Deck 6: The Peripheral Nervous System - Afferent Division - Special Senses

Question 1

What kind of tactile receptor is stimulated by light,sustained touch?

A)​Pacinian corpuscles
B)Merkel's discs
C)Ruffini endings
D)Meissner's corpuscles
E)​dermatomes

Answer 1

B

Question 2

How many tactile mechanoreceptors are estimated to be in a typical fingertip?

A)​17,000
B)5,000
C)1,700
D)500
E)​170

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Within the eye,what innermost pigment layer contains nervous tissue?

A)​vitreous humor
B)choroid
C)retina
D)sclera
E)​cornea

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What photosensitive cells within the retina perceive colors?​

A)​cones
B)rods
C)bipolar cells
D)horizontal cells
E)​ganglions

Question 5

What are rapidly adapting receptors called?

A)​phasic
B)tonic
C)clonic
D)depolarizing
E)​responsive

Question 6

What condition occurs when the lens of the eye loses elasticity and can no longer assume the spherical shape required to accommodate for near vision?

A)​myopia
B)optomia
C)macular degeneration
D)cataracts
E)​presbyopia

Question 7

What gland produces tears?

A)​lateral gland
B)crimson gland
C)lacrimal gland
D)luminal gland
E)​pineal gland

Question 8

What happens when the radial muscle of the eye contracts or shortens?

A)​The size of the pupil decreases.
B)The size of the pupil increases.
C)The lens becomes more concave.
D)The lens becomes more convex.
E)​The iris reflects less light.

Question 9

What kind of nerves carries subconscious input information?

A)​sensory afferent
B)sensory efferent
C)visceral afferent
D)visceral efferent
E)​peripheral motor

Question 10

What nerve fibers constitute the "fast pain" pathway?

A)​A-alpha fibers
B)A-delta fibers
C)A-beta fibers
D) 
B fibers
E)​C fibers

Question 11

Some receptors diminish the extent of their depolarization despite sustained stimulus strength,a phenomenon called ____.

A)​reduction
B)depolarizing
C)ionization
D)evolution
E)​adaptation

Question 12

What is the fastest transmission rate of A-delta fibers?

A)​up to 300 m/sec
B)up to 30 m/sec
C)up to 3 m/sec
D)up to 30 cm/sec
E)​up to 3 cm/sec

Question 13

Nociceptors are sensitive to ____.

A)​sound
B)osmolarity
C)pain
D)light
E)​scent

Question 14

The strength of the lens depends on its shape,which in turn is regulated by what muscle?

A)​constrictor muscle
B)radial muscle
C)suspensory muscle
D)ciliary muscle
E)​circulatory muscle

Question 15

During precortical processing of sensory input,some features of stimuli are accentuated and others are suppressed through ____.

A)​precortical filtering
B)desensitization
C)cortical damping
D)medial inhibition
E)​lateral inhibition

Question 16

How many categories of pain receptors are there?​

A)​six
B)five
C)four
D)three
E)​two

Question 17

The photoreceptors in the eye are sensitive only to wavelengths between ____.

A)​40 and 70 nanometers
B)400 and 700 nanometers
C)4 and 7 micrometers
D)40 and 70 micrometers
E)​400 and 700 micrometers

Question 18

What painkilling and mood enhancing compounds are released during prolonged exercise,such as jogging?

A)​endorphins
B)enkephalins
C)dynorphins
D)substance P
E)​alcohols

Question 19

What is the photopigment in rods?

A)​melatonin
B)rhodopsin
C)opsin
D)transducen
E)​carotene

Question 20

What compound greatly sensitizes all nociceptors to noxious stimuli?

A)​serotonin
B)adrenalin
C)prostaglandins
D)dopamine
E)​glucose

Question 21

Osmoreceptors detect changes in the concentration of solutes in the extracellular fluid.

Question 22

Where is the optic chiasm located?

A)​underneath the hypothalamus
B)underneath the pons
C)underneath the brain stem
D)in the occipital lobe
E)​in the visual cortex

Question 23

What is the most common cause of partial hearing loss (neural presbycusis)?

A)exposure to loud noises over 150 dB​
B)degenerative wearing out of hair cells
C)rupture of the eardrum
D)middle ear infections
E)​organ of Corti defect

Question 24

What are the actin-stiffened microvilli in the organ of Corti?

A)​Corti hairs
B)tip link hair
C)stereovilli
D)microcilia
E)​stereocilia

Question 25

What two sensory systems are in the inner ear?

A)​eardrum and pinna
B)auditory ossicles and eustachian tube
C)cochlea and auditory ossicles
D)cochlea and vestibular apparatus
E)​vestibular apparatus and semicircular canals

Question 26

Approximately how many chemoreceptors for taste sensation (taste buds)are present in the oral cavity and throat of a human being?

A)​50,000
B)10,000
C)5,000
D)1,000
E)​500

Question 27

Night blindness is a result of a deficiency of what nutrient?

A)​glutamate
B)vitamin E
C)vitamin B₆
D)vitamin A
E)zinc

Question 28

Depth perception relies on what kind of field of vision?

A)​diplopia
B)color vision
C)binocular
D)monocular
E)​fovea

Question 29

What are the cells called within the glomeruli of the olfactory bulbs?

A)​bulbous cells
B)glomular cells
C)globular cells
D)mitral cells
E)​primary cells

Question 30

The eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the ____.

A)​pharynx
B)larynx
C)outer ear
D)frontal sinuses
E)​cochlea

Question 31

Hearing damage can occur from brief exposure to high-intensity sounds,but also from frequent exposure to moderately loud noises greater than what sound level?​

A)​75 dB
B)95 dB
C)125 dB
D)150 dB
E)​175dB

Question 32

What does the vomeronasal organ (VNO)within the nose detect?

