Deck 18: Biopsychology of Psychiatric Disorders

Question 1

The active ingredient of snakeroot is

A) chlorpromazine.
B) reserpine.
C) atropine.
D) morphine.
E) chlordiazepoxide.

Answer 1

reserpine.

Question 2

A disorder of psychological function sufficiently severe to require treatment by a psychiatrist is called a __________ disorder.

A) neuropsychological
B) psychiatric
C) neurobehavioral
D) neurochemical
E) degenerative

Answer 2

psychiatric

Question 3

Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

A) hallucinations
B) inappropriate affect
C) delusions
D) incoherent speech or thought
E) all of the above

Answer 3

all of the above

Question 4

Chlorpromazine

A) is a benzodiazepine.
B) exerts an immediate antipsychotic effect.
C) was originally developed as an antihistamine.
D) is commonly used in the treatment of depression.
E) both A and C

Question 5

Studies of monozygotic and dizygotic twins suggest that schizophrenia

A) is caused entirely by genetic factors.
B) is uninfluenced by genetic factors.
C) is influenced by genetic factors.
D) is a psychiatric disorder.
E) doesn't run in families.

Question 6

About what proportion of the adult population is diagnosed with schizophrenia?

A) 0.01%
B) 0.1%
C) 1%
D) 12%
E) 17%

Question 7

The first two antipsychotic drugs were

A) Librium and chlorpromazine.
B) chlorpromazine and reserpine.
C) L-DOPA and reserpine.
D) haloperidol and chlorpromazine.
E) haloperidol and Valium.

Question 8

Schizophrenia typically attacks people in their

A) infancy.
B) childhood.
C) adolescence or early adulthood.
D) middle age.
E) old age.

Question 9

The symptoms of schizophrenia are often divided into two categories:

A) positive and negative.
B) active and passive.
C) genetic and epigenetic.
D) genetic and experiential.
E) anterograde and retrograde.

Question 10

The probability that a close biological relative (i.e.,a parent,sibling,or child)of an individual with schizophrenia will also be diagnosed with schizophrenia is about

A) 1%.
B) 2%.
C) 10%.
D) 35%.
E) 55%.

Question 11

Individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia with catatonia often experience a unique symptom when somebody tries to move them:

A) visual hallucinations.
B) waxy flexibility.
C) auditory hallucinations.
D) total rigidity.
E) tremors.

Question 12

The main difficulty in diagnosing psychiatric disorders is that

A) patients suffering from the same psychiatric disorder often display different symptoms.
B) patients suffering from different psychiatric disorders often display the same symptoms.
C) dream analysis is subjective and expensive.
D) both A and B
E) both A and C

Question 13

In the DSM-5,schizophrenia and related disorders are referred to as

A) hallucinatory disorders.
B) inappropriate affect disorders.
C) delusional disorders.
D) incoherent speech or thought disorders.
E) schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

Question 14

According to the _____________ theory,early adverse experiences lead to the development of schizophrenia in genetically susceptible individuals.

A) stress
B) infection
C) birth complications
D) neurodevelopmental
E) split-brain

Question 15

In the DSM-5,schizophrenia spectrum disorder is preferred to schizophrenia because the symptoms of schizophrenia

A) often involve hallucinations.
B) overlap greatly with several disorders, which are now all included under the one name.
C) do not entail a real disease.
D) rarely include incoherent speech or thought.
E) involves brain damage to the entire spectrum.

Question 16

Which of the following early experiential factors have been implicated in some cases of schizophrenia?

A) maternal stress
B) birth complications
C) prenatal infections
D) childhood adversity
E) all of the above

Question 17

Hallucinations associated with schizophrenia often take the form of

A) ghostly shapes.
B) religious figures.
C) flashing lights.
D) imaginary voices making critical comments or telling the patient what to do.
E) the DSM-IV.

Question 18

Reserpine is not currently used in the treatment of schizophrenia because it

A) is ineffective.
B) is an antihistamine.
C) can produce a dangerous decrease in blood pressure.
D) is an anxiolytic.
E) violates the dopamine theory of schizophrenia.

Question 19

The concordance rate of schizophrenia between monozygotic twins is

A) the same as that between dizygotic twins.
B) the same as that between any two siblings.
C) slightly more than that between husbands and wives.
D) slightly more than that between pairs of unrelated individuals.
E) 45% to 50%.

