due process rights for juveniles that rivaled those in the adult court system.

Question 35

US juvenile courts process approximately 1.6 million delinquency cases annually.

Question 36

The modern practice of legally separating adult criminals and juvenile offenders can be traced back to two developments in English custom and law that occurred centuries ago, one of which is::​

A)the Carriers case
B)Chancery Courts
C)In re Gault
D)Parens patriae

Question 37

The ratio of minority custody to white custody in the juvenile system is 2.6 to 1.

Question 38

In re Gault forced the courts to process juvenile offenders within the framework of appropriate constitutional procedures.

Question 39

The ability of the parents to be of assistance in disciplining the child is one factor that is significant in police decision making about juvenile offenders.

Question 40

Juveniles held in adult prisons and jails are five times more likely to be victims of attempted sexual assaults and rapes that those in juvenile facilities.

Question 41

​Which is a difference between juvenile and adult justice systems

A)Discretion is used by police officers, judges, and correctional personnel.
B)The right to receive the Miranda warning.
C)Community treatment as a sentencing option.
D)The constitutional right to a jury trial in all states.

Question 42

A(n) __________ waiver is used when the offense has been automatically waived to the adult court but the judge uses their discretion to decide whether the youth will benefit from rehabilitation

A)judicial
B)reverse
C)excluded offense
D)intake

Question 43

What is the most common formal sentence for juveniles

A)Release to parental custody
B)Short-term confinement in a private juvenile facility
C)Long-term confinement in a state institution
D)Brief custody at the local jail

Question 44

Deinstitutionalization efforts are principally focused on _____ offenses.​

A)drug
B)property
C)delinquency​
D)status

Question 45

An adjustment for a juvenile is comparable to a(n) ____ for an adult.​

A)plea bargain
B)indictment
C)trial
D)sentence

Question 46

Under the _________ waiver system, the prosecutor has the discretion of filing charges for certain legislatively designated offenses in either juvenile or criminal court.​

A)direct file​
B)excluded offense
C)judicial
D)reverse

Question 47

Shari is 16 years old. She used to get good grades but recently she is moody and unfocused in school and often has trouble completing tasks. She has never been in trouble with the law but she has grown up in a socioeconomically challenged situation with very little family support. No one showed up for her last parent-teacher conference and her teachers are concerned about her current situation at home.
If Shari had grown up in the 1600s before there was a formal juvenile justice system, what would Shari have been considered as part of the poor laws

A)Wayward and destitute
B)Child in need of supervision
C)Person in need of supervision
D)Status offender

Question 48

​In which case did the court hold that the waiver proceeding is a critically important stage in the juvenile justice process and that juveniles must be afforded minimum requirements of due process of law at such proceedings

A)Kent v. United States
B)McKiever v. Pennsylvania
C)Breed v. Jones
D)New Jersey v. T.L.O.

Question 49

Which best describes a recent reform of juvenile sentencing

A)Some jurisdictions have passed mandatory or determinate incarceration sentences for juveniles convicted of serious felonies.
B)Making a concerted effort to remove status offenders from the juvenile justice system and restricting their entry into institutional programs.
C)Effort has been made to standardize dispositions in juvenile court.
D)All of these represent recent reforms related to juvenile sentencing.

Question 50

What stage in the juvenile justice process is designed to help youths make the transition from residential or institutional settings back into the community

A)Intake​
B)Detention
C)Disposition
D)Aftercare

Question 51

What is considered to be the most difficult problem involving incriminatory statements made by juveniles during the course of police questioning

A)Whether the parents have to also be advised of their Miranda rights.
B)Whether juveniles can intelligently waive their rights.
C)Whether the language of the warning is too complex for the average teenager.
D)Whether the police officer should use age-appropriate language when giving the Miranda warning.

Question 52

About how many juvenile cases are processed and treated annually

A)0.5 million
B)1.0 million
C)1.5 million
D)2.0 million

Question 53

Which best explains the recent surge in the number of juvenile detentions

A)An increase in juvenile court cases.
B)A surge in the number of female violent offenders.
C)A surge in the number of cases involving drugs and violence.
D)All of these explain the recent surge in the number of juvenile detentions.

