Deck 10: Introduction to Simple Experiments

Question 1

Prior to conducting the current study,Dr.Lonsbary asked her research assistant to use the same mood manipulation with a sample of 30 college students to determine if people's moods really did change after listening to the music.This preliminary study is known as a:

A)Pretest/posttest study
B)Concurrent measure study
C)Pilot study
D)Pretest-only study

Answer 1

Pilot study

Question 2

A threat to internal validity occurs only if a potential design confound varies ________ with the independent variable.

A)Haphazardly
B)Systematically
C)Spontaneously
D)Especially

Answer 2

Systematically

Question 3

Dr.Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory.She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups.Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don't Worry,Be Happy").Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again").Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral).
When a participant would come to her laboratory,Dr.Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card.Participants who drew a 1,2,or 3 were assigned to Group A.Participants who drew a 4,5,or 6,were assigned to Group B.Participants who drew a 7,8,or 9,were assigned to Group C.The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment.The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence.They were then escorted into a different room,where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment.The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen.They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words.All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember.
When five minutes had passed,the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy,sad,or neutral.After the participant responded,a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words.All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered.Afterward,the participant was thanked and dismissed.In response to the mood question,a majority of Group A participants said they were happy,a majority of Group B participants said they were sad,and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood.Dr.Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered.
What type of design did Dr.Lonsbary use in her study?

A)Matched-group design
B)Within-groups design
C)Independent-groups design
D)Pretest/posttest design

Answer 3

Independent-groups design

Question 4

Dr.Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory.She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups.Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don't Worry,Be Happy").Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again").Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral).
When a participant would come to her laboratory,Dr.Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card.Participants who drew a 1,2,or 3 were assigned to Group A.Participants who drew a 4,5,or 6,were assigned to Group B.Participants who drew a 7,8,or 9,were assigned to Group C.The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment.The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence.They were then escorted into a different room,where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment.The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen.They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words.All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember.
When five minutes had passed,the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy,sad,or neutral.After the participant responded,a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words.All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered.Afterward,the participant was thanked and dismissed.In response to the mood question,a majority of Group A participants said they were happy,a majority of Group B participants said they were sad,and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood.Dr.Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered.
Which of the following allows Dr.Lonsbary to conclude that she met the temporal precedence rule for causality?

A)Noting that there is a difference between the number of words recalled by the happy and neutral people
B)Having people listen to music or silence before they wrote down the list of words they remembered
C)Making sure that all participants were asked to remember the same list of words
D)Putting the 60 participants into equal groups

Question 5

Prior to conducting the current study,Dr.Lonsbary asked her research assistant to use the same mood manipulation with a sample of 30 college students to determine if people's moods really did change after listening to the music.Running this preliminary study helps establish which of the following?

A)External validity
B)Statistical validity
C)Internal validity
D)Construct validity

Question 6

Which of the following should Dr.Lonsbary NOT conclude from her study?

A)Being in a mood other than neutral causes people to have a better memory.
B)Listening to music can cause changes in mood.
C)Being in a happy mood does not cause more of a change in memory than being in a sad mood.
D)Being in an angry mood likely has the same effect on memory as being in a sad mood.

Question 7

When conducting an experiment,what is provided by the independent variable?

A)A comparison group
B)Random assignment
C)Proof of temporal precedence
D)Confirmation of internal validity

Question 8

Dr.Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory.She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups.Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don't Worry,Be Happy").Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again").Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral).
When a participant would come to her laboratory,Dr.Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card.Participants who drew a 1,2,or 3 were assigned to Group A.Participants who drew a 4,5,or 6,were assigned to Group B.Participants who drew a 7,8,or 9,were assigned to Group C.The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment.The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence.They were then escorted into a different room,where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment.The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen.They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words.All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember.
When five minutes had passed,the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy,sad,or neutral.After the participant responded,a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words.All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered.Afterward,the participant was thanked and dismissed.In response to the mood question,a majority of Group A participants said they were happy,a majority of Group B participants said they were sad,and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood.Dr.Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered.
Dr.Lonsbary's study contains which of the following techniques designed to address a threat to construct validity?

