Deck 6: Issues in Policing: Professional, Social, and Legal

Question 1

The social agent style of policing is characterized by officers who view themselves as community problem solvers.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Working in a department that is located in a high crime area is an example of a peer factor of discretion.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The social burden African-American police officers carry by virtue of being both minority group members and law enforcement officers is termed broken marginality.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The watchman style of policing is characterized by officers devoted to the profession of police work and who are most likely to aspire to achieve prestige, status, and rank.

Question 5

In a consent search, individuals waive their constitutional rights.​

Question 6

Factors such as the living and working environment of the officer often affect their discretion.

Question 7

Some police experts believe that law enforcement personnel believe it is impossible to win the war against crime without bending the rules, and this is part of the police culture.

Question 8

​The Knapp Commission concluded that the vast majority of police officers involved in police corruption are meat eaters.

Question 9

Today, approximately 13 percent of all officers are female and about 25 percent are members of minority groups.

Question 10

An individual's demeanor is a situational factor that an officer considers when deciding whether or not to arrest.

Question 11

In the landmark case Tennessee v. Garner, the US Supreme Court outlawed deadly use of force by police.

Question 12

​In 1914, in Weeks v. United States, the court established the exclusionary rule.

Question 13

Annually, about 38 percent of US residents aged 16 or older had a face-to-face contact with a police officer.

Question 14

An individual's race, class, and gender are examples of extralegal factors that may influence discretion.

Question 15

Studies of women in policing indicate that they have gained full acceptance in law enforcement and feel that they earn equal credit for equal job performance.

Question 16

​The Supreme Court has created a "good faith exception" to the exclusionary rule that indicates that evidence is admissible in court if the police officers acted in good faith by first obtaining court approval for their search, even if the warrant they received was deficient or faulty.

Question 17

The higher the percentage of black officers on the police force, the higher the arrest rates for crimes such as assault.

Question 18

The Supreme Court has ruled that under certain circumstances, a valid search may be conducted without a search warrant.

Question 19

The vast majority of law enforcement agencies, more than 75 percent, require recruits to have a college degree.

Question 20

​Suicide by cop is a term that was coined by the internal review board to denote police officers who commit employment suicide by becoming a corrupt officer and taking bribes.

Question 21

Which of the following traits is said to be found at all levels of policing

A)Anger
B)Racism
C)Dogmatism
D)Cynicism

Question 22

Surveys of male officers show that ______ of the officers tend to view policing as a masculine profession and do not think women can handle the physical requirements of the job.

A)just a few
B)many
C)some
D)the majority

Question 23

Which style of policing prefers to ignore or treat informally issues of concern, unless the social or political order is being jeopardized

A)Crime fighter
B)Social agent
C)Law enforcer
D)Watchman

Question 24

​To obtain a search warrant, the presiding magistrate only has to have a general idea of the reason the police want to search the property.

Question 25

Currently, there is not enough oversight or enough policies to regulate less than lethal weapons.​

Question 26

An officer approaches a group of teenagers drinking beer, he or she checks everyone's ID and arrests all who are underage. This example best typifies which officer style

A)Crime fighter
B)Social agent
C)Law enforcer
D)Watchman

Question 27

Which policing style utilizes the least amount of discretion

A)Crime fighter
B)Social agent
C)Law enforcer
D)Watchman

Question 28

Which officer's style involves acting as a problem solver and is therefore well suited for community policing

A)Crime fighter
B)Social agent
C)Law enforcer
D)Watchman

Question 29

Which is false regarding education and the police

A)Educated officers are better able to communicate with the public.
B)Administrators believe that educated officers generate fewer citizen complaints.
C)Educated officers have greater disciplinary problems due to job boredom.
D)Higher educated officer have greater self-confidence and assurance.

Question 30

Over the years, minority officers seem to be as self-assured as white officers, regardless of feeling ________rates of job-related stress and strain stemming from general police stressors.