Question 54

Shari is 16 years old. She used to get good grades but recently she is moody and unfocused in school and often has trouble completing tasks. She has never been in trouble with the law but she has grown up in a socioeconomically challenged situation with very little family support. No one showed up for her last parent-teacher conference and her teachers are concerned about her current situation at home.
Shari has just been taken into custody for skipping school and underage drinking. What does the juvenile system accomplish by taking her off the street

A)Voir dire
B)Lex talionis
C)In re Gault
D)Parens patriae

Question 55

_____ refers to the screening of cases by the juvenile justice system.​

A)Diversion
B)Waiver
C)Detention
D)Intake

Question 56

Most juvenile aftercare involves:​

A)parole.
B)probation.
C)community service.
D)Counseling.

Question 57

What happens during the fact-finding hearing

A)Evidence is heard.
B)The offender is adjudicated.
C)A bail decision is made.
D)The case is screened by probation officers.

Question 58

Which judicial hearing in the juvenile court process is similar to arraignment in the adult system

A)Fact-finding hearing
B)Probationary hearing​
C)Initial appearance hearing
D)Disposition hearing

Question 59

​Once a juvenile has been taken into custody, the child has the same ____ Amendment rights to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures as an adult does.

A)First​
B)Fourth
C)Fifth
D)Eighth

Question 60

Which type of case is most likely to be referred to the juvenile court by the police officer

A)A minor dispute between juveniles
B)School and neighborhood complaints
C)Cases involving violence
D)Petty shoplifting

Question 61

Joquine is 16 years old and has two prior arrests on his record. He has a history of drug abuse and has been in and out of counseling and diversion programs since he was 14. He has a stable home life, involved parents, attends school, and seems to be well engaged in community activities when he is not hanging out with a couple of the neighborhood troublemaker kids.
While in detention, Joquine makes a weapon out of a piece of his bunk bed frame and gets into an altercation with another boy who ends up in the hospital with multiple stab wounds. The judge has decided that the juvenile system can no longer help Joquine. What are the choices of the judge

A)Judicial waiver
B)Direct file waiver
C)Sentence him to prison
D)Involuntary commitment

Question 62

Joquine is 16 years old and has two prior arrests on his record. He has a history of drug abuse and has been in and out of counseling and diversion programs since he was 14. He has a stable home life, involved parents, attends school, and seems to be well engaged in community activities when he is not hanging out with a couple of the neighborhood troublemaker kids.
While awaiting his adjudication, Joquine goes to school and enrolls in a counseling program for anger management and peer influences. When will he learn his disposition

A)When he is indicted
B)After adjudication in a separate hearing
C)After intake during the bail hearing
D)At the adjudication hearing

Question 63

Joquine is 16 years old and has two prior arrests on his record. He has a history of drug abuse and has been in and out of counseling and diversion programs since he was 14. He has a stable home life, involved parents, attends school, and seems to be well engaged in community activities when he is not hanging out with a couple of the neighborhood troublemaker kids.
Joquine just committed a crime at school and the police have been called. Because he is a juvenile, what will happen next

A)He will be arrested.
B)He will be taken into custody.
C)He will be arraigned.
D)He will be adjudicated.

Question 64

Shelby grew up quickly. As a baby, she was quick to walk and talk. As a teenager, she was quick to date, to drink, and to experiment with drugs. She was found skipping class and smoking marijuana by the school resource officer. Shelby's parents have been divorced since she was 6, when her dad went to prison for grand theft auto. When her mom is around, which isn't that often, sometimes her mom gets high with her.
Juvenile custody rates are ____ times greater for African-American youths than for white youths.​

A)two
B)three
C)four
D)five

Question 65

Shelby grew up quickly. As a baby, she was quick to walk and talk. As a teenager, she was quick to date, to drink, and to experiment with drugs. She was found skipping class and smoking marijuana by the school resource officer. Shelby's parents have been divorced since she was 6, when her dad went to prison for grand theft auto. When her mom is around, which isn't that often, sometimes her mom gets high with her.
As Shelby's home life leaves much to be desired, and this is her first offense, what disposition will likely help Shelby the most

A)Probation
B)Placement with relatives
C)Drug treatment
D)Reform school

Question 66

The term "agree to a finding" is used in place of ____________________ when plea bargaining juvenile cases.

