Deck 15: Fluid and Acid Base Balance

Question 1

What sort of dietary strategy creates a physiological need for salt or "salt hunger"?​

A)​carnivorous
B)omnivorous
C)avoidance of dairy
D)herbivorous
E)​avoidance of fruit

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Where is the thirst center of the brain located?​

A)​pons
B)brain stem
C)medulla
D)hypothalamus
E)​pineal gland

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What is the normal average daily output for urine?​

A)​0.5 L
B)1.5 L
C)3 L
D)5 L
E)​20 L

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What exists when the gains via input for a substance exceed its losses via output?​

A)​equilibrium
B)a negative balance
C)a positive balance
D)a net pool loss
E)​homeostasis

Question 5

How can consumption of alcohol and/or caffeine lead to ECF hypertonicity?​

A)​They stimulate adrenal hormone secretion.
B)They inhibit adrenal hormone secretion.
C)They inhibit vasopressin secretion.
D)They stimulate vasopressin secretion. 
E)​They slowly destroy the hypothalamus. 

Question 6

What compound is incorporated into hemoglobin,but released back into body fluids when red blood cells degenerate?​

A)​calcium
B)hydrogen
C)sodium
D)iron
E)​magnesium

Question 7

How much water resides in the intracellular fluid compartment?

A)​about 1/3
B)about half
C)about 2/3
D)about 3/4
E)​about 90%

Question 8

What is the barrier between plasma and interstitial fluid?​

A)​blood vessel walls
B)the skin
C)cell membrane
D)interstitial space
E)​spinal canal

Question 9

What type of fluid is cerebrospinal fluid?

A)​transcellular
B)lymph
C)intracellular
D)extracellular
E)​interstitial

Question 10

The main reason for the wide range in body H₂O among individuals is their variable amount of:​

A)​dietary protein
B)pH
C)minerals
D)muscle mass
E)​adipose tissue (fat)

Question 11

What components are primarily lost from the body with sweating and vomiting?​

A)​water,salt,and hydrogen ions
B)water,acid,and magnesium
C)water,iron,and glucose
D)water,calcium,and bicarbonate ions
E)​water,glucose,and acid

Question 12

On average,what percent of body weight is water?

A)​80%
B)60%
C)50%
D)40%
E)​30%

Question 13

Sodium and chloride ions account for what percentage of the ECF osmotic activity?​

A)​100%
B)at least 90%
C)75%
D)50%
E)​10%

Question 14

The extent of dissociation for a given acid is: 

A)​dependent on temperature
B)dependent on pH
C)always constant
D)higher outside of cells
E)​higher inside of cells

Question 15

The predominant excitatory input for both vasopressin secretion and thirst comes from:​

A)​pineal gland sensors
B)thalamic hormones
C)ECF electrolyte sensors
D)pituitary osmoreceptors
E)​hypothalamic osmoreceptors

Question 16

What are the three ways that the body loses or excretes salt?​

A)​exhaling,sweat,and vomit
B)exhaling,urine,and sweat
C)sweat,feces,and urine
D)inhaling,urine,and sweat
E)​inhaling,feces,and vomit

Question 17

What type of tissue contains the least amount of water?

A)​bone
B)muscle
C)skin
D)fat
E)​connective tissue

Question 18

What does over-hydration create in the ECF?​

A)​hypotonicity
B)hypertonicity
C)isotonicity
D)increased solute
E)​increased sodium ions

Question 19

How is glucose stored within the body?