A)lower
B)higher
C)similar
D)nonexistent

Question 31

Defined as the ability to monitor one's own and others feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide ones thinking and actions is the concept of

A)Miranda protections
B)Demeanor
C)Department politics
D)Emotional intelligence

Question 32

Which of the following is not one of the six core beliefs at the heart of the police culture

A)Loyalty to colleagues counts above all else.
B)The war against crime cannot be won without bending the rules.
C)No one else understands the nature of police work.
D)Patrol work is a necessary and vital part of police work.

Question 33

​Legal factors are at play when an officer's police practices are shaped by how the department that he or she is part of and how his or her fellow officer's act.

Question 34

The blue curtain is a term used to describe:

A)police reluctance to express personal feelings with each other.
B)the police practice of shrouding the windows and doors of the briefing room when confidential information is disseminated at roll call.
C)the secrecy and insulation from others in society that is a consequence of the police subculture.
D)the sheet used to drape the coffins of slain police officers.

Question 35

Which of the following factors best fits under the heading of extralegal discretionary factors

A)Peer pressure in policing
B)Racial profiling
C)Offender demeanor
D)The working and living environment

Question 36

Research shows that the more support police officers get in the workplace, the lower their feelings of stress and anxiety.​

Question 37

An officer approaches a group of teenagers standing in a parking lot, drinking beer. He or she checks them for gang symbols and calls into the station to ascertain if any of them have active warrants. This officer typifies which officer style

A)Crime fighter
B)Social agent
C)Law enforcer
D)Watchman

Question 38

What city was the first to hire and award the title of police officer to a woman in 1910

A)Chicago
B)Boston
C)Los Angeles
D)New York City

Question 39

What term is used to describe the phenomena where black officers must deal with the expectation that they will give members of their own race a break, while at the same time they experience overt racism from their police colleagues

A)The black curtain
B)Double marginality
C)Inherent role conflict
D)Toxic race relations

Question 40

The demeanor of the offender is considered this type of factor

A)Environmental
B)Departmental
C)Extralegal
D)Situational

Question 41

William is a new recruit in Barry's department. William's father was a police officer as well and he would like to follow in his footsteps. As a minority, he has heard stories of his father having to patrol a neighborhood but needing to call a white officer to make an arrest. His father's experience can be described as:

A)the same as the ethnic minority experience.
B)the same as the female experience.
C)the blue curtain.
D)double marginality.

Question 42

What was the name of the famous commission that investigated corruption in New York City in the 1970s

A)Warren Commission
B)Knapp Commission
C)Christopher Commission
D)Mollen Commission

Question 43

The Mollen Commission is an example of what type of effort to control police corruption

A)Outside review board or special prosecution
B)Civil litigation
C)Citizen review board
D)Internal review board

Question 44

When police routinely use excessive force against suspects, it is considered:​

A)mooching.
B)abuse of power.
C)chiseling.
D)grappling.

Question 45

Just before the use of firearms, what is the highest level of reasonable officer response mapped out in the FLETC's use-of-force model

A)Contact controls
B)Kinetic weapons or munitions
C)Impact weapons
D)Incapacitation holds

Question 46

What is the term used to describe those that aggressively misuse police power for personal gain by demanding bribes, threatening legal action, or cooperating with criminals

A)Grass eaters
B)Meat eaters
C)Active criminality
D)Selective enforcement or nonenforcement

Question 47

What US Supreme Court decision set forth objective standards for questioning by police after a defendant has been taken into custody

A)Miranda v. Arizona
B)Graham v. Connor
C)Sherman v. California
D)Tennessee v. Garner

Question 48

What pattern does research reveal regarding officers' involvement in use-of-force incidents

A)There is little evidence that use-of-force incidents are racially motivated.
B)A small portion of officers account for a sizable portion of the abuses.
C)Problem officers tend to be young and inexperienced members of the force.
D)All of the above are correct.

