Deck 14: Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian Rhythms

Question 1

Which stage of sleep EEG is illustrated here?

A) stage 1
B) stage 2
C) stage 3
D) stage 4
E) REM

Answer 1

stage 2

Question 2

As we fall asleep,

A) alpha activity begins.
B) EMG activity suddenly increases.
C) alpha activity ceases.
D) REMs begin to occur.
E) REMs suddenly stop.

Answer 2

alpha activity ceases.

Question 3

Which of the following is not a change that signals the beginning of REM sleep?

A) a decrease in EEG amplitude
B) an increase in the tension of the muscles of the body core
C) an increase in the oxygen consumption of the brain
D) an increase in the irregularity of the pulse
E) an increase in EEG frequency

Answer 3

an increase in the tension of the muscles of the body core

Question 4

The case of Miss M.is interesting because

A) although she slept little, she appeared to be healthy, productive, and well adjusted.
B) her lack of sleep had rendered her neurotic.
C) she had, with considerable effort, trained herself not to sleep.
D) her lack of sleep caused her have vivid hallucinations during the day.
E) brain damage had left her unable to sleep.

Question 5

Each cycle of sleep during the night tends to be about

A) 5 minutes long.
B) 20 minutes long.
C) 35 minutes long.
D) 90 minutes long.
E) 140 minutes long.

Question 6

During REM sleep, there

A) is a general increase in muscle tension in the muscles of the body core.
B) is an absence of EMG activity in the muscles of the body core.
C) are occasional bursts of delta activity.
D) are occasional bursts of EMG activity from the cortex.
E) both B and C

Question 7

Delta waves occur in stage

A) 1 EEG sleep.
B) 2 EEG sleep.
C) 3 EEG sleep.
D) 4 EEG sleep.
E) both C and D

Question 8

Sleep spindles and K complexes are characteristic of

A) SWS.
B) stage 2 sleep.
C) REM sleep.
D) delta sleep.
E) stage 3 sleep.

Question 9

The EOG is a measure of

A) the first-night phenomenon.
B) eye-muscle tension.
C) eye movement.
D) stage 1 EEG.
E) both B and C

Question 10

The case of Miss M.is interesting because

A) brain damage had left her unable to sleep.
B) by using stimulant drugs she was able to reduce her sleep to 1 or 2 hours per night.
C) her lack of sleep had made her paranoid.
D) she had been able to train herself with great effort not to sleep when she had better things to do with her time.
E) none of the above

Question 11

The first night-phenomenon is often experienced

A) by brides on their wedding night.
B) by grooms on their wedding night.
C) on the first night of sleep deprivation.
D) on the first night after sleep deprivation.
E) on a volunteer's first night of sleep in a laboratory.

Question 12

REMs are associated with

A) initial stage 1 EEG.
B) increased EMG activity in the core muscles.
C) stage 4 EEG.
D) emergent stage 1 EEG.
E) the first-night phenomenon.

Question 13

The first EEG stage of a night's sleep is

A) alpha.
B) stage 1.
C) stage 3.
D) stage 4.
E) stage 2.

Question 14

Volunteers in sleep experiments are normally habituated to the sleep laboratory for a few nights before the commencement of any formal testing

A) to get rid of excess alpha activity.
B) to increase the amount of alpha activity.
C) because the first night of sleep in a laboratory is often fitful.
D) to get rid of delta sleep.
E) to increase the levels of stage 2 EEG.

Question 15

The 8-to-12 Hz EEG waves that are often associated with relaxed wakefulness are called

A) K complexes.
B) delta waves.
C) alpha waves.
D) sleep spindles.
E) REM waves.

Question 16

Which of the following is characterized by a low-amplitude, high-frequency sleep EEG signal that is similar to that observed during active wakefulness?

A) stage 1
B) sleep spindle stage
C) stage 2
D) stage 3
E) both B and D

Question 17

The stage of sleep EEG that follows the second bout of stage 2 sleep during a normal night's sleep is

A) emergent stage 3.
B) initial stage 1.
C) emergent stage 1.
D) emergent stage 2.
E) stage 3.

Question 18

Which does not belong with the others?

A) dreaming
B) emergent stage 1 EEG
C) REM
D) initial stage 1 EEG
E) loss of core muscle tone

Question 19

After a person falls asleep at night, the fourth stage of sleep EEG that is normally observed is

A) stage 4.
B) stage 3.
C) stage 2.
D) stage 1.
E) emergent stage 1.

