Deck 13: The Respiratory System

Question 1

What is the typical tidal volume under resting conditions for adults?​

A)​1,500 mL
B)1,200 mL
C)1,000 mL
D)800 mL
E)​500 mL

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Profound constriction of the smaller airways caused by trigger-induced spasm of the smooth muscle in the walls of these airways causes what COPD?

A)​pleurisy
B)chronic bronchitis
C)emphysema
D)pulmonary edema
E)​asthma

Answer 2

E

Question 3

What are the most important expiratory muscles?

A)​muscles of the abdominal wall
B)intercostal muscle
C)diaphragm
D)lumber muscles
E)​inner pelvic muscles

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What is the average respiratory rate under resting conditions for most people?​

A)​7 breaths per minute
B)9 breaths per minute
C)12 breaths per minute
D)16 breaths per minute
E)​20 breaths per minute

Question 5

What is the atmospheric (barometric)pressure at sea level?​

A)​660 mm Hg
B)700 mm Hg
C)720 mm Hg
D)760 mm Hg
E)​860 mm Hg

Question 6

What condition is characterized by normal lung tissue being replaced with scar-forming fibrous connective tissue as a result of exposure to asbestos fibers or similar irritants?​

A)​pleurisy
B)chronic bronchitis
C)emphysema
D)pulmonary fibrosis
E)​asthma

Question 7

What nerve innervates the diaphragm?​

A)​phrenic
B)vagus
C)intercostal
D)T10
E)​T8

Question 8

The abnormal condition of air in the pleural cavity is known as:

A)​pleurisy
B)lung cancer
C)pneumothorax
D)pulmonary edema
E)​congestive failure

Question 9

What are the two tubes that lead from the pharynx?​

A)​larynx and bronchus
B)trachea and larynx
C)trachea and esophagus
D)nasal tube and esophagus
E)​bronchus and bronchiole

Question 10

A breakdown of alveolar walls is a characterization of what COPD?​

A)pleurisy
B)chronic bronchitis
C)emphysema
D)pulmonary edema
E)​asthma

Question 11

What is the average respiratory quotient (RQ)based on the typical American diet?​

A)​2.5
B)1.8
C)1.4
D)1
E)0.8

Question 12

Pulmonary surfactant is a complex mixture of lipids and proteins secreted by:​

A)​type I alveolar cells
B)type II alveolar cells
C)type III alveolar cells
D)type I bronchial cells
E)​type II bronchial cells

Question 13

Where is cellular metabolism carried out within cells?​

A)​endoplasmic reticulum
B)mitochondria
C)nucleus
D)ribosomes
E)​plasma membrane

Question 14

Approximately how many alveoli do the lungs contain?​

A)​50 million
B)500 million
C)5 billion
D)50 billion
E)​500 billion

Question 15

What is the maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold when healthy?

A)​3,600 mL
B)4,700 mL
C)5,700 mL
D)6,500 mL
E)​7,500 mL

Question 16

What is the respiratory quotient (RQ)?​

A)​The ratio of CO₂ produced to O₂ consumed
B)The ratio of O₂ produced to CO₂ consumed
C)The ratio of CO₂ produced to ATP consumed
D)The ratio of O₂ produced to ATP consumed
E)​The ratio of ADP produced to ATP consumed

Question 17

What happens to angiotensin II in the blood as it passes through the lungs?​

A)​It is converted to aldosterone.
B)It is converted to renin.
C)It is destroyed.
D)It is activated.
E)​It is inactivated.

Question 18

What percentage of the total energy expended by the body is used for quiet breathing?​

A)​1%
B)3%
C)5%
D)8%
E)​10%

Question 19

During strenuous exercise,what percentage of the body's energy is used for increased ventilation?