Question 49

Barry has been a police officer since 1972. He has seen a lot of changes in his department and to the culture of policing in general. In the 1970s most of his fellow officers were white men. He thinks the idea of adding more women and minorities to the force is great because it may be easier to respond to certain incidents if you have heterogeneity.
Barry was made detective back in 2005 but his partner just retired. His new partner is a woman, he is okay with that, but thinks that she might have trouble. What type of trouble is she likely to run into as a police officer

A)Double marginality
B)The blue curtain
C)More disciplinary action by administrators
D)Cynicism

Question 50

Which of the following is not commonly identified as a factor related to police shootings

A)Firearms availability in the community
B)Administrative policies
C)Social conflict
D)Poverty levels

Question 51

What is the term used to describe those police officers that accept payoffs when their everyday duties place them in a position to be solicited by the public

A)Grass eaters
B)Meat eaters
C)Passive criminality
D)Selective enforcement or nonenforcement

Question 52

Stress reduction programs may include:

A)diet information
B)biofeedback
C)meditation
D)all the above

Question 53

What is the lowest level of reasonable officer response mapped out in the FLETC's use-of-force model

A)Contact controls
B)Verbal commands
C)Compliance techniques
D)Defensive tactics

Question 54

What US Supreme Court case deemed the use of deadly force against an unarmed and non-dangerous fleeing felon an illegal seizure under the Fourth Amendment

A)Tennessee v. Garner
B)Graham v. Conner
C)Gregg v. Georgia
D)US v. Weeks

Question 55

Justification of the use of deadly force via the "fleeing felon" rule can be traced to:

A)English Common Law.
B)the landmark Tennessee v. Garner case.
C)the landmark Graham v. Conner case.
D)the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) guidelines.

Question 56

What US Supreme Court decision set forth the "reasonable officer" standard for police use of deadly force

A)Williams v. New York
B)Graham v. Connor
C)Sherman v. California
D)Tennessee v. Garner

Question 57

​Court decisions that limit police discretion are an example of a(n) __________ stressor.

A)external
B)organizational
C)duty
D)individual

Question 58

The greatest factor in controlling the use of unwarranted police brutality is/are

A)labeling officers "Meat Eaters."
B)threat of civil judgments against police chiefs that condone violent behavior.
C)suicide by cop.
D)threat of civil judgment against individual officers.

Question 59

In what landmark decision did the Supreme Court rule that police can perform a stop and frisk when they have reasonable suspicion to believe criminal activity is afoot

A)Miranda v. Arizona
B)Mapp v. Ohio
C)Terry v. Ohio
D)Tennessee v. Garner

Question 60

​The inconvenience and physical strains that come from rotating shift work are examples of ______ stressors.

A)external
B)organizational
C)duty
D)individual

Question 61

The ____________________ style of policing is characterized by an emphasis on maintaining public order.

Question 62

The ____________________ rule is the oldest deadly use-of-force standard, dating back to English Common Law times.

Question 63

In the case of ____________________, the Supreme Court created objective standards for questioning by police after a defendant has been taken into custody.

Question 64

The ____________________ style of policing believes the most important aspects of police work are investigating serious crimes and apprehending criminals.

Question 65

The most controversial issue revolving around the court's control of police behavior is commonly known as the ____________________.

Question 66

A seasoned officer and his new partner are assigned to a crime, drug, and poverty stricken neighborhood. The officer who has been on the force for a while has seen these issues before; he knows that he has to be tough and strong and set the record straight about who the police are, and why they are in force in that neighborhood. His partner grew up in a neighborhood like this one and is well aware of how individuals in this neighborhood view the police.
In explaining to a young boy why officers violate the law and no one questions it, what factor would you most likely use

A)Situational factors
B)Peer factors
C)Environmental factors
D)Legal factors

Question 67

Police subculture is considered a(n) ____________ decision-making factor.​

Question 68

When the plainclothes officer left the diner that day, he made sure the waitress knew that his tip included the coffee and tip for the other officers. According to the core beliefs of the police culture, what is the most logical reason that he did this

A)Patrol work is the pits.
B)Members of the public are unreasonable.
C)Loyalty above everything.
D)Police deserve a break.

