Deck 15: Thought and Culture in the Mid-Nineteenth Century: Realism, positivism, darwinism, and Social Criticism

Question 1

How would opponents to women's rights react to the illustration in the text,Poster Published by the Artists' Suffrage League?

A) Married life is a woman's profession.
B) Concerned that family life would be jeopardized.
C) Women have little power to reason.
D) Women are unable to calculate consequences.
E) All of these statements were part of the opponents to woman's rights.

Answer 1

All of these statements were part of the opponents to woman's rights.

Question 2

The preeminent literary genre for realist writers was

A) lyrical poetry.
B) epic poetry.
C) the riddle.
D) the short story.
E) the novel.

Answer 2

the novel.

Question 3

Darwin's theory of evolution challenged traditional Christian beliefs in all of the following ways except that it

A) contradicted the account of creation in the Old Testament book Genesis.
B) deprived man of the privilege of being God's special creation.
C) suggested that the human race had evolved as the result of random natural processes.
D) undermined the infallibility of scripture and the conviction that of the Bible was indeed the Word of God.
E) was incompatible with the notion of a divine creator.

Answer 3

was incompatible with the notion of a divine creator.

Question 4

Referring to the primary source in the text,The Descent of Man,by Darwin which of the following is NOT used to prove his theory?

A) Information from the Bible that can be interpreted to prove his theory of evolution.
B) Similarity of species.
C) Geographical distribution of specie.
D) Physical construction,
E) Modern scientific knowledge.

Question 5

That a woman may leave her husband for a more fulfilling life is the conclusion in

A) Madame Bovary.
B) Pride and Prejudice.
C) Anna Karenina.
D) A Doll's House.
E) Bleak House.

Question 6

Honoré de Balzac's novels directed attention to

A) how social and economic forces might influence people's lives.
B) the need for uplifting art to cheer people.
C) the extravagance of aristocratic society.
D) the decline of the landed aristocracy both in wealth and in morals.
E) how the aristocracy oppresses the poor.

Question 7

How could the illustration in the text,Child Mine Labor,Report of Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry,1842 be related to the Marx?

A) Capitalism reduces the proletariat to a laboring beast.
B) It strengthens the theory of Social Darwinism.
C) It emphasizes the need to protect the small business man.
D) It destroys the goals of nationalism.
E) Socialist parties were seen as useless tools of the lower classes.

Question 8

Ivan Turgenev's Sketches describes

A) conditions in rural Russia.
B) the life of the Saint Petersburg aristocracy.
C) a big-game hunting expedition in Siberia.
D) rowing on the Moscow River.
E) the rough life in Afghanistan.

Question 9

Realist writers and artists

A) focused on common people, laborers, and the downtrodden.
B) sought to minimize the emotions of their subjects.
C) focused on the natural world rather than on people.
D) valued emotional involvement with the subjects of their work.
E) focused on the bourgeoisie.

Question 10

Erasmus Darwin and Charles Lyell both

A) demonstrated that the earth was far older than the Biblical account of creation suggested.
B) provided funding for Charles Darwin's voyage on the Beagle.
C) attempted to calculate the age of the earth based on radiocarbon dating.
D) were Anglican clergymen.
E) proved mathematically the circumference of the earth.

Question 11

Émile Zola probed all of the following except

A) slums.
B) brothels.
C) professional classes.
D) mining villages.
E) cabarets of France.

Question 12

What is the theme of the illustration in the text,A Caricature of Darwin?

A) Man evolved from Adam and Eve.
B) Man reverted back to inferior specie.
C) The history of the specie of the ape, involved the evolution of man.
D) It is being used by creationists to picture man as a savage animal.
E) God designed both the ape and man separately.

Question 13

Henrik Ibsen's Pillars of Society was a critique of

A) the corrupt Lutheran clergy.
B) conventional marriage.
C) peasant revolts.
D) Swedish rule over Norway.
E) hypocritical bourgeois.

Question 14

Which of the following is not a good match?

A) Turgenev and Sketches
B) Leo Tolstoy and War and Peace
C) Charles Dickens and Bleak House
D) Flaubert and Madame Bovary
E) Henrik Ibsen and Hard Times

Question 15

Which following thinker would have most agreed with the statement,"Human affairs operate with precise laws just as science understands the physical world".