A)Counterbalancing
B)A placebo group
C)A demand characteristic
D)A manipulation check

Question 9

Dr.Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory.She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups.Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don't Worry,Be Happy").Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again").Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral).
When a participant would come to her laboratory,Dr.Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card.Participants who drew a 1,2,or 3 were assigned to Group A.Participants who drew a 4,5,or 6,were assigned to Group B.Participants who drew a 7,8,or 9,were assigned to Group C.The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment.The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence.They were then escorted into a different room,where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment.The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen.They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words.All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember.
When five minutes had passed,the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy,sad,or neutral.After the participant responded,a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words.All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered.Afterward,the participant was thanked and dismissed.In response to the mood question,a majority of Group A participants said they were happy,a majority of Group B participants said they were sad,and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood.Dr.Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered.
In Dr.Lonsbary's study,which of the following does NOT exist?

A)A control variable
B)A treatment group
C)A placebo group
D)A manipulation check

Question 10

Dr.Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory.She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups.Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don't Worry,Be Happy").Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again").Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral).
When a participant would come to her laboratory,Dr.Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card.Participants who drew a 1,2,or 3 were assigned to Group A.Participants who drew a 4,5,or 6,were assigned to Group B.Participants who drew a 7,8,or 9,were assigned to Group C.The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment.The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence.They were then escorted into a different room,where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment.The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen.They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words.All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember.
When five minutes had passed,the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy,sad,or neutral.After the participant responded,a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words.All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered.Afterward,the participant was thanked and dismissed.In response to the mood question,a majority of Group A participants said they were happy,a majority of Group B participants said they were sad,and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood.Dr.Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered.
How many conditions/levels of the independent variable were in Dr.Lonsbary's study?

A)Two
B)Three
C)Five
D)Nine

Question 11

Dr.Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory.She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups.Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don't Worry,Be Happy").Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again").Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral).
When a participant would come to her laboratory,Dr.Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card.Participants who drew a 1,2,or 3 were assigned to Group A.Participants who drew a 4,5,or 6,were assigned to Group B.Participants who drew a 7,8,or 9,were assigned to Group C.The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment.The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence.They were then escorted into a different room,where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment.The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen.They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words.All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember.
When five minutes had passed,the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy,sad,or neutral.After the participant responded,a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words.All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered.Afterward,the participant was thanked and dismissed.In response to the mood question,a majority of Group A participants said they were happy,a majority of Group B participants said they were sad,and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood.Dr.Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered.
Dr.Lonsbary's decision to randomly assign participants to the three groups was done to avoid which of the following?

A)An order effect
B)A selection effect
C)A practice effect
D)A carryover effect

Question 12

Which of the following provides information about the statistical validity of Dr.Lonsbary's study?

A)The method of random assignment
B)The d coefficient
C)The number of people in each group
D)The mood reported by the participants

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT true of control variables?

A)They help define the control group.
B)They help establish internal validity.
C)They are essential in experimental designs.
D)They are kept the same for all participants.

Question 14

Dr.Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory.She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups.Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don't Worry,Be Happy").Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again").Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral).
When a participant would come to her laboratory,Dr.Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card.Participants who drew a 1,2,or 3 were assigned to Group A.Participants who drew a 4,5,or 6,were assigned to Group B.Participants who drew a 7,8,or 9,were assigned to Group C.The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment.The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence.They were then escorted into a different room,where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment.The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen.They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words.All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember.
When five minutes had passed,the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy,sad,or neutral.After the participant responded,a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words.All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered.Afterward,the participant was thanked and dismissed.In response to the mood question,a majority of Group A participants said they were happy,a majority of Group B participants said they were sad,and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood.Dr.Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered.
Which of the following is a dependent variable in Dr.Lonsbary's study?

A)Number of words on the list
B)Time given to type the words remembered
C)Time given to memorize the words
D)Number of words remembered

Question 15

Dr.Kline,an environmental psychologist,conducts a study to examine whether visiting zoos causes people to have more positive attitudes toward environmental conservation.He asks a group of 45 people attending the zoo on a Saturday morning about their attitudes.He finds that 69% of the people report having a positive attitude after their visit.Which of the following is NOT true of Dr.Kline's study?

A)He is lacking a control group.
B)He does not have a dependent variable.
C)He cannot make a causal statement.
D)He did not manipulate an independent variable.

