Deck 6: Developmental Theories of Delinquency

Question 1

When a person has positive relations with individuals and institutions, as in a successful
Marriage or career, that support is sometimes referred to as _____.

A)Social support
B)Social capital
C)Encouragement
D)Positive reinforcement

Answer 1

B

Question 2

_____ theories incorporate social, personal, and developmental factors into complex explanations of human behavior.

A)Latent
B)Behavioral
C)Integrated
D)Age-graded

Answer 2

C

Question 3

_____ refers to the propensity to commit crime that profoundly and permanently disrupts normal socialization over the life course.

A)State dependence
B)Cumulative disadvantages
C)Crime patterns
D)Deteriorating bonds

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The Gluecks identified a number of personal and social factors related to persistent
Offending, finding the most important of these factors was _____

A)Biological traits
B)Intelligence
C)Social skills
D)Family relations

Question 5

One of the most important longitudinal studies tracking persistent offenders is the _____.

A)Chicago Delinquency Project
B)London Delinquency Project
C)Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development
D)Boston Juvenile Project

Question 6

The Gluecks' research focused on _____ as a forerunner of a delinquent career.

A)Economic conditions
B)Early onset of delinquency
C)School failure
D)Abuse and neglect

Question 7

The _____ to delinquent deviance begins at an early age with stubborn behavior, which leads to defiance and then to authority avoidance.

A)Covert pathway
B)Overt pathway
C)Authority conflict pathway
D)Corrected behavior pathway

Question 8

Gaining employment, getting married, or joining the military create informal social control mechanisms that limit delinquent behavior opportunities; these events are considered to be _____ according to Sampson and Laub.

A)Turning points
B)Cumulative disadvantage
C)Social capital
D)Impulsivity

Question 9

The view that criminality is a dynamic process, influenced by social experiences as well as individual characteristics is called _____.

A)Differential association
B)Labeling theory
C)Life-course theory
D)Conflict theory

Question 10

_____ theory was developed by Rowe, Osgood, and Nicewander.

A)General
B)Trajectory
C)Developmental
D)Latent trait

Question 11

A cluster of antisocial behaviors that may include family dysfunction, substance abuse,
Smoking, precocious sexuality and early pregnancy, educational underachievement, suicide attempts, sensation seeking, and unemployment, as well as delinquency is called
_____

A)Problem behavior syndrome
B)Delinquency syndrome
C)Sociopath behavior
D)Psychopath behavior

Question 12

_____ is a program designed to prevent serious antisocial behavior and related adolescent problems in high-risk children entering first grade.

A)Bright Beginnings
B)SMART
C)Fast Track
D)PATHS

Question 13

The developmental theory that focuses on changes in criminality over the life span is called _____.

A)Life-course theory
B)Trait theory
C)Behavior theory
D)Trajectory theory

Question 14

The foundation of developmental theory can be traced to the pioneering work of _____.

A)Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck
B)Marvin Wolfgang
C)Rolf Loeber
D)David Farrington

Question 15

An offender who follows the most common delinquent trajectory in which antisocial behavior peaks in adolescence and then diminishes is called a/an _____

A)Conflicted offender
B)Life-course persister
C)Latent criminal
D)Adolescent-limited

Question 16

If an offender's delinquent career continues well into adulthood, the offender is referred to as a/an _____

A)Conflicted offender
B)Life-course persister
C)Latent criminal
D)Adolescent-limited

Question 17

Trajectory theory is a developmental approach that combines elements of latent trait and _____ theory.

A)Life course
B)General crime
C)Behavior
D)Age-graded

Question 18

The conduit to a delinquent career that begins with minor aggression, leads to physical
Fighting, and eventually escalates to violent delinquency is called _____

A)The covert pathway
B)The overt pathway
C)The authority conflict pathway
D)The corrected behavior pathway

Question 19

The developmental view holds that delinquency may best be understood as one of many _____ problems.

A)Economic
B)Cultural
C)Genetic
D)Social

Question 20

The _____ to a delinquent career begins with minor underhanded behavior, leads to property damage, and eventually escalates to more serious forms of theft and fraud.

A)Covert pathway
B)Overt pathway
C)Authority conflict pathway
D)Corrected behavior pathway

Question 21

General Theory of Crime attempts to explain all forms of crime and deviance, from lower-class gang delinquency to sexual harassment in the business community, with a single factor: _____.

A)Social-emotional development
B)Social class
C)Cultural differences
D)Low self-control

Question 22

Life-course persisters are more likely to manifest traits such as _____ and _____.

A)Low receptive skills, hypo-activity
B)High verbal ability, hyperactivity
C)High receptive skills, hyperactivity
D)Low verbal ability, hyperactivity

Question 23

The view that criminality is a dynamic process, influenced by social experiences as well as individual characteristics is called _____.

Question 24

A stable feature, characteristic, property, or condition, such as defective or impulsive
personality that makes some people delinquency prone over their life course is called
_____.

Question 25

The developmental view is that delinquency may be best understood as one of many social problems faced by at-risk youth, a view called _____.