A) Tolstoy
B) Fourier
C) Courbet
D) Flaubert
E) Comte

Question 16

Charles Lyell wrote about

A) fighting contagion in the cities.
B) the age of the earth.
C) the antiseptic theory.
D) economic liberalism.
E) the circumference of the earth.

Question 17

The law of the three stages involved the theological,the metaphysical,and the ____ stages.

A) scientific
B) humanistic
C) teleological
D) astronomical
E) geological

Question 18

The H.M.S.Beagle may be associated with

A) the transport of Courbet's artistic work to the London Exposition.
B) interest in a voyage to the North Pole.
C) Charles Darwin's trip to collect specimens of plant and animal life.
D) laying of the transatlantic cable.
E) Émile Zola's novels.

Question 19

Which of the following is not a good match?

A) Comte and positivism
B) Karl Marx and Marxism
C) Balzac and Social Darwinism
D) Ludwig Feuerbach and theology​
E) Gustave Courbet and realism

Question 20

Gustave Courbet's genius was expressed as a/an

A) court painter of the French Empire.
B) landscape artist for rural nobility.
C) artist of everyday life.
D) innovator in pigmentation and color.
E) portrait artist.

Question 21

Social Darwinist thought was generally

A) confined to Germany.
B) confined to Germany and Great Britain.
C) confined to Russia.
D) widespread in Germany, the United States, and Great Britain.
E) confined to France.

Question 22

Which of the following statement is TRUE in describing the shift from laissez faire to a social-liberal democracy by liberals?

A) Government should have the right to censor.
B) The growing concern for the welfare of labor should be acted on by worker associations.
C) Government cannot be trusted to provide for the welfare of the lower classes
D) Laissez-faire approach doomed many to poverty.
E) A return to religious piety was seen as a major part of reform.

Question 23

Who wrote,"The aim of every political association is the preservation of the natural....rights of man and woman"?

A) de Gouges
B) Grimke
C) Shelley
D) Wollstonecraft
E) Zola

Question 24

Which of the following does NOT support Darwin's evolutionary theory?

A) Food must be plentiful in order for a population to avoid survival.
B) Special features in an individual or group determines the chance to survive a myriad of dangers.
C) Exact duplications between generations guarantees survival.
D) Over generations, some offspring will acquire special traits favorable to survival.
E) Over time, natural selection causes the death of old and less adaptable species.

Question 25

In describing positivism,which of the following statements would NOT be correct?

A) Knowledge based on concrete facts would provide useful insights.
B) Social sciences were not applicable to positivism.
C) Comte is considered the father of positivism.
D) Science is the highest achievement of the human mind.
E) Plato's metaphysics was rejected by positivists.

Question 26

Which of the following statements would NOT be associated with Social Darwinists?

A) Failure was associated with inferior human hereditary endowments.
B) War is a biological necessity.
C) Humanity is divided into racial superiors and inferiors.
D) Anglo Saxon superiority supported imperialism
E) Biologically, Africans and Asiatics are equal to Europeans.

Question 27

Darwin adopted ____ idea that population produces faster than the food supply,causing a struggle for existence.

A) Strauss's
B) Smith's
C) the Ricardian
D) Owens'
E) the Malthusian

Question 28

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Auguste Comte

Question 29

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT in describing the similarities between liberals and Marxists?

A) Both believed in social progress and valued human talents
B) Both called for abandoning old ideas and creating a new harmonious society.
C) Both believed in the goodness and perfection of human nature and that these beliefs were founded on rational thought.
D) Both looked to the Enlightenment for inspiration.
E) Both believed that violence and revolution was necessary to achieve their goals.

Question 30

Jeremy Bentham was a/an

A) lawyer.
B) industrialist.
C) political scientist.
D) scientist.
E) social theorist.

Question 31

Social Darwinists did all the following except

A) undermined Enlightenment tradition.
B) divided humanity into racial superiors and inferiors.
C) sought humanitarian solutions to inequality.
D) regarded racial and national conflict as a biological necessity.
E) promoted territorial aggrandizement and military buildup.

Question 32

Unlike what Marx had predicted,Western workers improved their lives due to increased productivity,reform-minded governments,and which of the following?

A) Socialist revolutions
B) Efforts by labor unions
C) Rivalries among workers
D) Peasant revolts
E) Bourgeois sympathy

Question 33

Of the following,who stood strongly for female equality?