Question 16

Dr.Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory.She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups.Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don't Worry,Be Happy").Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again").Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral).
When a participant would come to her laboratory,Dr.Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card.Participants who drew a 1,2,or 3 were assigned to Group A.Participants who drew a 4,5,or 6,were assigned to Group B.Participants who drew a 7,8,or 9,were assigned to Group C.The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment.The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence.They were then escorted into a different room,where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment.The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen.They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words.All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember.
When five minutes had passed,the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy,sad,or neutral.After the participant responded,a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words.All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered.Afterward,the participant was thanked and dismissed.In response to the mood question,a majority of Group A participants said they were happy,a majority of Group B participants said they were sad,and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood.Dr.Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered.
Which of the following allows Dr.Lonsbary to conclude that she met the covariance rule for causality?

A)Noting that there is a difference between the number of words recalled by the happy and neutral people
B)Having people listen to music or silence before they wrote down the list of words they remembered
C)Making sure that all participants were asked to remember the same list of words
D)Putting the 60 participants into equal groups

Question 17

Dr.Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory.She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups.Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don't Worry,Be Happy").Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again").Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral).
When a participant would come to her laboratory,Dr.Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card.Participants who drew a 1,2,or 3 were assigned to Group A.Participants who drew a 4,5,or 6,were assigned to Group B.Participants who drew a 7,8,or 9,were assigned to Group C.The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment.The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence.They were then escorted into a different room,where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment.The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen.They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words.All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember.
When five minutes had passed,the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy,sad,or neutral.After the participant responded,a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words.All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered.Afterward,the participant was thanked and dismissed.In response to the mood question,a majority of Group A participants said they were happy,a majority of Group B participants said they were sad,and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood.Dr.Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered.
Which of the following is a NOT control variable in Dr.Lonsbary's study?

A)The number of words on the word list
B)The amount of time allowed for remembering/typing the words
C)The amount of time allowed for memorizing the words
D)The mood of the participants

Question 18

Dr.Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory.She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups.Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don't Worry,Be Happy").Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again").Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral).
When a participant would come to her laboratory,Dr.Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card.Participants who drew a 1,2,or 3 were assigned to Group A.Participants who drew a 4,5,or 6,were assigned to Group B.Participants who drew a 7,8,or 9,were assigned to Group C.The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment.The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence.They were then escorted into a different room,where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment.The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen.They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words.All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember.
When five minutes had passed,the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy,sad,or neutral.After the participant responded,a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words.All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered.Afterward,the participant was thanked and dismissed.In response to the mood question,a majority of Group A participants said they were happy,a majority of Group B participants said they were sad,and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood.Dr.Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered.
Dr.Lonsbary is considering doing a follow-up study in which instead of asking participants to listen to music to induce mood,she has them write either a story about a character who just won the lottery or a story about a character who just experienced the death of their spouse.This change in the mood variable is designed to enhance the study's:

A)External validity
B)Statistical validity
C)Internal validity
D)Construct validity

Question 19

Dr.Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory.She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups.Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don't Worry,Be Happy").Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again").Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral).
When a participant would come to her laboratory,Dr.Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card.Participants who drew a 1,2,or 3 were assigned to Group A.Participants who drew a 4,5,or 6,were assigned to Group B.Participants who drew a 7,8,or 9,were assigned to Group C.The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment.The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence.They were then escorted into a different room,where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment.The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen.They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words.All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember.
When five minutes had passed,the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy,sad,or neutral.After the participant responded,a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words.All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered.Afterward,the participant was thanked and dismissed.In response to the mood question,a majority of Group A participants said they were happy,a majority of Group B participants said they were sad,and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood.Dr.Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered.
Dr.Lonsbary's study asked participants to report on their mood before completing the memory test.Her decision to include this step was done to address the study's:

A)External validity
B)Statistical validity
C)Internal validity
D)Construct validity

Question 20

Dr.Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory.She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups.Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don't Worry,Be Happy").Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again").Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral).
When a participant would come to her laboratory,Dr.Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card.Participants who drew a 1,2,or 3 were assigned to Group A.Participants who drew a 4,5,or 6,were assigned to Group B.Participants who drew a 7,8,or 9,were assigned to Group C.The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment.The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence.They were then escorted into a different room,where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment.The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen.They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words.All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember.
When five minutes had passed,the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy,sad,or neutral.After the participant responded,a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words.All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered.Afterward,the participant was thanked and dismissed.In response to the mood question,a majority of Group A participants said they were happy,a majority of Group B participants said they were sad,and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood.Dr.Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered.
Which of the following is an independent variable in Dr.Lonsbary's study?

