Deck 17: Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation

Question 1

What virus may lead to obesity by transforming adult tissue-specific stem cells into fat-storing adipocytes?​

A)​HIV
B)HepB
C)adenovirus-36
D)corona virus
E)​influenza B

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What is the arbitrary boundary for being considered obese?​

A)​having a BMI of between 22 and 24.9
B)having a BMI of between 25 and 29.9
C)having a BMI of 25 or greater
D)having a BMI of 30 or greater
E)​having a BMI of 38 or greater

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What is the basic unit of heat energy?​

A)​joules
B)calorie
C)Tesla
D)Celsius
E)​gram

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The energy equivalent of O₂ is:​

A)​4.8 kcal of energy liberated per liter of O₂ consumed
B)4.8 kcal of energy liberated per liter of CO₂ expired
C)5.8 kcal of energy liberated per liter of O₂ consumed
D)5.8 kcal of energy liberated per liter of CO₂ expired
E)​6.8 kcal of energy liberated per liter of CO₂ expired

Question 5

What percentage of the U.S.population is affected by anorexia nervosa?​

A)​0.1%
B)0.6%
C)2.3%
D)3.6%
E)​5.1%

Question 6

What law of thermodynamics states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed?

A)​first
B)second
C)third
D)fourth
E)​fifth

Question 7

Cells capture a portion of nutrient energy in the high-energy phosphate bonds of:

A)​ADP
B)ATP
C)phosphatase
D)glucose
E)​amino acids

Question 8

What hormone is the primary (but not sole)determinant of the rate of basal metabolism?​

A)​insulin
B)adrenal hormone
C)pituitary hormone
D)parathyroid hormone
E)​thyroid hormone

Question 9

The energy in nutrient molecules not used to energize work is transformed into what?​

A)​chemical energy
B)glucose
C)thermal energy (heat)
D)water
E)​ADP

Question 10

The rate at which energy is expended by the body during both external and internal work is known as the:​

A)​heart rate
B)respiratory rate
C)digestive rate
D)thermodynamic rate
E)​metabolic rate

Question 11

What is the so-called "hunger hormone"?​

A)​ghrelin
B)insulin
C)leptin
D)peptide YY3-36
E)corticotropin-releasing hormone

Question 12

What is the overall percent of nutrient derived energy that is lost as heat?​

A)​35%
B)50%
C)60%
D)75%
E)​90%

Question 13

What is a positive energy balance primarily stored as within the body?​

A)​glycogen
B)glucose
C)adipose tissue
D)muscle tissue
E)​ATP

Question 14

Which list correctly orders energy expenditure from greatest to least amount of kcal/hr?​

A)walking up stairs → rowing (20 strokes/minute)→ jogging → swimming → bicycling (5.5 miles/hour)
B)swimming → walking up stairs → rowing (20 strokes/minute)→ jogging → bicycling (5.5 miles/hour)
C)jogging → walking up stairs → bicycling (5.5 miles/hour)→ rowing (20 strokes/minute)→ swimming
D)swimming → rowing (20 strokes/minute)→ jogging → walking up stairs → bicycling (5.5 miles/hour)
E)walking up stairs → bicycling (5.5 miles/hour)→ swimming → rowing (20 strokes/minute)→ jogging

Question 15

What percentage of American adults are obese?​

A)​55%
B)50%
C)44%
D)39%
E)​34%

Question 16

What is the difference between a calorie and a Calorie?​

A)​1 calorie = 1 Calorie
B)1 Calorie = 100 calories
C)1 calorie = 100 Calories
D)1 Calorie = 1,000 calories
E)​1 calorie= 1,000 Calories

Question 17

The newly identified link between obesity-induced inflammation and its metabolic consequences is termed:​

A)​metasity
B)metaflammation
C)metabolic edema
D)metabolic syndrome
E)​obesity induced inflammation

Question 18

How many kilocalories of heat energy are released when 1 gram of glucose is oxidized or "burned"?​

A)​2
B)3
C)4
D)5
E)​6

Question 19

How many subsets of neurons does the arcuate nucleus have?​

A)​five
B)four
C)three
D)two
E)​one

Question 20

Where is the major site for leptin action?​

A)​pancreas
B)arcuate nucleus
C)liver
D)thalamus
E)thyroid gland​

Question 21

Heat stroke is more likely to occur on overexertion during a prolonged exposure to a:​

A)​hot,humid environment
B)hot,dry environment
C)cold,humid environment
D)cold,dry environment
E)​wet,rainy environment

Question 22

What is the best determinant of core temperature (because it is nearly identical to the temperature of the blood)?​

A)​oral temperature
B)axillary temperature
C)temporal temperature
D)rectal temperature
E)​skin temperature

Question 23

Non-shivering thermogenesis is accomplished by:​

A)​the lungs
B)brown fat
C)skeletal muscles
D)the thalamus
E)​the thyroid

Question 24

What part of the hypothalamus is activated by warmth?