Question 20

K complexes and sleep spindles

A) occur during stage 2 sleep.
B) are EOG waves.
C) are EEG waves.
D) both A and B
E) both A and C

Question 21

People who claim to be nondreamers

A) have much less REM sleep than other people.
B) rarely have penile erections during sleep.
C) sometimes recall dreams if awakened during REM sleep.
D) typically have more REM sleep than other people.
E) are often found to be suffering from brain damage.

Question 22

The large between-species differences in sleep time suggest that sleep

A) is not essential for survival of the individual.
B) is essential for survival of the individual.
C) serves a higher-order cognitive function.
D) is not necessarily needed in large quantities.
E) serves a recuperative function.

Question 23

Which of the following animals spend about 14 hours per day sleeping?

A) cows
B) horses
C) giant sloths
D) cats
E) deer

Question 24

According to Hobson's activation-synthesis theory of dreaming, dream content reflects

A) repressed feelings of inferiority.
B) random brain stem activity and the cortex's inherent tendency to try to make sense of these ambiguous signals.
C) an interplay between the thalamus and hypothalamus.
D) lucid impulses acting on repressed discharges.
E) REM activity in conflict with alpha.

Question 25

In the initial report of the relation between dream recall and REM sleep, what proportion of awakenings from REM sleep led to dream reports?

A) 100%
B) 80%
C) 60%
D) 40%
E) 20%

Question 26

Circadian means

A) happening twice in one day.
B) lasting about 1 day.
C) lasting half a day.
D) weekly.
E) every night.

Question 27

Dreaming appears to occur mainly during

A) REM sleep.
B) delta sleep.
C) initial stage 1 EEG.
D) periods during which muscle tension in core muscles is high.
E) all of the above

Question 28

During REM sleep, changes in autonomic nervous system activity suggest

A) arousal.
B) unresponsiveness.
C) increased relaxation.
D) neural inactivity.
E) both B and C

Question 29

Adaptation theories of sleep assume that we are programmed to sleep at night

A) only if we expend energy during the day.
B) only if we expend more energy than we consume during the day.
C) only if we do not sleep during the day.
D) regardless of what we do during the day.
E) only if we eat three times per day.

Question 30

Which common belief about dreaming has been confirmed by research?

A) Some people never dream.
B) Penile erections occur during dreaming only when the dreams are sexual.
C) Sleep talking and sleep walking typically occur while people are dreaming.
D) Most dreams last a few seconds or less.
E) none of the above

Question 31

According to the text, which theory of sleep does the best job of explaining why there are such large differences in the amount of time that the members of various mammalian species spend sleeping?

A) recuperative theory
B) Freudian theory
C) adaptation theory
D) activation-synthesis theory
E) sandman theory

Question 32

The association of REM sleep and dreaming was discovered in the early 1950s in the laboratory of

A) Siegel.
B) Kleitman.
C) Mistlberger.
D) Meddis.
E) Freud.

Question 33

The comparative investigation of sleep has led to an important conclusion: It has suggested that

A) sleep serves an important physiological function.
B) the function of sleep is not some special higher-order cognitive function.
C) sleep may be essential for survival, but it is not necessarily required in large quantities.
D) the amount of time that a members of a particular species tend to sleep is related to how long it takes them to consume enough energy and how susceptible they are to predation when they are sleeping.
E) all of the above

Question 34

The fact that most birds and mammals sleep even if it puts them at risk suggests that

A) sleep serves an important physiological function.
B) sleep serves a cognitive function in humans.
C) people should sleep as much as they can.
D) all of the above
E) both B and C

Question 35

Theories postulating that sleep permits the body to recover from internal deficits produced by wakefulness are often referred to as

A) adaptation theories.
B) recuperation theories.
C) free-running theories.
D) circadian theories.
E) diurnal theories.

Question 36

Most mammals and birds

A) sleep.
B) have sleep that is similar to human sleep.
C) have sleep that is characterized by high-amplitude, low-frequency EEG activity that is punctuated by periods of low-amplitude, high frequency EEG activity.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 37

According to the text,

A) Freud viewed dreams as symbolic representations of repressed sexual conflict.
B) there is no convincing evidence for Freud's theory of dreams.
C) Freud's view of dreams has been widely disseminated to the general public as if it were fact.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 38

How many hours a day do horses typically sleep?

A) 10
B) 5.5
C) 8
D) 2
E) 14

Question 39

Somnambulism typically occurs during

A) stage 4 sleep.
B) dreaming.
C) emergent stage 1 sleep.
D) all of the above
E) initial stage 1 sleep.