A)Number of groups participants were assigned to
B)Feeling happy
C)Participant's mood
D)Type of card drawn

Question 21

Dr.Acitelli studies sleep and sleep disorders.She is curious as to whether falling asleep in front of a television set causes people to fall asleep more slowly than falling asleep without watching TV.She recruits a sample of 60 middle-aged women from a local church who reported no history of sleep problems.She creates three conditions.All participants come to the sleep lab for three nights in a row and experience all three conditions.In the first condition (A),participants fall asleep in front of a television that is off.In the second condition (B),participants fall asleep in front of a television that is turned on to the same 24-hour news channel.In the third condition (C),participants fall asleep in front of a television that is turned on to the same 24-hour news channel but is muted.With the use of an electroencephalograph (EEG),the researcher measures how long it takes participants to fall asleep.

Given that Dr.Acitelli's participants have agreed to participate for three nights each,which type of counterbalancing should she use?

A)Partial counterbalancing
B)Full counterbalancing
C)Minimal counterbalancing
D)Carryover counterbalancing

Question 22

Which of the following research designs is used to address possible selection effects?

A)Posttest-only designs
B)Matched-groups designs
C)Pretest/posttest designs
D)Correlational designs

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a reason that a researcher might choose a pretest/posttest design?

A)To ensure that random assignment made the treatment/comparison groups equal
B)To determine how groups change over the course of the experiment
C)To allow for the study of spontaneous behaviors
D)To make a strong causal claim

Question 24

A more general term for practice effects and carryover effects is:

A)Order effects
B)Within-person effects
C)Between-person effects
D)Design effects

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT true of selection effects?

A)They are a type of confound.
B)They can occur when experimenters allow participants to choose their own treatment group.
C)They are unimportant for interrogating internal validity.
D)They can occur when researchers assign one type of person to one treatment group and another type of person to another treatment group.

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of within-groups designs?

A)There is a potential for order effects.
B)There is a potential for demand characteristics.
C)Depending on the independent variable,these designs are not always possible.
D)These designs rely on fewer participants.

Question 27

Using a matched-group design is especially important in which of the following cases?

A)When you have only a few people in your study
B)When you have at least three levels/conditions of the independent variable
C)When you do not have a control group
D)When you have a complex dependent variable

Question 28

All of the following are advantages of within-groups designs EXCEPT:

A)Participants in the treatment/control groups will be equivalent
B)It is less time-consuming for the participants
C)It gives researchers more power to find differences between conditions
D)They require fewer participants

Question 29

Generally,what is the main priority for experimental studies?

A)Construct validity
B)External validity
C)Internal validity
D)Statistical validity

Question 30

Dr.Alfonse,a developmental psychologist,conducts a study to determine whether children prefer books with drawn illustrations or with photographs.A group of 45 first-graders are shown two copies of a book (Little Red Riding Hood)at the same time.Although the story is the same,one book is illustrated with drawings and the other is illustrated with photos.Students are then asked to indicate which book they prefer.This is an example of which of the following designs?

A)Longitudinal design
B)Repeated-measures design
C)Concurrent-measures design
D)Posttest-only design

Question 31

Dr.Acitelli studies sleep and sleep disorders.She is curious as to whether falling asleep in front of a television set causes people to fall asleep more slowly than falling asleep without watching TV.She recruits a sample of 60 middle-aged women from a local church who reported no history of sleep problems.She creates three conditions.All participants come to the sleep lab for three nights in a row and experience all three conditions.In the first condition (A),participants fall asleep in front of a television that is off.In the second condition (B),participants fall asleep in front of a television that is turned on to the same 24-hour news channel.In the third condition (C),participants fall asleep in front of a television that is turned on to the same 24-hour news channel but is muted.With the use of an electroencephalograph (EEG),the researcher measures how long it takes participants to fall asleep.

Which of the following designs is Dr.Acitelli using?

A)Pretest/posttest design
B)Concurrent-measures design
C)Repeated-measures design
D)Posttest-only design

Question 32

Experiments use random assignment to avoid which of the following?

A)Random selection
B)Selection effects
C)Carryover effects
D)Demand characteristics

Question 33

What is the primary difference between pretest/posttest designs and within-groups designs?

