Deck 12: Remembering and Forgetting

Question 1

A professor is writing a test for his introductory psychology class.He decides that he is going to assess his students' recall.What kind of test should he write?

A) essay
B) multiple choice
C) true-false
D) matching

Answer 1

essay

Question 2

This module opens with a study of eyewitness testimony of a filmed assailant.Out of 2,000 viewers,how many identified the wrong man in a six-man lineup?

A) 100
B) 250
C) 1,250
D) 1,800

Answer 2

1,800

Question 3

You are listening to a radio talk show hosted by a psychologist.One of her callers asks why memories are so hard to retrieve.The psychologist responds,"After memories are encoded,they are connected in nodes in long-term memory.To find a particular memory,you must sift through all the nodes until you find the one you want." This psychologist is describing the ____ of memory.

A) cognitive theory
B) network theory
C) semantic theory
D) modal model

Answer 3

network theory

Question 4

Cindy does really well when Dr.Barrios gives a multiple-choice exam,but has a lot of trouble when his exams consist of essay questions.Cindy finds ____ easier than ____.

A) recall; recognition
B) long-term retrieval; short-term retrieval
C) short-term retrieval; long-term retrieval
D) recognition; recall

Question 5

What form of memory retrieval are you using when answering this multiple-choice question?

A) recall
B) relearning
C) recognition
D) directed search

Question 6

If you let your memory flow freely,you will find that one memory triggers another memory,which triggers another.How would the network theory explain this?

A) Different brain chemicals are associated with different memories.
B) Memories are connected in an enormous cognitive network.
C) Some memories cause interference with others, while those that do not tend to be associated with each other.
D) The neurons that make up a particular memory become more sensitive to each other's signals.

Question 7

In the network theory,nodes are like ____ that are connected.

A) waves in an ocean
B) books in a library
C) cities on a map
D) cars on a highway

Question 8

You are watching a spy thriller on television.In the movie,a secret agent is trying to identify a spy for the other side by looking at some pictures of possible spies.The spy is using ____ to identify the correct individual.

A) recognition
B) recall
C) proactive interference
D) long-term potentiation

Question 9

The network theory proposes that we are capable of "traveling" from node to node because:

A) action potentials propel us
B) nodes physically touch other nodes in the hippocampus
C) the nodes have been linked together through associations
D) nodes are connected to each other alphabetically

Question 10

If you were to sit down at a bare kitchen table and think about what you needed to buy at the grocery store,you would be using:

A) recognition
B) implicit memory
C) eidetic memory
D) recall

Question 11

If you believe that memories are stored in nodes that are interconnected,you subscribe to:

A) Miller's File Theory
B) the psychomnemonic theory of memory
C) the eidetic theory
D) the network theory

Question 12

Which of the following best demonstrates the difference between recognition and recall?

A) speaking lines in a play versus playing the piano without sheet music
B) multiple-choice exams versus true-false questions
C) picking the assailant out of a lineup versus describing the face of an assailant
D) reporting the color of your socks with your eyes closed versus reciting a poem

Question 13

Recognition involves:

A) retrieving previously learned information with no cues present
B) encoding new information to replace previously learned information
C) using external cues to identify information that has been previously learned
D) looking at an image and retaining a detailed visual image for several minutes

Question 14

Plotnik and Kouyoumdjian begin this module with a scene from a campus mugging.Their point is to show that:

A) crime is so scary that we are likely to remember every detail
B) crime is a special situation, in which the everyday rules of memory do not apply
C) remembering and forgetting are automatic in dramatic situations like this one
D) remembering and forgetting are not as simple as most people think

Question 15

The retrieval of previously learned information with the assistance of no or very few external cues is called:

A) recognition
B) recall
C) eidetiting
D) mnemonizing

Question 16

As you are remembering your first day of college,you are searching:

A) in a random way
B) in a linear way from your most recent to your furthest past personal information
C) groups of nodes that are connected by personal associations
D) network hierarchies

Question 17

You hear a new song on the radio and want to tell a friend about it.When speaking with the friend you talk about the song,but have difficulty actually remembering it.Your friend starts to hum the song and it helps you remember it.This best illustrates:

A) recognition
B) recall
C) automatic encoding
D) effortful encoding

Question 18

How would the network theory of memory explain the time that you thought of baseball,and in a few seconds you ended up thinking about toothpaste?

A) You were following personal associations, or mental roads, traveling from node to node.
B) There were objects in your present environment related to both baseball and toothpaste.
C) You were randomly sorting through many, many memories.
D) Unfortunately, examples like this are not easily explained by the network theory of memory.

Question 19

The best analogy of the network theory of memory organization is:

A) a fabric (associations) made of thousands of threads (nodes) lined up in the same direction
B) a circle that has no starting point (nodes) and no ending point (associations)
C) a refrigerator that has food (nodes) stacked on shelves (associations)
D) a map with cities (nodes) interconnected by roads (associations)

Question 20

According to the network theory of memory,another name for memory files is:

A) points
B) schemas
C) cells
D) nodes

Question 21

Does the brain have built-in categories for sorting and filing information?

A) No-the brain does not sort and file information based on categories
B) Yes-but the categories are developed through experience
C) Yes-but the brain doesn't have specific parts for categories
D) Yes-the brain has different areas for different categories

Question 22

Which of the following is the best example of a network hierarchy?