A)​5%
B)8%
C)10%
D)15%
E)​20%

Question 20

The changes in lung volume that occur with different respiratory efforts can be determined by a:​

A)​breath-o-lizer
B)inspirogram
C)breathmeter
D)spirometer
E)​exhalogram

Question 21

Hiccups occur when involuntary,spasmodic contractions take place in what muscle?​

A)​chest muscles
B)abdominal muscles
C)intercostal muscles
D)bronchioles
E)​diaphragm

Question 22

Where are the central chemoreceptors located?​

A)​aortic bodies
B)carotid bodies
C)lungs
D)pons
E)medulla

Question 23

What are the only two places in the entire circulatory system at which gas exchange can take place?​

A)​pulmonary and cardiac capillaries
B)pulmonary and the systemic capillaries
C)bronchioles and alveoli
D)arterial and venous capillaries
E)​arteries and veins

Question 24

Aside from oxygen,atmospheric air mainly consists of:​

A)​nitrogen
B)hydrogen
C)helium
D)neon
E)​carbon dioxide

Question 25

What is arteriolar and bronchiolar smooth muscle especially sensitive to in their immediate environments?​

A)​O₂ levels
B)CO₂ levels
C)surfactant levels
D)pH
E)​glucose

Question 26

What are three diseases that increase the thickness of the barrier separating the air and blood?​

A)​pulmonary edema,pulmonary fibrosis,and pneumonia
B)pulmonary edema,lung cancer,and asthma
C)pulmonary fibrosis,lung cancer,and pneumonia
D)pulmonary fibrosis,pneumonia,and asthma
E)​asthma,bronchitis,emphysema

Question 27

What is the partial pressure of O₂ in atmospheric air?​

A)​180 mm Hg
B)175 mm Hg
C)170 mm Hg
D)165 mm Hg
E)​160 mm Hg

Question 28

At the end of inspiration,how much of the air in the alveoli is fresh air?​

A)​about 3%
B)about 5%
C)about 8%
D)about 10%
E)​about 13%

Question 29

The individual pressure exerted independently by a particular gas within a mixture of gases is known as its:​

A)​passive pressure
B)active pressure
C)partial pressure
D)incomplete pressure
E)​maximum pressure

Question 30

What is the medical term for difficult or labored breathing?

A)​asthma
B)hyperpnea
C)dyspnea
D)cyanosis
E)​hypoxia

Question 31

How much can alveolar ventilation increase during heavy exercise in order to keep pace with the increased demand for O₂ uptake and CO₂ output?​

A)​2-fold
B)5-fold
C)10-fold
D)20-fold
E)​50-fold

Question 32

Most CO₂ is transported in the blood as:​

A)​bicarbonate
B)bound to hemoglobin
C)dissolved in plasma
D)carbon monoxide
E)​water

Question 33

Generation of respiratory rhythm is now known to lie in the:​

A)​medullary respiratory center
B)pneumotaxic center
C)respiratory modulator
D)pre-Bötzinger complex
E)​apneustic center

Question 34

If hemoglobin levels fall by half,what happens to the O₂ carrying capacity of the blood?​

A)remains the same
B)doubles
C)drop by 25%
D)drops by 50%
E)​drops by 75%

Question 35

The most important factor determining the percentage of hemoglobin saturation is the:​

A)​systemic blood pressure
B)diastolic blood pressure
C)pH of the blood
D)PCO₂ of the blood
E)​PO₂ of the blood

Question 36

What are the two biggest risk factors associated with sudden infant death syndrome?

A)​stomach sleeping and exposure to nicotine
B)side sleeping and exposure to nicotine
C)lack of sleep and exposure to carbon monoxide
D)exposure to nicotine and alcohol
E)​exposure to alcohol and ammonia

Question 37

What is the primary respiratory control center called?​

A)​brain stem control center
B)medullary respiratory center
C)pulmonary control center
D)alveolar modulator
E)​respiratory modulator

Question 38

How much oxygen does atmospheric air have?​

A)​15%
B)17%
C)19%
D)21%
E)​25%

Question 39

The influence of CO₂ and acid on the release of O₂ from hemoglobin is known as the:​

A)​Frank effect
B)Bohr effect
C)Fick's constant
D)Boyle's law
E)​dissociation curve

Question 40

What percentage of the O₂ in the blood is dissolved?

A)​0%
B)0.5%
C)1.5%
D)5%
E)​15%

Question 41

Anatomic dead space greatly affects the efficiency of pulmonary ventilation.​

Question 42

A difference in partial pressure between the venous blood and the surrounding structures is known as a partial pressure gradient.​

Question 43

An increase in alveolar O₂ concentration caused by a mismatched large airflow and small blood flow brings about pulmonary vasodilation.​

Question 44

Emphysema is a long-term inflammatory condition of the lower respiratory airways,generally triggered by frequent exposure to irritating cigarette smoke,polluted air,or allergens.