Question 26

A vital feature that assists people desist from delinquency is _____ or the purposeful execution of choice and free will.

Question 27

Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi developed the _____ theory..

A)Labeling
B)Trajectory
C)General theory of crime
D)Differential association

Question 28

_____ theory suggests that there is more than one path to a delinquent career.

Question 29

The Gluecks noted that children who are _____ early in life are the most likely to continue their offending careers into adulthood.

Question 30

Defective intelligence, impulsive personality, genetic abnormalities, and the physical
Chemical functioning of the brain are all examples of a _____.

A)Latent trait
B)Characteristic pattern
C)Personality disorder
D)Neurosis

Question 31

Because _____ are stable, people who are antisocial during adolescence are the most likely to persist in crime.

Question 32

Gottfredson and Hirschi traced the root cause of poor self-control to _____.

A)Poor academic achievement
B)Inadequate diet
C)Inadequate childrearing practices
D)Neglect and abuse

Question 33

Gottfredson and Hirschi attribute the tendency to commit delinquent acts to a person's
_____.

A)Level of self-control
B)Educational level
C)Social-emotional development
D)Full scale IQ

Question 34

Disruptions in life's _____ can be destructive and can ultimately promote delinquency.

Question 35

Because a transition from one stage of life to another can be a bumpy ride, the propensity to commit crimes is neither stable nor constant; it is a/an _____ process.

A)Maturation
B)Reactionary
C)Environmentally induced
D)Developmental

Question 36

_____ is a drug prevention program, the goal of which is to strengthen the bonds between adults and children to provide opportunities for positive community involvement.

A)SMART
B)Across Ages
C)Positive Action
D)Fast Track

Question 37

_____ theory looks at the onset, continuity, and termination of a delinquent career.

A)Age of onset
B)Life-course
C)Developmental
D)Trajectory

Question 38

Delinquents who begin their offending career at a very early age and continue to offend well into adulthood are called _____.

Question 39

The ______ pathway to delinquent deviance begins at an early age with stubborn behavior, and leads to defiance and then to authority avoidance.

Question 40

A developmental theory that modifies social control theory by integrating concepts from
Biosocial, psychological, routine activities, and rational choice theories is called _____.

A)Differential association
B)General theory of crime
C)Psychosis
D)Labeling theory

Question 41

Some offenders may begin their careers early in life, whereas others are late bloomers who begin committing delinquency when most people desist.

Question 42

Laub and Sampson found that delinquency and other forms of antisocial conduct in childhood are strongly related to adult delinquency, but not drug and alcohol abuse.

Question 43

A developmental theory that modifies social control theory by integrating concepts from
biosocial, psychological, routine activities, and rational choice theories is called the
_______________.

Question 44

Explain the three interrelated views of developmental theory as well as your thoughts on this theory.

Question 45

Latent trait is a stable feature, characteristic, property, or condition that makes some
people delinquency-prone over the life course.

Question 46

Some researchers argue that General Theory of Crime is _____, or involves circular reasoning.

Question 47

Moffitt finds that life-course persisters combine family dysfunction with _____ that predispose them to antisocial behavior patterns.

Question 48

An aspect of life-course theory is the continuity of delinquency: the best predictor of
future criminality is past criminality.

Question 49

The theory of delinquency that holds that antisocial behavior is caused by a lack of self-control stemming from an impulsive personality is called _____.

Question 50

Explain the concept of problem behavior syndrome.What is your view of this concept? Explain.

Question 51

Both life-course and latent trait theorists maintain that persistent offenders are early starters.

Question 52

Explain why the work of Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck had such a great influence on
developmental theory

Question 53

_____, according to the Gluecks, is the most important factor related to persistent offending.

Question 54

Terence Thornberry's interactional theory postulates that the onset of delinquent
behavior can be traced to a deterioration of the social bond during adolescence.

Question 55

Children who suffer anoxia during the birthing process are the ones most likely to lack self-control later in life, suggesting impulsivity may have a biological basis.

Question 56

Discuss Laub and Sampson's concept of social capital, provide an example of social capital.Explain your view of this concept.

Question 57

Explain how disruption promotes delinquency.Would you agree or disagree with this concept? Why or why not?

Question 58

According to the General Theory of Crime, low self-control develops in late adolescence, and is rather unstable throughout adulthood.

Question 59

David Farrington found that the traits present in persistent offenders can be observed as early as age 4.

Question 60

Integrated theories focus on the relatively simple question: "Why do people commit
crime?"

Question 61

Discuss Rolf Leober's three pathways to crime.Explain your view of theory.

Question 62

According to the text, what causes low self-control / impulsivity? Do you agree or disagree with the authors? Why or why not?

Question 63

There are several questions and criticism regarding Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime (GTC).One concerns ecological differences.Explain what this means.

Question 64

Explain Terrie Moffitt's Adolescent Limited and Life Course Persistent Offenders theory of crime.What is your view on her theory? Explain.

Question 65

Discuss latent trait theories.Do you agree or disagree with this concept? Why or why not?