A)anterior region
B)posterior region
C)superior region
D)inferior region
E)​distal region

Question 25

At normal room temperature,how much more blood flows through the skin than is needed for nutritive purposes?​

A)​3 times more
B)5 times more
C)10-15 times more
D)20-30 times more
E)​40-50 times more

Question 26

The relative constancy of core temperature is made possible by multiple thermoregulatory mechanisms coordinated by the:​

A)​medulla
B)heart
C)thyroid
D)thalamus
E)​hypothalamus

Question 27

What glands secrete odorless,dilute,and clear sweat?​

A)​salivary sweat glands
B)dermal sweat glands
C)integumentary sweat glands
D)apocrine sweat glands
E)​eccrine sweat glands

Question 28

At what temperature is the internal core temperature homeostatically maintained?​

A)​100°F
B)98.6°F
C)98.2°F
D)97.1°F
E)​96°F

Question 29

What are the four mechanisms of heat transfer that the body uses?

A)​externalization,conduction,respiration,and evaporation
B)radiation,conduction,convection,and evaporation
C)radiation,transference,convection,and dissipation
D)radiation,conduction,respiration,and dissipation
E)​externalization,conduction,respiration,and dissipation

Question 30

Adjustments in heat production are made primarily by:​

A)​the lungs
B)brown fat
C)skeletal muscles
D)the thalamus
E)​the thyroid

Question 31

What do macrophages release that increase body temperature (fever)?​

A)​hydrogen peroxide
B)nitric oxide
C)histamine
D)interleukins
E)​endogenous pyrogen

Question 32

Most people suffer convulsions when the internal body temperature reaches about:​

A)​102°F
B)104°F
C)106°F
D)108°F
E)​110°F

Question 33

What is the most important source of heat for the body?​

A)​internal heat production
B)heat gain from the external environment
C)respiration
D)exercise
E)​eating

Question 34

At what time is a person's core temperature the lowest?​

A)​6 pm
B)3 pm
C)noon
D)9 am
E)​6 am

Question 35

What internal body temperature is considered the upper limit compatible with life?​

A)​104°F
B)106°F
C)108°F
D)110°F
E)​112°F

Question 36

What is the most common cause of hyperthermia?​

A)​infection
B)thyroid disorder
C)adrenal medulla disorder
D)malfunction of the hypothalamic control centers
E)​sustained exercise

Question 37

How does aspirin reduce a fever?​

A)​by inhibiting synthesis of histamine
B)by inhibiting synthesis of nitric oxide
C)by inhibiting synthesis of hydrogen peroxide
D)by inhibiting synthesis of prostaglandins
E)​by inhibiting synthesis of endogenous pyrogen

Question 38

What glands secrete a thick milky sweat prone to odor?​

A)​salivary sweat glands
B)dermal sweat glands
C)integumentary sweat glands
D)apocrine sweat glands
E)​eccrine sweat glands

Question 39

What is the body's thermostat?​

A)​thalamus
B)hypothalamus
C)thyroid
D)medulla
E)​adrenals

Question 40

What kind of heat loss occurs continually from the linings of the respiratory airways and from the surface of the skin?​

A)​radiation
B)conduction
C)evaporation
D)dissipation
E)​convection

Question 41

Studies demonstrate that obese people have less bacteria in their colon that breaks down indigestible fiber more efficiently for absorption from the digestive tract.​

Question 42

If the amount of energy in food intake is less than the amount of energy expended,the extra energy taken in but not used is stored in the body,primarily as glycogen,so body weight decreases.​

Question 43

Sweating is an active evaporative heat-loss process under parasympathetic nervous control.