A)​within red blood cells
B)as glycogen
C)within the pancreas
D)as insulin
E)​within the extracellular fluid

Question 20

What are the two factors that are regulated to maintain fluid balance in the body?​

A)​salt concentration and blood pressure
B)body temperature and blood pressure
C)ECF pH and ICF pressure
D)ICF volume and ICF osmolarity
E)​ECF volume and ECF osmolarity

Question 21

What organ is most important in compensating for respiratory acidosis?​

A)​lungs
B)heart
C)kidneys
D)liver
E)​spleen

Question 22

Hypoventilation is a cause of:

A)​respiratory acidosis
B)respiratory alkalosis
C)metabolic acidosis
D)metabolic alkalosis
E)​pulmonary edema

Question 23

Aspirin poisoning is a cause of:

A)​respiratory acidosis
B)respiratory alkalosis
C)metabolic acidosis
D)metabolic alkalosis
E)​pulmonary edema

Question 24

What is the normal pH range for urine?​

A)​1-3
B)3.5-4.5
C)4-8
D)5-7
E)​7.5-8.5

Question 25

What controls ammonia secretion?​

A)​The skin
B)The kidneys
C)The liver
D)The colon
E)​The spleen

Question 26

What type of acid-base disorder most frequently occurs?​

A)respiratory acidosis
B)respiratory alkalosis
C)metabolic acidosis
D)metabolic alkalosis
E)​pulmonary edema

Question 27

What do the kidneys secrete during acidosis to buffer secreted H+?​

A)​bicarbonate
B)urea
C)uric acid
D)bilirubin
E)​ammonia

Question 28

Which cells in the distal and collecting tubules are responsible for regulating acid-base balance?​

A)​peripheral cells
B)principal cells
C)intercalated cells
D)goblet cells
E)​Henle cells

Question 29

What is the main clinical effect of systemic alkalosis?

A)​depression
B)inability to talk
C)"pins-and needles" sensation in muscle​
D)disorientation
E)​thirst

Question 30

How many buffer systems does the body have?​

A)​one
B)two
C)three
D)four
E)​five

Question 31

Chronic or excessive vomiting leads to:

A)​respiratory acidosis
B)respiratory alkalosis
C)metabolic acidosis
D)metabolic alkalosis
E)​pulmonary edema

Question 32

What is the pH of pure water?​

A)​8
B)7
C)6
D)5
E)​4

Question 33

What is ammonia synthesized from within the tubular cells?​

A)​glucose
B)lysine
C)aldosterone
D)arginine
E)​glutamine

Question 34

The breakdown of what food yields sulfuric and phosphoric acids?​

A)​bell peppers
B)dark grapes
C)mushrooms
D)citrus fruits
E)​meat

Question 35

Taking baking soda for an upset stomach increases the risk of:​

A)respiratory acidosis
B)respiratory alkalosis
C)metabolic acidosis
D)metabolic alkalosis
E)​pulmonary edema

Question 36

What is the normal pH range for gastric juice?

A)​1-3
B)3.5-4.5
C)4-8
D)5-7
E)​7.5-8.5

Question 37

Hyperventilation is a cause of:​

A)​respiratory acidosis
B)respiratory alkalosis
C)metabolic acidosis
D)metabolic alkalosis
E)​pulmonary edema

Question 38

What are the most plentiful buffers of the body fluids?​

A)​intracellular and plasma proteins
B)fatty acids
C)calcium and magnesium
D)nucleic acids
E)​carbonates

Question 39

What happens to ventilation during metabolic alkalosis?​

A)​no change
B)stops
C)hyperventilation
D)slightly increased
E)​reduced

Question 40

A change in pH that has a respiratory cause is associated with an abnormal concentration of:​

A)​H₂O
B)CO₂
C)HCO-₃
D)NH₃
E)​NH₄+

Question 41

A strong acid has a greater tendency to dissociate in solution than a weak acid does.

Question 42

Every unit change in pH actually represents a 10-fold change in [H+] because of the logarithmic relationship.

Question 43

The major clinical effect of increased [H+] (acidosis)is tingling of the peripheral nervous system.​

Question 44

Metabolic H₂O produced during cell metabolism and released into the ECF averages about 1,350 mL per day.

