Deck 1: Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis

Question 1

Which two cell types lose the ability to reproduce soon after they are formed?​

A)​skin cells and heart cells
B)epithelial cells and muscle cells
C)nerve cells and muscle cells
D)kidney cells and pancreatic cells
E)​connective cells and nerve cells

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The two main categories of glands are called ____.​

A)​secretive and absorptive
B)endocrine and exocrine
C)internal and external
D)embryonic and latent
E)​ducted and ductless

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What is the best definition of a body system?

A)​The containment of functional tissues
B)A collection of diverse specialized cells
C)A multi-cellular life form
D)An integrated collection of related organs
E)​A living being capable of cognition

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What are the most basic building blocks of matter?

A)tissue
B)cells
C)atoms
D)bones
E)​amino acids

Question 5

Physiology is best defined as the _____.​

A)study of all living things
B)study of the bodily functions of living things
C)study of human relationships
D)maintenance of body temperature
E)​maintenance of physical fitness

Question 6

Epithelial tissue is organized into what two general types of structures?​

A)​cells and cell walls
B)ducts and nuclei
C)epithelial sheets and secretory glands
D)protective and absorptive
E)​epithelial sheets and cell membranes

Question 7

Of the different muscle types,which one can be voluntarily controlled?​

A)​smooth
B)arterial
C)cardiac
D)skeletal
E)​heart

Question 8

What occurs when a cell differentiates?

A)​It becomes specialized to perform a particular function.
B)It stops using nutrients and dies.
C)It morphs into a faster dividing cell.
D)It divides into other cells that contain a lesser number of chromosomes.
E)​It becomes physically larger and more complex.

Question 9

Approximately how many red blood cells are replaced per minute in the human body on average?

A)​150,000,000
B)50,000,000
C)5,000,000
D)500,000
E)​5,000

Question 10

What type of tissue consists of cells specialized for exchanging materials with the environment?

A)​connective
B)muscle
C)bone
D)nervous
E)​epithelial

Question 11

What compound/molecule produced by connective tissue is a rubber band-like protein fiber?

A)​fibrin
B)fibrinogen
C)elastin
D)glucosamine
E)​chondroitin

Question 12

What type of tissue consists of cells specialized for transmitting messages?

A)​connective
B)muscle
C)bone
D)nervous
E)​epithelial

Question 13

What are the four most common chemical elements in the human body?

A)​water,salt,protein,and fat
B)iron,carbon,oxygen,and potassium
C)blood,muscle,fat,and bone
D)collagen,glucosamine,chondroitin,and cartilage
E)​oxygen,carbon,hydrogen,and nitrogen

Question 14

The human body is made up of approximately how many specialized cell types?​

A)​400
B)200
C)100
D)50
E)​25

Question 15

Which structure encloses the cells of the human body?

A)​a carbon shell
B)an electron cluster
C)microvilli
D)a plasma membrane
E)​a protective protein sheath

Question 16

Which progression represents the correct hierarchy of organization,from simpler to more complex?

A)​atom,cell,tissue,organ,system,organism
B)tissue,cell,system,organism,organ,body
C)system,atom,cell,organ,tissue,organism
D)atom,molecule,compound,cell,body,organism
E)​chemical,cell,organ,tissue,system,organism

Question 17

What are two examples of exocrine glands?

A)​sweat glands and glands that secrete digestive juices
B)mammary glands and the pancreas
C)the bladder and the kidneys
D)thyroid gland and sweat glands
E)​pancreas and the pituitary gland

Question 18

What kind of glands secrete through ducts to the outside of the body (or cavity open to the outside)?

A)​endocrine
B)embryonic
C)external
D)latent
E)​exocrine

Question 19

What are the four primary tissue types?

A)​muscle,nervous,epithelial,and connective
B)bone,nerves,brain,and skin
C)epithelial,nervous,cardiovascular,and alimentary
D)skin,epithelial,connective,and integumentary
E)​contractile,protective,absorptive,and integumentary

Question 20

What are two examples of connective tissue?

A)​muscle and tendons
B)bone and tendons
C)ligaments and nerves
D)cartilage and skin
E)​blood and muscle

Question 21

Which mineral is most important for muscle movement and is stored in the skeletal system?​

A)​magnesium
B)iron
C)calcium
D)phosphorus
E)​boron

Question 22

What are the two classes of homeostatic control systems?​

A)​conscious and unconscious
B)intrinsic and extrinsic
C)intrinsic and internal
D)extrinsic and external
E)​automated and reflex

Question 23

What do human cells require to carry out energy-yielding chemical reactions?

A)​oxygen
B)carbon dioxide
C)salt
D)ATP molecules
E)​sunlight

Question 24

By what means does the endocrine system regulate bodily processes?​

A)​nerves
B)electrolytes
C)minerals such as calcium
D)carbon dioxide
E)​hormones

Question 25

In addition to feedback mechanisms,what other control mechanism does the body use?

A)​balanced mechanisms
B)feedforward mechanisms
C)complimentary mechanisms
D)hybrid mechanisms
E)​ancillary mechanisms

Question 26

Which sequence correctly illustrates a negative feedback system?

A)​input → negative effect → output → change
B)external stimuli → effector → internal change → integration
C)sensor → integrator → effector → compensatory response
D)integrator → effector → compensatory response → sensor
E)​negative input → sensor → integrator → positive output

Question 27

Homeostatic control systems resist change by operating on what primary principle?​

A)​The principle of positive feedback
B)The principle of negative feedback
C)The principle of integration
D)The principle of assimilation
E)​The principle of deactivation

Question 28

How many body systems does the human body contain?

A)​four
B)five
C)seven
D)nine
E)​eleven

Question 29

The integumentary system consists of ____.