Question 44

Multiple,highly integrated,redundant pathways crisscross into and out of the arcuate nucleus,indicative of the complex systems involved in feeding and satiety.​

Question 45

The term convection refers to the transfer of heat energy by air (or water)currents.​

Question 46

Conduction is the emission of heat energy from the surface of a warm body in the form of electromagnetic waves,or heat waves,which travel through space.​

Question 47

Nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT),or the "fidget factor," might explain some variation in fat storage among people.​

Question 48

Energy output or expenditure by the body falls into two categories: external work and internal work.​

Question 49

The arbitrary boundary for being overweight is having a body mass index of between 22 and 26.9.​

Question 50

Heat output occurs by way of heat loss from exposed organs to the internal environment.​

Question 51

Recent studies indicate that normal body temperature varies among individuals and varies throughout the day,ranging from 92.0°F in the morning to 99.9°F in the evening,with an overall average of 100°F.​

Question 52

The rate of energy expenditure during sleep is 10% to 15% lower than the BMR,presumably because of the more complete muscle relaxation that occurs during the paradoxical stage of sleep.​

Question 53

The core temperature is monitored by central thermoreceptors,which are located in the hypothalamus itself,and in the abdominal organs and elsewhere.​

Question 54

Skin temperature may fluctuate between 68°F and 104°F (20°C and 40°C)without damage.​

Question 55

Among American females 15 to 24 years old,the death rate associated with anorexia nervosa is 12 times higher than the death rate from all other causes.​

Question 56

The basic unit of heat energy is the kilocalorie,which is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of H₂O by 1°C.​

Question 57

The elderly naturally have lower core temperatures,with a midday average of 97.7°F.​

Question 58

Adipose tissue is now considered an exocrine gland and is the smallest hormone-secreting tissue in the body.​

Question 59

One of the problems in fighting obesity is that once fat cells are created they do not disappear with dieting and weight loss.​

Question 60

During biochemical processing,only about 50% of the energy in nutrient molecules is transferred to ATP;the other 50% of nutrient energy is immediately lost as heat.​

Question 61

A more convenient method of indirectly determining the rate of heat production requires only measuring the person's __________ uptake per unit of time.​

Question 62

In contrast to the constant high temperature in the __________,the temperature within the __________ is generally cooler and may vary substantially.

Question 63

__________,one of the most potent appetite stimulators ever found,leads to increased food intake,thus promoting weight gain.​

Question 64

Shivering consists of rhythmic,oscillating skeletal muscle contractions that occur at a rapid rate of 10 to 20 per second.​

Question 65

Control of food intake to match changing metabolic expenditures is the major means of maintaining a(n)__________ energy balance.​

Question 66

Adipose tissue secretes several hormones,collectively termed __________,that play important roles in energy balance and metabolism.​

Question 67

__________,most notably α-melanocytestimulating hormone (α-MSH)from the hypothalamus,suppress appetite,thus leading to reduced food intake and __________.​

Question 68

Fever production in response to an infection is a deliberate outcome and is not caused by a breakdown of thermoregulation.​

Question 69

People should not have eaten any food within 12 hours before the BMR determination to avoid diet-induced __________.​

Question 70

Normal metabolism produces enough heat to kill a person in less than 5 hours if the heat-loss mechanisms are completely shut down.​

Question 71

There are two versions of the FTO gene: the "normal" __________ variant and the "faulty" __________ variant.​

Question 72

The __________ is a reflection of the body's "idling speed," or the minimal waking rate of internal energy expenditure.​

Question 73

Heat stroke is an extremely dangerous situation that arises from the complete destruction of the thalamus.

Question 74

The __________ and axillary temperatures are comparable,whereas __________ temperature averages about 1°F higher.​

Question 75

Characteristics of anorexia nervosa include altered secretion of many hormones,absence of __________,and __________ body temperature.​

Question 76

As thyroid hormone increases,the BMR __________.​

Question 77

Cells capture a portion of the nutrient energy in the high-energy phosphate bonds of __________.​

Question 78

The __________ of the hypothalamus plays a central role in both long-term control of energy balance and body weight and short-term control of food intake from meal to meal.​

Question 79

During fever production,endogenous pyrogen raises the set point of the thalamic thermostat by triggering the local release of histamines.​

Question 80

Some adipokines,like __________,are released only from visceral fat,the deep,"bad" fat that surrounds the abdominal organs.​