Question 20

Evidence that environmental factors play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia is that the concordance rate for monozygotic twins is

A) greater for males than for females.
B) much less than 100%.
C) much more than 50%.
D) more than for dizygotic twins.
E) greater among cocaine users.

Question 21

Haloperidol is a potent

A) antipsychotic drug.
B) D₂ receptor ligand.
C) psychotic drug.
D) all of the above
E) both A and C

Question 22

An effective atypical antipsychotic drug is

A) clozapine.
B) buspirone.
C) reserpine.
D) chlorpromazine.
E) iproniazid.

Question 23

Psychedelic drugs include ketamine and phencyclidine,which are classified as

A) psilocybins.
B) dissociative hallucinogens.
C) dopamine agonists.
D) dopamine antagonists.
E) both B and D

Question 24

The clinical effectiveness of typical antipsychotic drugs is positively correlated with the degree to which they bind to

A) dopamine.
B) glutamate receptors.
C) D₁ receptors.
D) D₂ receptors.
E) autoreceptors.

Question 25

Chlorpromazine binds to dopamine receptors without activating them,and keeps dopamine from binding to them.Accordingly,chlorpromazine is classified as a

A) receptor blocker.
B) dopamine agonist.
C) dopamine antagonist.
D) both A and B
E) both A and C

Question 26

Clozapine,like other atypical antipsychotic drugs,

A) is used in the treatment of schizophrenia.
B) does not produce Parkinsonian side effects.
C) has a high affinity for D₂ receptors.
D) is more effective than typical antipsychotic drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia.
E) all of the above

Question 27

Clozapine is

A) a typical antipsychotic drug.
B) the first atypical antipsychotic drug.
C) a potent D₂ blocker.
D) widely used in the treatment of depression.
E) widely used in the treatment of mania.

Question 28

Dopamine agonist is to dopamine antagonist as

A) reserpine is to chlorpromazine.
B) cocaine is to reserpine.
C) reserpine is to amphetamine.
D) chlorpromazine is to reserpine.
E) amphetamine is to cocaine.

Question 29

In general,conventional antipsychotic drugs tend to be more effective against

A) the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
B) the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
C) anhedonia.
D) clinical depression.
E) generalized anxiety disorder.

Question 30

Phenothiazines bind effectively to

A) D₁ receptors.
B) D₂ receptors.
C) glutamate receptors.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Question 31

Unlike reserpine,chlorpromazine does not

A) reduce the extracellular levels of dopamine.
B) increase dopamine levels.
C) produce Parkinsonian side effects.
D) cause dementia.
E) function as a dopamine antagonist.

Question 32

A major problem with the current use of antipsychotic drugs in the treatment of schizophrenia is that they tend to

A) help only a small proportion of patients.
B) act on only some symptoms.
C) produce disturbing side effects.
D) all of the above
E) both A and C

Question 33

Research suggests that LSD and the other classical hallucinogens produce effects

A) by acting as serotonin agonists.
B) by acting as serotonin antagonists.
C) that mimic some of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
D) both A and C
E) both B and C

Question 34

The brain changes that are observed in individuals with schizophrenia

A) are particularly notable in the dopaminergic structures of the brain.
B) are widespread.
C) do not usually become apparent until several years after diagnosis.
D) all of the above
E) both B and C

Question 35

Butyrophenones and those phenothiazines that have a great affinity for D₂ receptors are potent

A) barbiturates.
B) antidepressant drugs.
C) antipsychotic drugs.
D) anxiolytics.
E) both B and C

Question 36

The dissociative anesthetics,such as ketamine,

A) act as dopamine agonists.
B) act as dopamine antagonists.
C) produce effects that mimic some of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
D) produce effects that mimic some of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
E) both B and D

Question 37

To be considered a major depressive disorder,symptoms must

A) last more than 2 weeks.
B) NOT involve anhedonia.
C) be triggered by an obvious traumatic event.
D) involve a suicide attempt.
E) last less than 2 weeks.

Question 38

The first generation of antipsychotic drugs are referred to as

A) barbiturates.
B) butyrophenones.
C) typical antipsychotics.
D) parent antipsychotics.
E) marginal antipsychotics.