A)connective tissue such as ligaments and tendons
B)everything related to the cardiovascular system
C)muscles and bones
D)nerves and ganglions
E)​the skin and related structures

Question 30

The extracellular fluid is made up of which two components?​

A)​lymph and plasma
B)cellular matrix and globular filtrate
C)plasma and interstitial fluid
D)white blood cells and lymph
E)​red blood cells and interstitial fluid

Question 31

What is a predicted outcome of a severe homeostatic disruption?​

A)​death
B)feedforward activity
C)cellular uptake
D)enhanced sensation
E)​adaptation

Question 32

Electrolytes are best defined as _____.

A)​chemicals that form ions in solution and conduct electricity
B)chemicals that generate electricity
C)compounds that form molecules without electrons
D)salts that exchange covalent electrons
E)​salts that increase pH levels

Question 33

What are the three actions that the body's control system must perform in order to maintain homeostasis?

A)​Control the external environment,record information,and make adjustments.
B)Control the internal environment,record information,and detect deviation.
C)Detect information,integrate internal environment,and control changes.
D)Detect deviations,control temperature,and maintain pH.
E)​Detect deviations,integrate information,and make appropriate adjustments.

Question 34

What type of fluid resides within cells?

A)​systemic
B)extracellular
C)ribosomal
D)intracellular
E)​plasma

Question 35

Broadly speaking,how many internal factors in the body must be homeostatically maintained?​

A)​nine
B)seven
C)five
D)four
E)​three

Question 36

How many body systems contribute to homeostasis?​

A)​5
B)7
C)9
D)11
E)​15

Question 37

The output in a positive feedback system becomes ____.

A)​inactivated
B)static
C)externalized
D)amplified
E)​dampened

Question 38

Which example best illustrates a feedforward mechanism?​

A)​The release of thyroxin from the thyroid
B)The production of red blood cells
C)The replacement of skin cells
D)The excretion of bile from the gall bladder
E)​The secretion of insulin following a meal

Question 39

What does "pH" measure?

A)​The percentage of potassium in the extracellular fluid
B)The amount of phosphorus in the intracellular fluid
C)The relative amount of acidity based on hydrogen ions
D)The energy producing ability of a cell
E)​The percentage of water in the interstitial fluid

Question 40

What electrolyte does the heart rely on most in order to keep a rhythmic beat?

A)​potassium
B)phosphorus
C)magnesium
D)iron
E)​sodium

Question 41

Epithelial sheets are layers of tightly joined cells that cover and line various parts of the body.​

Question 42

Tendons and ligaments are classified as epithelial tissue.​

Question 43

Homeostasis is a static-state control system within the body.

Question 44

Glands are epithelial tissue derivatives specialized for secreting.​

Question 45

The four most common elements in the human body make up about 70% of the total chemistry.​

Question 46

The internal environment of a multicellular organism is the fluid surrounding cells,through which life-sustaining exchanges are made.

Question 47

Enzymes are specialized proteins that speed up particular chemical reactions in the body.​

Question 48

Physiology focuses exclusively on the study of human beings.​

Question 49

The three types of muscle tissue include skeletal,smooth,and connective.

Question 50

Physiology examines the mechanisms of actions.in the body​

Question 51

Muscle tissue is the ultimate source of all red blood cells.​

Question 52

Exercise initially disrupts homeostasis.

Question 53

In contrast to the nervous system,the endocrine system regulates activities that require duration rather than speed,such as growth.

Question 54

The plasma membrane that surrounds each cell consists of non-fatty substances to allow for free movement of materials in and out of the cell.

Question 55

The cell is the smallest unit capable of carrying out the processes associated with life.​

Question 56

All endocrine glands contain ducts.

Question 57

Long-term adaptations make the body more efficient in responding to an ongoing or repetitive challenge in homeostasis.

Question 58

Within physiology,structure and function are inseparable.​

Question 59

Blood is classified as connective tissue.​

Question 60

The respiratory system removes excess water,salt,acid,and other electrolytes from the plasma.

Question 61

___________________ glands lack ducts and release their secretory products (hormones)into the blood.

Question 62

Common atoms combine to form the ____________________ of life,such as proteins,carbohydrates and fats.

Question 63

 ____________________ tissue is distinguished by relatively fewer cells within an abundance of extracellular material.​

Question 64

Intrinsic,or local,controls are learned by an organ.

Question 65

Because the body's goal is to maintain stable,homeostatic conditions,positive feedback occurs more often than negative feedback.​

Question 66

Tissues are groups of ____________________ with similar specialization.

Question 67

The body uses feedforward mechanisms less frequently than feedback mechanisms.

Question 68

Except for ____________________,cells within connective tissue produce specific structural molecules that they release into extracellular spaces.​

Question 69

Milk-secreting glands are examples of ____________________ glands.

Question 70

The simplest forms of independent life are called ____________________ organisms.​

Question 71

Each living organism must perform the following equation: food + O₂ ➞ CO₂ + H₂O + ____________________.​

Question 72

The fluid outside the cells is called ____________________ fluid.​

Question 73

Physiology is closely related to ____________________,the study of the structure of the body.

Question 74

A common example of positive feedback is the control of room temperature via a thermostat.

Question 75

The ____________________ environment is the surrounding environment in which an organism lives.​

Question 76

Glands are formed during ____________________ development by pockets of epithelial tissue.​

Question 77

A(n)____________________ is the cavity within a hollow organ or tube.​

Question 78

The basic units of life are ____________________.​

Question 79

The reproductive system is not essential for homeostasis,nor is it essential for survival of the individual.​

Question 80

Muscle tissue is able to contract and,therefore,allows ____________________ of the body.​