A)The number of participants used
B)The number of times the dependent variable is measured
C)The number of levels of the independent variable participants are exposed to
D)There is no difference between the two designs

Question 34

An independent-groups design is also known as a ________.

A)Between-subjects design
B)Matched-groups design
C)Within-groups design
D)Mixed design

Question 35

Dr.Acitelli studies sleep and sleep disorders.She is curious as to whether falling asleep in front of a television set causes people to fall asleep more slowly than falling asleep without watching TV.She recruits a sample of 60 middle-aged women from a local church who reported no history of sleep problems.She creates three conditions.All participants come to the sleep lab for three nights in a row and experience all three conditions.In the first condition (A),participants fall asleep in front of a television that is off.In the second condition (B),participants fall asleep in front of a television that is turned on to the same 24-hour news channel.In the third condition (C),participants fall asleep in front of a television that is turned on to the same 24-hour news channel but is muted.With the use of an electroencephalograph (EEG),the researcher measures how long it takes participants to fall asleep.

Dr.Acitelli was concerned that asking participants how long it took them to fall asleep would lead them to suspect that was the purpose of the study.Her decision to measure how long it took participants to go to sleep using the EEG instead of self-report was meant to decrease which of the following?

A)Order effects
B)Selection effects
C)Demand characteristics
D)Counterbalancing effects

Question 36

Dr.Acitelli studies sleep and sleep disorders.She is curious as to whether falling asleep in front of a television set causes people to fall asleep more slowly than falling asleep without watching TV.She recruits a sample of 60 middle-aged women from a local church who reported no history of sleep problems.She creates three conditions.All participants come to the sleep lab for three nights in a row and experience all three conditions.In the first condition (A),participants fall asleep in front of a television that is off.In the second condition (B),participants fall asleep in front of a television that is turned on to the same 24-hour news channel.In the third condition (C),participants fall asleep in front of a television that is turned on to the same 24-hour news channel but is muted.With the use of an electroencephalograph (EEG),the researcher measures how long it takes participants to fall asleep.

Given that there are three conditions/levels of the independent variable,how many orders of the conditions are possible in Dr.Acitelli's study?

A)Three
B)Six
C)Nine
D)Twelve

Question 37

Random selection enhances ________ and random assignment enhances ________.

A)Internal validity;internal validity
B)External validity;external validity
C)Internal validity;external validity
D)External validity;internal validity

Question 38

Order effects can be controlled by using which of the following techniques?

A)Random assignment
B)Design confounds
C)Increasing demand characteristics
D)Counterbalancing

Question 39

The ability for a study to reveal a statistically significant difference between the levels of an independent variable when one truly exists is known as:

A)Covariance
B)Power
C)Effect size
D)Statistical validity

Question 40

Which of the following is a threat to internal validity found in within-groups designs but not in independent-groups designs?

A)Selection effects
B)Design confounds
C)Demand characteristics
D)Practice effects

Question 41

Explain the difference between full counterbalancing and partial counterbalancing.Why would a researcher choose partial counterbalancing over full counterbalancing?

Question 42

Dr.Phillips is a cognitive-developmental psychologist who studies how children learn mathematical principles.His current interest is in studying how children learn multiplication.He recruits 54 second-graders who have not yet learned how to multiply numbers to participate in his study.He is curious as to whether different teaching styles lead to better mastery of the subject.One condition (A)involves having students read a chapter on multiplication from their textbook.One condition (B)involves having students watch a video of cartoon characters explaining multiplication.One condition (C)involves having students being taught multiplication from a teacher.One condition (D)involves having students being taught multiplication by a fourth-grader.In all conditions,participants spend 30 minutes learning the fundamentals of multiplication and are then given the same 15-question multiplication test.The number of questions answered correctly is recorded.The data are below.


Based on the results of his study,Dr.Phillips hopes to make a causal statement.Explain how his study does or does not meet the three rules of causation.

Question 43

Name three disadvantages of within-groups designs.

Question 44

Dr.Phillips is a cognitive-developmental psychologist who studies how children learn mathematical principles.His current interest is in studying how children learn multiplication.He recruits 54 second-graders who have not yet learned how to multiply numbers to participate in his study.He is curious as to whether different teaching styles lead to better mastery of the subject.One condition (A)involves having students read a chapter on multiplication from their textbook.One condition (B)involves having students watch a video of cartoon characters explaining multiplication.One condition (C)involves having students being taught multiplication from a teacher.One condition (D)involves having students being taught multiplication by a fourth-grader.In all conditions,participants spend 30 minutes learning the fundamentals of multiplication and are then given the same 15-question multiplication test.The number of questions answered correctly is recorded.The data are below.