Question 39

Structural brain-imaging studies of individuals with schizophrenia typically reveal

A) nothing atypical.
B) reduced brain volume.
C) brain changes even at the time that patients first seek medical treatment.
D) all of the above
E) both B and C

Question 40

Which of the following can trigger schizophrenia-like episodes at high doses?

A) amphetamine
B) cocaine
C) snakeroot
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Question 41

In 1957,this drug became the first drug to be marketed as an antidepressant:

A) iproniazid.
B) imipramine.
C) reserpine.
D) clozapine.
E) lithium.

Question 42

Depression is sometimes divided into two categories: reactive depression and __________ depression.

A) bipolar
B) endogenous
C) unipolar
D) acute
E) chronic

Question 43

The first tricyclic antidepressant to be marketed

A) was chlorpromazine.
B) was imipramine.
C) eventually proved to be even more effective against stroke.
D) produces a cheese effect.
E) was also an MAO inhibitor.

Question 44

Anxiety disorders,coronary heart disease,and diabetes are often comorbid with

A) Parkinson's disease.
B) retrograde amnesia.
C) major depressive disorder.
D) hypomania.
E) multiple sclerosis.

Question 45

Fluoxetine is a slight structural variation of

A) tricyclic antidepressants.
B) lithium.
C) neuroleptics.
D) phenothiazines.
E) MAO inhibitors.

Question 46

Bupropion and agomelatine are classified as

A) SSRIs.
B) typical antidepressants.
C) tricyclic antidepressants.
D) MAO inhibitors.
E) atypical antidepressants.

Question 47

Iproniazid,the first antidepressant,

A) was initially developed as an antipsychotic drug.
B) is even more effective against mania.
C) usually produces dangerous drops in blood pressure.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 48

The heritability estimates for major depressive disorder found in various studies have tended to range between

A) 30 and 40%.
B) 1 and 2%.
C) 2 and 4%.
D) 6 and 8%.
E) 80 and 90%.

Question 49

Iproniazid is to imipramine as

A) tricyclic antidepressant is to MAO inhibitor.
B) cheese is to yogurt.
C) MAO inhibitor is to tricyclic antidepressant.
D) depression is to mania.
E) mania is to depression.

Question 50

MAO inhibitors are no longer used in the treatment of depression because they

A) are totally ineffective against depression.
B) produce tardive dyskinesia.
C) block MAO's ability to break down tyramine.
D) are effective only if they are taken with iproniazid.
E) both A and B

Question 51

Imipramine is a

A) tricyclic antidepressant.
B) MOA inhibitor.
C) phenothiazine.
D) butyrophenone.
E) serotonin antagonist.

Question 52

Iproniazid is rarely prescribed for the treatment of depression because

A) it is ineffective.
B) of the cheese effect.
C) of the walnut effect.
D) it produces rebound mania.
E) of the peanut effect.

Question 53

Fluoxetine

A) is a SSRI.
B) is no more effective in treating depression than imipramine.
C) is no more effective in treating depression than SNRIs.
D) has fewer side effects than tricyclic antidepressants.
E) all of the above

Question 54

Imipramine

A) is a serotonin and norepinephrine antagonist.
B) blocks the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine.
C) blocks dopamine receptors.
D) is a dopamine antagonist.
E) both C and D

Question 55

Fluoxetine is marketed under the name

A) Prozac.
B) Lithium.
C) Imipramine.
D) Iproniazid.
E) Paxil.

Question 56

In general,evidence directly linking early experience to the development of clinical depression is sparse,however in cases of _____________ the relation between experience and clinical depression is abundantly clear.

A) peripartum depression
B) preconception depression
C) seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
D) all of the above
E) both A and C

Question 57

Clinical depression is also known as

A) atypical depression.
B) anhedonia.
C) major depressive disorder.
D) minor depressive disorder.
E) generalized anxiety disorder.

Question 58

Selective norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitors are used in the treatment of

A) schizophrenia.
B) major depressive disorder.
C) tuberculosis.
D) mania.
E) addiction.

Question 59

About what percentage of people suffer from clinical depression (major depressive disorder)at some point in their lives?

