Deck 3: The Anatomy of the Nervous System

Question 1

The dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater are

A) neurons.
B) neuroglia.
C) parts of the autonomic nervous system.
D) meninges.
E) myelin.

Answer 1

meninges.

Question 2

The cerebral aqueduct connects the

A) lateral ventricles.
B) third and fourth ventricles.
C) fourth ventricle and the central canal.
D) circus maximus and the forum.
E) left and right hemispheres.

Answer 2

third and fourth ventricles.

Question 3

When a tumor near the cerebral aqueduct causes cerebrospinal fluid to accumulate in the brain, the disorder is

A) hydrocephalus.
B) Down syndrome.
C) cranial elephantiasis.
D) multiple sclerosis.
E) Parkinson's disease.

Answer 3

hydrocephalus.

Question 4

Neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are part of the

A) somatic nervous system.
B) basal ganglia.
C) ANS.
D) peripheral nervous system.
E) both C and D

Question 5

The sympathetic nervous system differs from the parasympathetic nervous system in that the sympathetic nervous system has

A) no first-stage neurons.
B) no second-stage neurons.
C) first-stage neurons that synapse at a substantial distance from the target organ.
D) first-stage neurons that synapse close to the target organ.
E) both B and C

Question 6

The CSF circulates through the

A) central canal.
B) lateral ventricles.
C) subarachnoid space.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Question 7

The vagus nerve is

A) part of the parasympathetic nervous system.
B) the tenth cranial nerve.
C) the longest cranial nerve.
D) both sensory and motor.
E) all of the above

Question 8

In general, afferent nerves carry sensory information

A) to the CNS.
B) to the PNS.
C) from the CNS.
D) from the cortex.
E) from the brain.

Question 9

From outside to inside, the three meninges are the

A) Nina, Pinta, and Santa-Maria.
B) arachnoid, dura, and pia.
C) dura, pia, and meninx.
D) dura, meninx, and pia.
E) dura, arachnoid, and pia.

Question 10

The somatic nervous system

A) is part of the PNS.
B) participates in sensory and motor interactions with the external environment.
C) is part of the ANS.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Question 11

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the

A) ANS and the CNS.
B) SNS and the CNS.
C) PNS and the CNS.
D) ANS and the PNS.
E) brain and the spinal cord.

Question 12

Adhering to the surface of the brain is the

A) tough mother.
B) pia mater.
C) meninx.
D) CSF.
E) arachnoid.

Question 13

The ANS is part of the

A) sympathetic nervous system.
B) parasympathetic nervous system.
C) brain.
D) CNS.
E) none of the above

Question 14

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by

A) networks of small blood vessels that protrude into the ventricles.
B) the superior sagittal sinus.
C) the arachnoid membrane.
D) the choroid plexuses.
E) both A and D

Question 15

The CNS is composed of two major divisions: the

A) ANS and PNS.
B) brain and brain stem.
C) SNS and ANS.
D) spinal cord and brain stem.
E) none of the above

Question 16

How many ventricles are there in the brain?

A) 1
B) 3
C) 4
D) 2
E) none of the above

Question 17

Which of the following generally acts to conserve the body's energy?

A) CNS
B) PNS
C) sympathetic nervous system
D) parasympathetic nervous system
E) somatic nervous system

Question 18

The subarachnoid space is just outside the

A) neocortex.
B) arachnoid membrane.
C) arachnoid mater.
D) pia mater.
E) central canal.

Question 19

Which part of the PNS projects from only the cranial and sacral portions of the CNS?

A) parasympathetic nervous system
B) sympathetic nervous system
C) somatic nervous system
D) cranial nerves
E) autonomic nervous system

Question 20

The first two cranial nerves are

A) sensory.
B) the optic and auditory nerves.
C) the facial and auditory nerves.
D) motor.
E) both A and C

Question 21

PNS is to CNS as Schwann cells are to

A) multiple sclerosis.
B) oligodendrocytes.
C) astrocytes.
D) neuroglia.
E) satellite cells.

Question 22

In the CNS, axons are myelinated by

A) vesicles.
B) oligodendrocytes.
C) unipolar cells.
D) astrocytes.
E) Schwann cells.

Question 23

The soma is

A) often myelinated.
B) the cell body.
C) covered by nodes of Ranvier.
D) next to the nucleus.
E) smaller than a terminal button.

Question 24

Hydrocephalus results from the

A) production of too much CSF.
B) production of excessively watery CSF.
C) production of water rather than CSF.
D) breakdown of the mechanism that absorbs CSF into the lateral vesicles.
E) none of the above

Question 25

CNS is to PNS as oligodendrocytes are to

A) astrocytes.
B) oligodendroglia.
C) glial cells.
D) Schwann cells.
E) microglia.