A)​bitter taste
B)noxious scents
C)ambient pressure
D)humidity
E)​pheromones

Question 33

Human ears can detect sound waves between which ranges of frequencies?

A)​2 to 20 hertz
B)10 to 100 megahertz
C)100 to 200 megahertz
D)1 to 10,000 hertz
E)​20 to 20,000 hertz

Question 34

Approximately how many olfactory receptors are within the human nose?

A)​5,000
B)500,000
C)1,000,000
D)5,000,000
E)​50,000,000

Question 35

What taste sensation is elicited by the most chemically diverse group of tastants?

A)​sweet
B)salty
C)bitter
D)sour
E)​fatty

Question 36

Where in the brain is taste perceived?

A)​occipital lobe
B)thalamus
C)primary gustatory cortex
D)prefrontal cortex
E)​lateral geniculate bodies

Question 37

How many parallel rows of hair are in the organ of Corti?

A)​one
B)two
C)three
D)four
E)​five

Question 38

Pitch discrimination depends on the shape and properties of the ____.

A)​basilar membrane
B)ossicles
C)stereocilia
D)microvilli
E)​inner hair cells

Question 39

What colors do cones sense?

A)​light grey,medium grey,and dark grey
B)yellow,violet,and green
C)green,orange,and violet
D)red,yellow,and blue
E)​red,green,and blue

Question 40

What do pheromones influence in animals and likely people?

A)​fight or flight response
B)lactation
C)aggression
D)hunger
E)​sociosexual behavior

Question 41

Sensorineural deafness occurs when sound waves are not adequately conducted through the external and middle portions of the ear to set the fluids in the inner ear in motion.

Question 42

Perception is our unconscious interpretation of the external world as created by the brain from a pattern of nerve impulses delivered to it from mechanoreceptors.

Question 43

If the aqueous humor is not drained as rapidly as it forms,pressure builds within the eye and creates a condition called cataracts.

Question 44

Endogenous opioids include the endorphins,enkephalins,and dopamine.

Question 45

The two structures most important in the eye's refractive ability are the iris and the pupil.

Question 46

Perception of pain occurs in the thalamus.

Question 47

The three ossicles of the middle ear are the malleus,incus,and tympani.

Question 48

The amount of light entering the eye is controlled by the iris.

Question 49

The peripheral nervous system (PNS)interprets greater hair bending as a louder sound.

Question 50

Like photoreceptors,hair cells do not undergo action potentials.

Question 51

Most of the eyeball is covered by a tough outer layer of connective tissue,the macula,which forms the visible white part of the eye.

Question 52

The strength of the lens depends on its shape,which in turn is regulated by the ciliary muscle.

Question 53

The smaller the receptive field is in a region,the less its acuity or discriminative ability.

Question 54

Pressure waves of frequencies associated with sound reception are transferred from the upper compartment through the thin vestibular membrane into the cochlear duct and then through the basilar membrane into the lower compartment.

Question 55

Rod and cone cells contain a G protein called cyclic GMP.

Question 56

The larger posterior cavity between the lens and the retina contains a clear,jellylike substance,the vitreous humor.

Question 57

Sensory information is categorized as somatic (body sense)sensation or special senses.

Question 58

Substance P is unique to pain fibers and activates ascending pathways that transmit nociceptive signals to higher levels for further processing.

Question 59

Convex surfaces converge light rays,bringing them closer together.

Question 60

Tonic receptors do not adapt or adapt slowly.

Question 61

Pathways conveying conscious somatic sensation are called ____________________ pathways and they consist of discrete chains of neurons,or ____________________ lines.

Question 62

The primary visual cortex is situated in the ____________________ lobe of the brain.

Question 63

Impulses from polymodal nociceptors that respond to chemicals released into the ECF from damaged tissue are carried by small,unmyelinated ____________________.

Question 64

____________________ is a normally inactive substance that is activated by enzymes released into the ECF from damaged tissue.

Question 65

____________________ is the process of converting light stimuli into electrical signals.

Question 66

The pea-sized area immediately surrounding the fovea is called the ____________________ which has a high concentration of cones and fairly high acuity.

Question 67

CNS adaptation is specific for a particular odor,and responsiveness to other odors remains unchanged.

Question 68

____________________ corpuscles are rapidly adapting and sensitive to light,fluttering touch,such as tickling with a feather.

Question 69

Umami taste is an acidic taste that was first identified and named by a Japanese researcher and triggered by amino acids,especially lysine.

Question 70

The normally transparent elastic fibers in the lens may become opaque so that light cannot pass through,a condition known as a(n)____________________.

Question 71

The receptor hair cells of each semicircular canal are situated on top of a saddle-shaped ridge located in the ampulla,a swelling at the base of the canal.

Question 72

Besides receptor density,a second factor influencing acuity is ____________________ inhibition.

Question 73

The ____________________ is in the exact center of the retina and the region with greatest acuity.

Question 74

In addition to the olfactory mucosa,the nose contains another sense organ,the vomeronasal organ,which is common in mammals but until recently,was thought nonexistent in humans.

Question 75

The conversion of stimulus energy into a receptor potential is known as ____________________.

Question 76

The smaller the receptive field is in a region,the greater its ____________________or discriminative ability.

Question 77

Photoreceptors called ____________________ are responsible for night vision.

Question 78

Photoreceptors are ____________________ by their adequate stimulus and ____________________ in the absence of stimulation.

Question 79

The sensation of pain is accompanied by motivated ____________________ responses and ____________________ reactions.

Question 80

When an individual lacks a particular cone type,the resulting condition is called ____________________,which is more common in ____________________.