A) 1%
B) 0.1%
C) 10%
D) 3%
E) 23%

Question 60

Several large scale studies have compared the effectiveness of various antidepressants to placebos.These studies have found that

A) overall, the various classes of antidepressants appear to be similarly effective.
B) only 25 percent of depressed individuals are helped by antidepressants.
C) antidepressants are of little to no benefit for individuals with mild or moderate depression.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 61

Many of the people who experience clinical depression also suffer from recurring periods of

A) schizophrenia.
B) Tourette syndrome.
C) either hypomania or mania.
D) panic.
E) epilepsy.

Question 62

Some success has been reported in treating clinical depression with chronic low-level electrical stimulation of the ___________ through implanted electrodes.

A) anterior cingulate gyrus of the prefrontal cortex
B) amygdala
C) posterior thalamus
D) hippocampus
E) striatum

Question 63

The monoamine theory of depression holds that depression is associated with

A) underactivity at serotonergic and noradrenergic synapses.
B) degeneration of monoamines.
C) decreases in dopamine receptors.
D) monoamine agonists.
E) realignment of MAO inhibitors.

Question 64

Lithium is classified as a

A) mood stabilizer.
B) SSRI.
C) SNRI.
D) both A and B
E) both A and C

Question 65

Chronic fear that persists in the absence of any direct threat is known as

A) psychological fear.
B) anxiety.
C) panic.
D) a phobia.
E) the Selye syndrome.

Question 66

Which of the following experimental treatments for clinical depression is noninvasive?

A) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
B) deep brain stimulation
C) prefrontal lobotomy
D) ketamine
E) iproniazid

Question 67

When insufficient neurotransmitter is released at a synapse,there is often a compensatory __________ of the receptors.

A) up-regulation
B) degeneration
C) regeneration
D) blockade
E) realignment

Question 68

Various studies suggest that between _________% of individuals will suffer from an anxiety disorder at some point in their lives.

A) 0.5 and 1.0
B) 14 and 34
C) 1 and 2
D) 2 and 8
E) 8 and 12

Question 69

When anxiety is so severe that it disrupts functioning,it is generally referred to as

A) fear.
B) hypertension.
C) an anxiety disorder.
D) a panic disorder.
E) a phobia.

Question 70

The dissociative hallucinogen ketamine

A) alleviates depression, even after only a single dose.
B) has undesirable side effects.
C) eliminates mania.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Question 71

Remarkably,a single injection of ketamine

A) often alleviates depression.
B) can trigger a bout of severe depression.
C) can trigger mania.
D) is widely used in the treatment of major depressive disorder.
E) both A and D

Question 72

Generalized anxiety disorder,specific phobias,and agoraphobia are all

A) schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
B) depressive disorders.
C) anxiety disorders.
D) bipolar disorders.
E) affective disorders.

Question 73

Drugs that reduce depression without increasing mania,or reduce mania without increasing depression,are called

A) mood stabilizers.
B) SSRIs.
C) tricyclic antidepressants.
D) MAO inhibitors.
E) monoamines.

Question 74

Lithium has often been used in the treatment of

A) major depressive disorder.
B) bipolar disorder.
C) schizophrenia.
D) cocaine psychosis.
E) nausea.

Question 75

By definition,mood stabilizers are drugs that act against

A) seasonal affective disorder.
B) depression without increasing mania.
C) mania without increasing depression.
D) lithium.
E) either B or C

Question 76

The monoamine theory of depression is based on the fact that

A) depressed people have high levels of monoamines.
B) depressed people have low levels of monoamines.
C) most drugs used to treat depression are monoamine agonists.
D) most drugs used to treat depression are monoamine antagonists.
E) both A and D

Question 77

Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with anxiety disorders?

A) tachycardia
B) hypotension
C) high blood pressure
D) nausea
E) breathing difficulties

Question 78

Most prevalent of all psychiatric disorders are the __________ disorders.

A) bipolar
B) anxiety
C) schizophrenia spectrum
D) depressive
E) phobic

Question 79

The neuroplasticity theory of depression is that depression results from

A) an increase in neuroplastic processes in the prefrontal cortex.
B) a decrease in neuroplastic processes in various brain structures.
C) an increase in neuroplastic processes in the hypothalamus.
D) atypical neuroplastic processes throughout, but restricted to, the limbic system.
E) both A and C

Question 80

Brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF)has been of particular interest to researchers because

A) treatments that improve depression increase BDNF.
B) it plays an important role in mental health.
C) BDNF is localized in the prefrontal lobes.
D) women have twice as much as men.
E) regeneration is not possible without it.