Question 40

In males, some degree of penile erection almost always occurs during

A) sex-related dreams.
B) dreams with no sexual content.
C) REM sleep.
D) all of the above
E) both A and C

Question 41

The following is a prediction of many recuperation theories of sleep:

A) Long periods of wakefulness will produce physiological and behavioral disturbances.
B) The disturbances produced by sleep deprivation will grow worse as the deprivation continues.
C) After a period of sleep deprivation, most missed sleep will be regained.
D) all of the above
E) both A and C

Question 42

During microsleeps, people

A) often fall down.
B) become less responsive to external stimuli.
C) display a sleep EEG.
D) all of the above
E) both B and C

Question 43

Sleep deprivation lasting several days usually produces

A) chronic psychosis.
B) microsleeps.
C) neuronal fatigue.
D) chronic tremor.
E) all of the above

Question 44

Loss of 3 or 4 hours of sleep for one night has been found to reliably

A) disrupt the performance of intelligence tests.
B) disturb mood.
C) disrupt motor performance.
D) reduce strength.
E) all of the above

Question 45

Which of the following dangerous effects usually occur in humans after periods of sleep deprivation longer than 24 hours?

A) schizophrenic tendencies
B) lasting reductions in cortical activity
C) chronic hormone imbalances
D) chronic cardiac irregularities
E) none of the above

Question 46

The carousel apparatus has been used to

A) deprive children of sleep.
B) selectively deprive horses of REM sleep.
C) selectively deprive monkeys of SWS sleep.
D) deprive rats of sleep.
E) deprive both experimental and yoked control rats of the same total amount of sleep but different amounts of REM sleep.

Question 47

Most studies and personal experiences of sleep deprivation are confounded by

A) stress.
B) dreaming.
C) energy deficits.
D) circadian rhythms.
E) sleep walking.

Question 48

In Kleitman's classic studies of sleep deprivation, student volunteers grew steadily more __________ as the period of deprivation grew longer.

A) sleepy
B) incapable of performing intelligence tests
C) unable to stay awake
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 49

In the entire week after being totally deprived of sleep for 11 days, Randy Gardner slept a total of about __________ hours more than usual.

A) 6
B) 18
C) 22
D) 34
E) 54

Question 50

It is impossible for a human to stay awake longer than __________ hours without experiencing life-threatening physiological problems.

A) 24
B) 36
C) 48
D) 60
E) none of the above

Question 51

The apparatus illustrated here is used to study

A) sleep deprivation.
B) REM deprivation.
C) stage 4 sleep.
D) dreaming.
E) operant conditioning.

Question 52

Microsleeps are usually about __________ long.

A) 3 seconds
B) 25 seconds
C) 1 minute
D) 5 minutes
E) 7 minutes

Question 53

The fact that giant sloths sleep 20 hours per day is a strong argument

A) against the circadian theory of sleep.
B) for the recuperation theory of sleep.
C) against the theory that sleep is a compensatory reaction to energy expenditure.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Question 54

In studies of the effects of sleep deprivation in humans, the tasks that sleep-deprived volunteers are most likely to perform poorly are those that

A) are boringly, easy, and require continuous attention.
B) involve critical thinking.
C) involve high-level logical deduction.
D) test verbal ability.
E) test mathematical ability.

Question 55

Which of the following is most likely to occur after the loss of a small amount of sleep?

A) disruption of motor performance
B) microsleeps
C) disturbances of vigilance
D) deficits on complex cognitive tests
E) reduction of strength

Question 56

Many sleep-deprivation studies have assessed its impact on human

A) physiological function.
B) mood.
C) cognition.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 57

The performance of which of the following tasks is most likely to be disrupted by sleep deprivation?

A) sprinting
B) weight lifting
C) watching a radar screen for occasional unpredictable blips
D) solving a series of complex geometric problems
E) solving a series of complex mathematical problems

Question 58

The carousel apparatus has been used to study sleep deprivation in

A) rats.
B) men and women.
C) children.
D) horses.
E) monkeys.

Question 59

Which of the following is least likely to result from sleep deprivation?

A) mood disturbances
B) reductions in creativity
C) reductions in vigilance
D) poor performance of complex cognitive tests
E) increased sleepiness

Question 60

Species that sleep a lot tend to

A) be more active.
B) have higher body temperatures.
C) be small.
D) be invulnerable to predation when they sleep.
E) all of the above

Question 61

Volunteers regain little of their lost sleep after a period of sleep deprivation, but they regain most of their lost

A) stage 4 sleep.
B) dream time.
C) REM sleep.
D) initial stage 1 sleep.
E) both B and C

Question 62

After an entire week of REM-sleep deprivation, about how many times in one night did volunteers have to be awakened to prevent them from experiencing bouts of REM sleep?