Question 26

Multipolar neurons have a single long process emanating from the cell body.This is

A) an axon.
B) a dendrite.
C) a button.
D) a protein.
E) a signal protein.

Question 27

Neurons are specialized to receive, conduct, and transmit

A) action potentials.
B) axons.
C) synapses.
D) electrochemical signals.
E) pizzas.

Question 28

Tracts are to nuclei as nerves are to

A) nuclei.
B) ganglia.
C) ganglion.
D) nucleus.
E) cell bodies.

Question 29

The neuron membrane includes

A) a lipid bilayer.
B) channel proteins.
C) signal proteins.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Question 30

Myelination

A) causes cancer.
B) penetrates the blood brain barrier.
C) occurs only on Schwann cells.
D) increases the speed of axonal conduction.
E) increases the speed of synaptic transmission.

Question 31

All neurons with one axon and several dendrites emanating from the soma are

A) motor.
B) interneurons.
C) multipolar.
D) bipolar.
E) unipolar.

Question 32

The blood brain barrier impedes the passage into cerebral neurons of

A) most proteins and other large molecules.
B) small unnatural molecules.
C) glucose.
D) both A and C
E) both B and C

Question 33

Synaptic vesicles are most prevalent in the

A) nucleus.
B) nodes of Ranvier.
C) postsynaptic membranes.
D) synaptic clefts.
E) buttons.

Question 34

Communication among mammalian neurons often occur

A) at points where their cell bodies contact one another.
B) across gaps called dendrites.
C) across synapses.
D) at points where their axons contact one another.
E) at points where dendrites contact one another.

Question 35

The blood brain barrier is

A) a spongy bone.
B) the arachnoid space and pia mater.
C) an electrochemical organ.
D) absent in cases of hydrocephalus.
E) none of the above

Question 36

The cone-shaped structure at the boundary between the cell body and axon of a multipolar neuron is the

A) node of Ranvier.
B) dendrite.
C) axon hillock.
D) Golgi complex.
E) mitochondrion

Question 37

Clusters of neural cell bodies in the CNS are called

A) neurons.
B) ganglia.
C) nerves.
D) nuclei.
E) buttons.

Question 38

Interneurons

A) integrate activity within a single brain structure; they don't conduct signals from one structure to another.
B) have two short axons but no dendrites.
C) have one long axon and one short dendrite.
D) have several short axons and no dendrites.
E) have bipolar axons and dendrites.

Question 39

Most of a neuron's DNA is in its

A) nucleus.
B) buttons.
C) synaptic vesicles.
D) mitochondria.
E) axon hillock.

Question 40

What part of a neuron is sometimes myelinated?

A) dendrites
B) axon
C) cell body
D) buttons
E) both A and B

Question 41

The main advantage of the scanning electron microscope over the conventional electron microscope is that it

A) operates in light.
B) is capable of higher magnification than the ordinary electron microscope.
C) produces three-dimensional electron micrographs.
D) uses more protons than electrons.
E) requires fewer beams of electrons.

Question 42

The first neural stain that permitted neuroanatomists to view some aspects of the inner structure of a neuron was the

A) Nissl stain.
B) Golgi stain.
C) Weigert stain.
D) amino acid autoradiography stain.
E) electron microscope stain.

Question 43

The nose of a rat is

A) rostral.
B) ventral.
C) anterior.
D) both A and C
E) both B and C

Question 44

The top of a dog's head is

A) anterior.
B) ventral.
C) caudal.
D) dorsal.
E) posterior.

Question 45

To locate the terminals of axons that project from a particular brain structure, an investigator would employ

A) a retrograde tracing technique.
B) an anterograde tracing technique.
C) labeled chemicals that are readily transported to the neuron's nucleus.
D) a Golgi stain.
E) a Nissl stain.

Question 46

The back of your head is

A) posterior.
B) dorsal.
C) inferior.
D) anterior.
E) ventral.

Question 47

The first neural stain, one which revealed the silhouette of a few neurons on a slide, is

A) the Golgi stain.
B) red.
C) the Nissl stain.
D) both A and B
E) both B and C

Question 48

Nissl stains (e.g., cresyl violet)are frequently used to

A) study the fine details of axonal structure.
B) determine the general distribution of cell bodies in the nervous system.
C) study neural buttons.
D) identify axosomatic synapses.
E) study the responses of Nissl bodies.

Question 49

The discovery of the Golgi stain

A) was accidental.
B) was one of the major early breakthroughs in the study of the nervous system.
C) occurred in 1995.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Question 50

The best thing about the Golgi stain is that it

A) is opaque.
B) reveals the inner structure of the neuron.
C) does not stain many neurons.
D) stains only Golgi neurons.
E) was developed by a Nobel Prize winner.