Question 45

Hypercapnia is characterized by excess CO₂ in the arterial blood.​

Question 46

A double-walled,closed sac called the pleural sac separates each lung from the thoracic wall and other surrounding structures.​

Question 47

The tremendous surface tension of pure water is normally counteracted by pulmonary surfactant.​

Question 48

Because the amount of atmospheric air that reaches the alveoli and is actually available for exchange with blood is more important than the total amount breathed in and out,alveolar ventilation is more important than pulmonary ventilation.​

Question 49

Inspiratory volume is the minimum volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a maximal expiration.​

Question 50

The amount of O₂ picked up in the lungs exceeds the amount extracted and used by the tissues.​

Question 51

Inadequate gas exchange can occur when the thickness of the barrier separating the air and blood is pathologically decreased.​

Question 52

When not combined with O₂,hemoglobin is referred to as reduced hemoglobin,or deoxyhemoglobin.​

Question 53

The term external respiration refers to the entire sequence of events in exchange of O₂ and CO₂ between the external environment and tissue cells.

Question 54

The rate of gas exchange is directly proportional to the surface area across which exchange takes place.​

Question 55

The more actively a tissue is metabolizing,the higher the cellular PO₂ rises and the lower the cellular PCO₂ falls.​

Question 56

When elastic recoil is decreased,as with asthma,passive expiration may be inadequate to expel the volume of air normally exhaled during quiet breathing.​

Question 57

Hemoglobin's affinity for CO is 2 times that of its affinity for O₂.​

Question 58

Beyond the larynx,the trachea divides into two main branches,the right and left bronchi.​

Question 59

The lungs' elastic behavior results from elastin fibers and alveolar surface tension.​

Question 60

In addition to the thin,wall-forming Type IV cells,50% of the alveolar surface epithelium is covered by Type III alveolar cells.​

Question 61

The major inspiratory muscles-the muscles that contract to accomplish an inspiration during quiet breathing-include the __________ and __________ intercostal muscles.​

Question 62

 __________ is an inflammation of the pleural sac and leads to by painful breathing because each inflation and each deflation of the lungs cause a "friction rub."​

Question 63

Emphysema is characterized by __________ of the smaller airways and breakdown of __________ walls.​

Question 64

Gas exchange at both the pulmonary capillary and the tissue capillary levels involves simple __________ diffusion of O₂ and CO₂ down __________ pressure gradients.

Question 65

Apnea is the transient interruption of ventilation,with breathing resuming spontaneously.​

Question 66

When pulmonary compliance is __________,such as with pulmonary fibrosis,more work is required to expand the lungs.​

Question 67

Two general categories of respiratory dysfunction yield abnormal results during spirometry: __________ lung disease and __________ lung disease.​

Question 68

The term __________ refers to how much effort is required to stretch or distend the lungs and is analogous to how easy or hard it is to blow up a balloon.

Question 69

Arterial PCO₂ is monitored by peripheral chemoreceptors known as the carotid bodies and arterial bodies.

Question 70

Altering the volume of the lungs can change intra-alveolar pressure,in accordance with __________ law.​

Question 71

During inspiration,intra-alveolar pressure is __________ than atmospheric pressure.​

Question 72

The greater the partial pressure of a gas in a liquid,the __________ of that gas is dissolved.​

Question 73

__________ stimulation promotes bronchiolar smooth muscle contraction,which increases airway resistance by producing bronchoconstriction.​

Question 74

Clustered at the ends of the terminal bronchioles are the __________,the tiny air sacs where gases are exchanged between air and __________.​

Question 75

Any ventilated alveoli that do not participate in gas exchange with blood because they are inadequately perfused are considered alveolar __________.​

Question 76

The mechanical act of breathing is called __________.​

Question 77

Dyspnea is directly related to chronic elevation of arterial PCO₂ or reduction of PO₂.​

Question 78

When the tidal volume is large,as during exercise,the Bohr reflex is triggered to prevent over-inflation of the lungs.​

Question 79

Prostaglandins can spill into the blood,but they are __________ during passage through the lungs so that they cannot exert systemic effects.

Question 80

Anemic hypoxia is a reduced O₂-carrying capacity of the blood.​