A) 0
B) 5
C) 17
D) 25
E) 67

Question 63

According to the default theory, REM sleep and

A) slow-wave sleep are similar.
B) delta sleep are similar.
C) wakefulness are similar.
D) dreaming rarely occur together in psychotic patients.
E) dreaming rarely occur together in children.

Question 64

One of the most important features of sleep is that its efficiency increases in response to

A) sleep reduction.
B) cognitive overload.
C) light.
D) tricyclic antidepressants.
E) stress.

Question 65

The most influential circadian zeitgeber is the

A) hippocampus.
B) light-dark cycle.
C) amygdala.
D) free-running period.
E) hyrax.

Question 66

The effects of the carousel apparatus are difficult to interpret because

A) it can deprive rats of only a small amount of sleep.
B) the volunteers have to sleep in wet pajamas.
C) in addition to producing sleep deprivation, it produces confounding stress.
D) it prevents microsleeps.
E) the yoked control subjects experience much more stress than do the experimental subjects.

Question 67

Under normal living conditions, most of our entrained circadian cycles are about

A) 23.1 hours long.
B) 23.5 hours long.
C) 24.0 hours long.
D) 24.5 hours long.
E) 25.2 hours long.

Question 68

Most selective sleep-deprivation studies have been studies of __________ deprivation.

A) REM-sleep
B) NREM-sleep
C) stage 2 sleep
D) stage 3 sleep
E) stage 4 sleep

Question 69

Circadian cycles without zeitgebers are said to be

A) free-running periods.
B) free-running rhythms.
C) desynchronized.
D) diurnal.
E) entrained.

Question 70

Slow-wave sleep seems to play a particularly important

A) recuperative role.
B) psychological role.
C) circadian role.
D) physiological role.
E) mnemonic role.

Question 71

Slow-wave sleep seems to play a particularly important role in the recuperative effects of sleep.The following is major evidence for this conclusion:

A) People regain only a small portion of their lost sleep following a period of sleep deprivation, but they regain most of their lost stage 4.
B) Most long sleepers get a higher proportion of stage 3 and 4 sleep than short sleepers.
C) Volunteers who have reduced the amount that they sleep each night have usually accomplished this without substantially reducing the amount of stages 3 and 4 sleep.
D) all of the above
E) both A and C

Question 72

Strong evidence that REM-sleep is not essential for memory comes from the study of patients

A) with brain damage.
B) after electroconvulsive shock.
C) who can't sleep.
D) who get little or no REM sleep because they regularly take antidepressant drugs.
E) who get little or no sleep because they are narcotic addicts.

Question 73

The default theory is a theory of

A) slow-wave sleep.
B) REM sleep.
C) sleep deprivation.
D) dreaming.
E) insomnia.

Question 74

Volunteers who are allowed to sleep without interruption after several nights of REM deprivation tend to get

A) almost no REM sleep.
B) less REM sleep than usual.
C) their normal amount of REM sleep.
D) significantly more REM sleep than usual.
E) a lot of REM sleep even when they are awake.

Question 75

Which of the following can entrain the circadian sleep-wake cycles of animals living under constant lighting conditions?

A) regular daily bouts of social interaction
B) regular daily meals
C) regular daily bouts of exercise
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 76

Free-running periods are

A) the pauses between free-running cycles.
B) lengthened by zeitgebers.
C) shortened by zeitgebers.
D) usually longer than 24 hours.
E) usually shorter than 24 hours.

Question 77

Following the completion of one week of REM-sleep deprivation, volunteers

A) normally sleep for about 16 hours and then awaken refreshed.
B) gradually increase the amount of REM sleep that they have each night until they get back to their original baseline.
C) have a greater than usual proportion of REM sleep for 2 or 3 nights.
D) often display psychosis for 2 or 3 days and report particularly lurid dreams.
E) both C and D

Question 78

A free-running rhythm is a rhythm without any external

A) light.
B) light-dark cycles.
C) desynchronization.
D) zeitgebers.
E) jet lag.

Question 79

The main advantage of the carousel apparatus is that

A) it is fun.
B) it is precise.
C) it is circular.
D) the yoked control procedure is an integral part of it.
E) it deprives the subjects of only REM sleep.

Question 80

The finding that sleep becomes more efficient in people who regularly sleep less is a key finding because it indicates that

A) sleep-deprivation studies can indicate how much sleep people need only if the volunteers who are being studied are efficient sleepers.
B) sleep is a positive incentive.
C) sleep can be made more efficient by reinforcements and punishments.
D) only circadian theories can account for the negative effects of sleep deprivation.
E) sleep can be conditioned.