Question 51

The largest glial cells are

A) astrocytes.
B) Schwann cells.
C) microglia.
D) magnoglia.
E) oligodendrocytes.

Question 52

The H-shape of the spinal gray matter is most obvious in a

A) midsagittal section.
B) sagittal section.
C) longitudinal section.
D) lateral section.
E) cross section.

Question 53

Gray matter of the spinal cord is largely composed of

A) cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons.
B) myelin.
C) myelinated axons.
D) meninges.
E) cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 54

The fine inner details of neuron structure can be studied best

A) with a Nissl stain.
B) by electron microscopy.
C) with cresyl violet.
D) with a Golgi stain.
E) with a microelectrode.

Question 55

Which of the following neuroanatomical directions is commonly used with reference to the brains of humans or other primates, but not with reference to the brains of four-legged creatures?

A) inferior
B) caudal
C) posterior
D) medial
E) lateral

Question 56

Glial cells that engulf cellular debris and trigger inflammation are

A) microglia
B) Schwann cells.
C) astrocytes.
D) oligodendrocytes.
E) oligodendroglia.

Question 57

The tip of your nose is

A) superior and dorsal.
B) caudal and anterior.
C) medial and anterior.
D) anterior and posterior.
E) ventral and dorsal.

Question 58

A cut in which of the following planes would sever all of the cerebral commissures, the tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres?

A) horizontal
B) sagittal
C) midsagittal
D) frontal
E) diagonal

Question 59

The spine of a human runs just beneath the

A) ventral surface.
B) anterior surface.
C) dorsal surface.
D) posterior surface.
E) superior surface.

Question 60

The Golgi stain colors neurons

A) violet.
B) black.
C) blue.
D) red.
E) yellow.

Question 61

Which of the following structures is named after a term that means "little net"?

A) reticular formation
B) mesencephalon
C) medulla
D) cerebellum
E) hippocampus

Question 62

This is an illustration of the brain stem.The pointer lines point to the

A) cerebellum.
B) hypothalamus.
C) reticular formation.
D) hippocampus.
E) tegmentum.

Question 63

This is an illustration of the developing neural tube.The line points to one of the brain's major divisions, the

A) diencephalon.
B) metencephalon.
C) telencephalon.
D) myelencephalon.
E) mesencephalon.

Question 64

"Encephalon" means within the

A) forebrain.
B) brain stem.
C) head.
D) hemispheres.
E) nervous system.

Question 65

Most neurons of the dorsal root synapse in the

A) cortex.
B) spinal cord.
C) dorsal root ganglia.
D) PNS.
E) ventral horn.

Question 66

The midbrain is

A) part of the mesencephalon.
B) part of the metencephalon.
C) the mesencephalon.
D) part of the brain stem.
E) both C and D

Question 67

The neurons of the dorsal roots are

A) sensory.
B) motor.
C) tracts.
D) unipolar.
E) both A and D

Question 68

Most neurons of the ventral roots

A) are bipolar.
B) are unipolar.
C) have their cell bodies in white matter.
D) have their cell bodies in the ventral horn.
E) are interneurons.

Question 69

The caudal part of the forebrain is the

A) telencephalon.
B) diencephalon.
C) myelencephalon.
D) reticular formation.
E) midbrain.

Question 70

The large lateral outgrowths that compose the telencephalon are the

A) eyes.
B) temporal lobes.
C) cerebral hemispheres.
D) ventricles.
E) testes.

Question 71

The myelencephalon is composed largely of

A) ganglia.
B) tracts.
C) nerves.
D) ventricles.
E) colliculi.

Question 72

White matter is white because

A) it is unmyelinated.
B) cell bodies are white.
C) satellite cells are gray.
D) axon membranes are white.
E) myelin is white.

Question 73

How many individual dorsal roots are there in the human nervous system?

A) 12
B) 31
C) 62
D) 124
E) none

Question 74

How many left ventral roots are there in the human body?

A) 12
B) 31
C) 62
D) 124
E) none

Question 75

The myelencephalon is often called the

A) midbrain.
B) hypothalamus.
C) brain stem.
D) medulla.
E) cortex.

Question 76

Which of the following is not in the brain stem?

A) myelencephalon
B) mesencephalon
C) metencephalon
D) medulla
E) telencephalon

Question 77

The reticular formation is in the

A) brain stem.
B) cortex.
C) thalamus.
D) olfactory bulb.
E) spinal cord.

Question 78

In cross section, spinal gray matter has four arms; among these are the two

A) ventral roots.
B) ventral routes.
C) ventral horns.
D) posterior horns.
E) both B and D

Question 79

The reticular formation is in the core of the

A) mesencephalon.
B) myelencephalon.
C) metencephalon.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 80

The myelencephalon is

A) the medulla.
B) part of the hindbrain.
C) part of the brain stem.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above