Name two ways that Dr.Phillips could avoid selection threat when he is assigning participants to conditions and explain why each of these methods avoids selection threat.

Question 45

Explain why control variables are necessary in experiments and why they are not actually variables.

Question 46

Explain why experiments are better than your own personal experience at making causal claims.

Question 47

Define manipulation checks and pilot studies and explain how they address the construct validity of an experiment.

Question 48

What is a design confound? What type of validity is threatened by design confounds and how is it threatened? Explain why not all problems in a study are necessarily confounds.

Question 49

What is the difference between a posttest-only design and a pretest/posttest design? Provide both a benefit and a disadvantage of using a pretest/posttest design.

Question 50

What type of experimental design is affected by order effects? What can researchers do to address order effects and how does this fix them?

Question 51

Dr.Phillips is a cognitive-developmental psychologist who studies how children learn mathematical principles.His current interest is in studying how children learn multiplication.He recruits 54 second-graders who have not yet learned how to multiply numbers to participate in his study.He is curious as to whether different teaching styles lead to better mastery of the subject.One condition (A)involves having students read a chapter on multiplication from their textbook.One condition (B)involves having students watch a video of cartoon characters explaining multiplication.One condition (C)involves having students being taught multiplication from a teacher.One condition (D)involves having students being taught multiplication by a fourth-grader.In all conditions,participants spend 30 minutes learning the fundamentals of multiplication and are then given the same 15-question multiplication test.The number of questions answered correctly is recorded.The data are below.


Identify the independent variable(s),dependent variable(s),and a control variable in Dr.Phillips' study.

Question 52

Dr.Phillips is a cognitive-developmental psychologist who studies how children learn mathematical principles.His current interest is in studying how children learn multiplication.He recruits 54 second-graders who have not yet learned how to multiply numbers to participate in his study.He is curious as to whether different teaching styles lead to better mastery of the subject.One condition (A)involves having students read a chapter on multiplication from their textbook.One condition (B)involves having students watch a video of cartoon characters explaining multiplication.One condition (C)involves having students being taught multiplication from a teacher.One condition (D)involves having students being taught multiplication by a fourth-grader.In all conditions,participants spend 30 minutes learning the fundamentals of multiplication and are then given the same 15-question multiplication test.The number of questions answered correctly is recorded.The data are below.


Explain why Dr.Phillips cannot conduct a within-groups design.

Question 53

Dr.Phillips is a cognitive-developmental psychologist who studies how children learn mathematical principles.His current interest is in studying how children learn multiplication.He recruits 54 second-graders who have not yet learned how to multiply numbers to participate in his study.He is curious as to whether different teaching styles lead to better mastery of the subject.One condition (A)involves having students read a chapter on multiplication from their textbook.One condition (B)involves having students watch a video of cartoon characters explaining multiplication.One condition (C)involves having students being taught multiplication from a teacher.One condition (D)involves having students being taught multiplication by a fourth-grader.In all conditions,participants spend 30 minutes learning the fundamentals of multiplication and are then given the same 15-question multiplication test.The number of questions answered correctly is recorded.The data are below.


Write a question you would ask of Dr.Phillips' study to interrogate each of the four validities.

Question 54

Dr.Phillips is a cognitive-developmental psychologist who studies how children learn mathematical principles.His current interest is in studying how children learn multiplication.He recruits 54 second-graders who have not yet learned how to multiply numbers to participate in his study.He is curious as to whether different teaching styles lead to better mastery of the subject.One condition (A)involves having students read a chapter on multiplication from their textbook.One condition (B)involves having students watch a video of cartoon characters explaining multiplication.One condition (C)involves having students being taught multiplication from a teacher.One condition (D)involves having students being taught multiplication by a fourth-grader.In all conditions,participants spend 30 minutes learning the fundamentals of multiplication and are then given the same 15-question multiplication test.The number of questions answered correctly is recorded.The data are below.


Using Dr.Phillips' study as an example,explain the difference between a control group and a comparison group.Why did Dr.Phillips' study not have a control group?

Question 55

Name three advantages of within-groups designs.