Question 67

_______ is the most commonly used formal sentence for juvenile offenders.

Question 68

____________________ means removing noncriminal youths convicted on status offenses from institutions housing delinquents.

Question 69

Shelby grew up quickly. As a baby, she was quick to walk and talk. As a teenager, she was quick to date, to drink, and to experiment with drugs. She was found skipping class and smoking marijuana by the school resource officer. Shelby's parents have been divorced since she was 6, when her dad went to prison for grand theft auto. When her mom is around, which isn't that often, sometimes her mom gets high with her.
After Shelby was taken into custody, before determining what happened next, the police and a social worker took a detailed history of Shelby's home and school life. Dating back to the beginning of the juvenile courts, why has there been so much emphasis placed on how juveniles grow up

A)Family advocacy​
B)The poor laws
C)"Best interests of the child"
D)Disproportionate minority contact

Question 70

Some believe a "_________" approach will mostly affect minority youths and enmesh them in an already unfair system.

Question 71

Juvenile offenders who commit serious crimes may be ____________________ to adult court.

Question 72

Joquine is 16 years old and has two prior arrests on his record. He has a history of drug abuse and has been in and out of counseling and diversion programs since he was 14. He has a stable home life, involved parents, attends school, and seems to be well engaged in community activities when he is not hanging out with a couple of the neighborhood troublemaker kids.
A prosecutor has decided to charge Joquine for assault with a dangerous weapon. He was coerced by his friends into bringing a hammer to school and attacking someone with it. He will be detained in a secure facility pending his trial. What was likely one of the main reasons why they kept Joquine in custody this time

A)He is a danger to his family.
B)He is a repeat offender.
C)The need to protect him.
D)He needs to detox.

Question 73

The ____________________ is the proceeding in which the court decides on the most appropriate treatment for a delinquent.

Question 74

Shari is 16 years old. She used to get good grades but recently she is moody and unfocused in school and often has trouble completing tasks. She has never been in trouble with the law but she has grown up in a socioeconomically challenged situation with very little family support. No one showed up for her last parent-teacher conference and her teachers are concerned about her current situation at home.
When Shari was taken into custody by the truancy officer, why did the officer have to call her parents before she was questioned

A)This is used instead of Miranda rights.
B)She is a child in need of supervision.
C)Because of In re Winship.
D)Juveniles have the same Miranda rights as adults.

Question 75

Shelby grew up quickly. As a baby, she was quick to walk and talk. As a teenager, she was quick to date, to drink, and to experiment with drugs. She was found skipping class and smoking marijuana by the school resource officer. Shelby's parents have been divorced since she was 6, when her dad went to prison for grand theft auto. When her mom is around, which isn't that often, sometimes her mom gets high with her.
There are often three judicial hearings in the juvenile court process: this one is first.​

A)Adjudicatory hearing​
B)Initial appearance
C)Dispositional hearing
D)Initial intake

Question 76

____________________ is the result of decision of a judge ordering an adjudicated and sentenced juvenile to be placed in a correctional facility.

Question 77

____________________ marks the final stage of the formal juvenile justice process.

Question 78

Most incarcerated youths commit person, __________, or __________ offenses.

Question 79

Shari is 16 years old. She used to get good grades but recently she is moody and unfocused in school and often has trouble completing tasks. She has never been in trouble with the law but she has grown up in a socioeconomically challenged situation with very little family support. No one showed up for her last parent-teacher conference and her teachers are concerned about her current situation at home.
​Even though Shari was drinking underage, she has not violated any other criminal codes. Therefore, her case aligns well with what concept in the juvenile system

A)Institutional programs
B)Juvenile sentencing reform
C)Reform schools
D)Foster care

Question 80

An adjudication is also called a(n) ____________________ hearing.