Question 69

____________________ occurs when police abuse or exploit their discretion.​

Question 70

A police officer in plainclothes is eating lunch in a restaurant on his day off. He is not noticed by two patrol officers sitting at the counter having coffee. The uniformed patrol officers get up and leave without paying or even leaving a tip. The owner of the coffee shop is overheard just before the officers leave without paying, saying that he is grateful the police presence remains strong in this rough part of town.
The plainclothes police officer decides not to say anything to the officers even though they were wrong not to pay or tip. What is this an example of

A)Double marginality
B)Meat eating
C)The so-called blue curtain
D)Full enforcement

Question 71

A seasoned officer and his new partner are assigned to a crime, drug, and poverty stricken neighborhood. The officer who has been on the force for a while has seen these issues before; he knows that he has to be tough and strong and set the record straight about who the police are, and why they are in force in that neighborhood. His partner grew up in a neighborhood like this one and is well aware of how individuals in this neighborhood view the police.
The officer who has been on the force longer fully intends to enforce the laws "by the book." What is his style of policing

A)The law enforcer
B)The watchman
C)The crime fighter
D)The arresting officer

Question 72

In his classic 1969 book, African Americans in Blue, Nicholas Alex pointed out that African-American officers of the time suffered from what he called ____________________.

Question 73

A seasoned officer and his new partner are assigned to a crime, drug, and poverty stricken neighborhood. The officer who has been on the force for a while has seen these issues before; he knows that he has to be tough and strong and set the record straight about who the police are, and why they are in force in that neighborhood. His partner grew up in a neighborhood like this one and is well aware of how individuals in this neighborhood view the police.
​Police officers in communities that provide training in domestic violence prevention are more likely to take action in cases involving spousal abuse. This is an example of what type of factor

A)Environmental factors
B)Departmental factors
C)Peer factors
D)Legal factors

Question 74

In the case Florida v. Powell, an updated interpretation of the __________ stated that it does not require that the suspect be advised that they have the right to have an attorney present during questioning.

Question 75

The belief that most people's actions are motivated solely by personal needs and selfishness is referred to as _______.

Question 76

The court created a reasonableness standard for the use of force in the case of ____________________.

Question 77

You have just been put on administrative leave for screaming at and hitting a teen with a nightstick who was loitering and skateboarding in a public area because he disobeyed your order to cease and desist. Until you see the video of yourself on YouTube, secretly recorded by a third party, you didn't realize how angry you had become after being disrespected and disobeyed by the teen.
When you took this teen into custody for loitering and skateboarding in a public area, he wanted to call his mom from the squad car. The teen tells his mom that he was wrong and he was arrested. You now have evidence that you did your job and that the teen violated the ordinance against loitering and skateboarding. Why can't you use this statement against him

A)He is a minor.
B)You didn't Mirandize him.
C)You don't have a second officer as a witness.
D)You were subsequently put on administrative leave.

Question 78

You have just been put on administrative leave for screaming at and hitting a teen with a nightstick who was loitering and skateboarding in a public area because he disobeyed your order to cease and desist. Until you see the video of yourself on YouTube, secretly recorded by a third party, you didn't realize how angry you had become after being disrespected and disobeyed by the teen.
You have no explanation for your behavior except that you were doing your job. You were placed on administrative leave because:

A)you are a "meat eater."
B)you used excessive force.
C)of extralegal factors.
D)of peer factors.

Question 79

Racial profiling would be considered a(n) ____________________ decision-making factor.

Question 80

A seasoned officer and his new partner are assigned to a crime, drug, and poverty stricken neighborhood. The officer who has been on the force for a while has seen these issues before; he knows that he has to be tough and strong and set the record straight about who the police are, and why they are in force in that neighborhood. His partner grew up in a neighborhood like this one and is well aware of how individuals in this neighborhood view the police.
Growing up in a neighborhood similar to the one he now patrols, what would be the new partner's best style of policing to use in that neighborhood

A)The law enforcer
B)The watchman
C)The crime fighter
D)The social agent