Question 45

The pH of pure H₂O is 8.0,which is considered slightly alkaline.​

Question 46

About 90% of the body H₂O found in the ECF compartment is further subdivided into plasma and lymph fluid.​

Question 47

The term acid-base balance refers to the precise regulation of bound hydrogen ion concentration in the blood.​

Question 48

Sodium and potassium are by far the most abundant solutes in the ECF in terms of numbers of particles and account for most ECF osmotic activity.

Question 49

The breakdown of fruits and vegetables produces acids that,to some extent,neutralize bases derived from meat,grain,and dairy protein metabolism.

Question 50

The quantity of any particular substance in the ECF is a readily available internal pool.

Question 51

Plasma is the only fluid that can be acted on directly to control its volume and composition.

Question 52

Without adequate vasopressin in diabetes insipidus,the kidneys cannot conserve sodium because they cannot reabsorb sodium from the late parts of the nephron.

Question 53

Vasopressin-controlled H₂O reabsorption is of primary importance in regulating ECF osmolarity.​

Question 54

When the gains via input for a substance exceed its losses via output,a positive balance exists.​

Question 55

Another stimulus for increasing both thirst and vasopressin is angiotensin II.​

Question 56

The major source of H+ is from metabolically produced CO₂.​

Question 57

Hypotonicity occurs when excess H₂O without solute is retained in the body as a result of the syndrome of inappropriate vasopressin secretion.​

Question 58

Vasopressin secretion and thirst are both stimulated by a free H₂O deficit and suppressed by a free H₂O excess.​

Question 59

The three avenues for salt output are obligatory loss of salt in sweat and feces and uncontrolled excretion of salt in vomit.​

Question 60

A chemical buffer system is a mixture in a solution of two chemical compounds that minimize pH changes when either an acid or a base is added to or removed from the solution.​

Question 61

If the quantity of a substance is to remain stable within the body,its __________ through ingestion or metabolic production must be balanced by an equal __________ through excretion or metabolic consumption.​

Question 62

Possible causes of respiratory acidosis include fever,anxiety,and aspirin poisoning.​

Question 63

The pH of __________ blood is normally 7.45 and the pH of __________ blood is 7.35,for an average blood pH of 7.4.

Question 64

The kidneys control the pH of body fluids by adjusting three interrelated factors: H+ excretion,HCO-₃ excretion,and ammonia secretion.​

Question 65

Dietary proteins found abundantly in meat contain a large quantity of __________ and phosphorus.

Question 66

Control of ECF volume is important in the long-term regulation of __________.​

Question 67

The barrier between the ECF and the ICF is the __________.

Question 68

Dehydration with accompanying hypertonicity can be brought about by __________,a disease characterized by a deficiency of vasopressin.​

Question 69

The relationship between [H+] and the members of a buffer pair can be expressed according to the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.​

Question 70

Synovial fluid is an example of __________ fluid.

Question 71

Type B intercalated cells are more active than Type A intercalated cells under normal circumstances,and their activity increases even more during acidosis.

Question 72

The two factors regulated to maintain fluid balance in the body are __________ volume and ECF __________.

Question 73

__________ fluid lies in the spaces between cells and makes exchanges with the cells,and represents four-fifths of the ECF compartment.​

Question 74

The __________ of a fluid is a measure of the concentration of the individual solute particles dissolved in it.​

Question 75

Changes in excitability of __________ and __________ cells are among the major clinical manifestations of pH abnormalities.

Question 76

The amount of sodium reabsorbed is controlled through the __________ system.​

Question 77

The condition of over-hydration,hypotonicity,and cellular swelling resulting from excess free H₂O retention is known as __________.​

Question 78

Respiration is an example of a(n)__________ loss of H₂O.​

Question 79

When losses for a substance exceed its gains,a(n)__________ balance exists and the total amount of the substance in the body decreases.

Question 80

An increase in venous [H+] as the result of a non-respiratory (or metabolic)cause brings about reflex stimulation of the respiratory center in the hypothalamus.​