A) Rousseau
B) Mill
C) Darwin
D) Byron
E) Marx

Question 34

The alleviation of poverty through state agencies and social reform was encouraged by

A) Marx.
B) Gaskell.
C) Green.
D) Bakunin.
E) Engels.

Question 35

One may correctly say of John Stuart Mill's work On Liberty that

A) it influenced Marx's Communist Manifesto.
B) it referred to liberty as a supreme good.
C) it expressed a fear of anarchism if people were not somehow restricted.
D) the state should restrict citizens' beliefs to Biblical morality.
E) citizens can develop their moral and intellectual potential in an authoritarian state.

Question 36

Who argued for state intervention to promote individual self-development?

A) Mill
B) Marx
C) Hobhouse
D) Herwegh
E) Green

Question 37

__________ referred to religion as "a product of people's imagination and feelings,consolation for the oppressed."

A) Marx
B) Bakunin
C) Feuerbach
D) Spencer
E) Malthus

Question 38

According to Marx,the engine of historical change was

A) class struggle.
B) Absolute Spirit.
C) the masses' envy of the wealthy.
D) long-term fluctuations in the price of basic foods.
E) racial conflict.

Question 39

Advocates of Social Darwinism were generally politically

A) conservative.
B) liberal.
C) Marxist.
D) anarchist.
E) socialist.

Question 40

Historians would agree that Social Darwinism

A) led some to believe that the extinction of so-called "inferior races" was a good thing.
B) contended that through evolution, states would eventually eliminate war.
C) applauded the cosmopolitanism of the philosophes.
D) continued Enlightenment traditions.
E) strengthened Christian belief.

Question 41

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Gustave Flaubert

Question 42

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Pillars of Society

Question 43

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Seneca Falls

Question 44

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
proletariat

Question 45

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
John Stuart Mill

Question 46

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Sarah Grimke

Question 47

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Leo Tolstoy

Question 48

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
natural selection

Question 49

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Positivism

Question 50

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
realism

Question 51

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Malthusian

Question 52

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Erasmus Darwin

Question 53

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Social Darwinism

Question 54

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Gustave Courbet

Question 55

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
"law of the three stages"

Question 56

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Albert J.Beveridge

Question 57

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Laissez faire

Question 58

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Thomas Hill Green

Question 59

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Friedrich Engels

Question 60

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
War and Peace

Question 61

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Ivan Turgenev

Question 62

Briefly define realism and naturalism.Referring to specific writers and their works,comment on the nature of the impact of these movements.

Question 63

Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

On a blank map of Europe,designate with arrows where each of the following persons' revolutionary theories originated: Auguste Comte,Charles Darwin,and Karl Marx.

Question 64

What were the arguments against Marxist theory?

Question 65

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Madame Bovary

Question 66

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
A Doll's House

Question 67

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Origin of the Species

Question 68

Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

On a map of Europe,designate with arrows where the work of each of the following was undertaken: Thomas Hill Green,D.G.Ritchie,and John Stuart Mill; Charles Lyell and Charles Darwin; and Hermann von Helmholtz and Heinrich.Next to each grouping,place a heading showing with what type of endeavor the individual was associated.

Question 69

According to Karl Marx,how does history unfold? How is the movement of history connected to Marx's larger view of human society?

Question 70

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Émile Zola

Question 71

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
capitalism

Question 72

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Anna Karenina

Question 73

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Charles Darwin

Question 74

Describe the feminist movement in the nineteenth century.How did feminists use the same natural rights arguments to support their quest for women's rights?

Question 75

Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Karl Marx

Question 76

It could be said that European elites in the second half of the nineteenth century were "discovering the masses" in a way that previous elites had not.Elites saw the masses as a problem,perhaps because of their increased political mobilization.Discuss the various solutions proposed by the thinkers described in thisChapter.

Question 77

Can you discover similarities in Marxist and liberal thought of the late nineteenth century? Was there a major difference in their approaches?

Question 78

How did Marx explain that capitalism would be destroyed?

Question 79

Trace the sources of Darwin's major concepts.Why were his ideas considered potentially injurious to the religious establishment?

Question 80

How would you describe the relationship of Social Darwinism to Enlightenment thought?