A) local, federal, state, international
B) German Shepherd, mammal, animal, cat
C) species, kingdom, phylum, class, human
D) Earth, Western Hemisphere, North America, Midwest, Iowa

Question 23

Nodes,according to the network theory of memory,are arranged in a:

A) random fashion
B) modular hierarchy
C) network hierarchy
D) cue-based structure

Question 24

Factual information appears to be organized in:

A) groups of nodes that are connected by personal associations
B) hierarchies with abstract information at the top and concrete information at the bottom
C) random ways
D) a linear way from most-used information to least-used information

Question 25

Network theory relies on the concept of nodes.What is a node?

A) a memory file that contains related information organized around a specific topic
B) the part of the hypothalamus that is responsible for our abilities of recall and recognition
C) a special kind of neurotransmitter released during the retrieval process
D) a mental model of a concept, event, or object, which is based on previous experience

Question 26

Which of the following questions is answered by searching groups of nodes that are linked by personal associations?

A) "What are the names of the Great Lakes?"
B) "What is the capital of North Dakota?"
C) "What was your great-grandfather's name?"
D) "When was the War of 1812?"

Question 27

The two primary reasons why our memory is limited in early life are:

A) limited visual system and limited language skills
B) limited language skills and not having a complete memory circuit in the brain
C) limited motor skills and language skills
D) limited visual system development and underdeveloped auditory cortex

Question 28

Based upon Ebbinghaus' research using nonsense syllables,forgetting curves show that most unfamiliar information is:

A) forgotten within the first hour
B) forgotten within the first eight hours
C) forgotten within the first day
D) forgotten within the first week

Question 29

A network is made up of:

A) iconic and echoic information
B) thousands of interconnected nodes
C) flashbulb memories
D) interactive memory processes such as encoding, storage, and retrieval

Question 30

According to research cited in Module 12,when you think of an animal,the ____ part of your brain is very active.

A) front
B) back
C) amygdala
D) temporal lobe

Question 31

In general,the earliest event that we have a memory for occurred when we were:

A) 1 year old
B) 2 1/2 years old
C) 3 1/2 years old
D) 4 years old

Question 32

Jorge is watching a show on television that describes how to fix car engines.He sees the host of the show using a specialized tool.Jorge thinks he knows what the tool is called.Based on the research cited in the module,what part of the brain is showing maximal neural activity as he thinks of the specialized tool?

A) back of the brain
B) front of the brain
C) brainstem
D) occipital lobe

Question 33

A ____ measures the amount of previously learned information that subjects can recall or recognize across time.

A) node
B) mnemonic
C) forgetting curve
D) loci

Question 34

In order to study memory and forgetting,Hermann Ebbinghaus utilized:

A) mnemonics
B) three-letter nonsense syllables
C) pictures of common objects
D) five-letter words

Question 35

Which piece of information would be at the top of a network hierarchy?

A) A dog is an animal.
B) Dogs have fur.
C) My dog's name is Frosty.
D) A Golden Retriever is a breed of dog.

Question 36

The classic forgetting curve that Ebbinghaus described for nonsense syllables has a:

A) rapid downward slope, then levels out and declines gradually
B) slight upward slope, followed by a rapid downward slope
C) series of alternating upward and downward slopes
D) slight decline

Question 37

In one of your classes last week,you were introduced to some material that was very uninteresting,but you were determined to learn it and you did.That was last week! How much of the material can you expect to have forgotten according to Ebbinghaus?

A) 80%
B) 65%
C) 40%
D) 15%

Question 38

The node "dog" would likely be included as a subset of the node:

A) "collie"
B) "spaniel"
C) "mammal"
D) "four legs"

Question 39

High school seniors Meera and Karen are talking about memories.Meera says that she can remember a song she learned when she was a year old.Karen disagrees and says that's not likely.Why?

A) We do not verbally encode before the age of 3 1/2.
B) Memory does not start operating until the age of 3 1/2.
C) A one-year-old's attention span is so poor that a child that young cannot encode anything.
D) Long-term memory does not exist in children that young.

Question 40

Based upon forgetting curves,our memory for ____ information is much better than our memory for ____ information:

A) new; old
B) old; new
C) interesting; uninteresting
D) boring; exciting

Question 41

Professor Wallace,who is notorious for her essay exams,was approached by a student who asked to retake the exam,but in a different form such as multiple choice.The student claimed that he knew and understood the material and he could demonstrate it better on a multiple-choice exam.Why would he make such a claim?

A) Essay tests require the student to study more.
B) Performance on retrieval-based tests tends to be better than that on recall-based tests.
C) Essay tests are more difficult, since there can be more than one right answer.
D) Tests of recognition, like a multiple choice test, are more difficult than essay tests.

Question 42

A man was convicted of involuntary murder of an elderly woman.The incident took place while the two were arguing,and the woman suffered a heart attack and died.The man is very remorseful,but cannot remember anything about the argument.This type of forgetting best illustrates:

A) regression
B) repression
C) decay
D) consolidation

Question 43

Studying by cramming or rote memory tends to:

A) facilitate encoding
B) create temporary retrieval cues
C) create poor retrieval cues
D) create adequate retrieval cues

Question 44

Based on the study of memory of high school classmates,what happens to the accuracy rate for recognition over 47 years?

A) it remains relatively stable
B) the accuracy rate declines significantly
C) the accuracy rate improves
D) the accuracy rates fluctuates

Question 45

Most students show better memory on ____ tests compared to ____ tests.

A) recognition; recall
B) recall; recognition
C) essay; fill-in-the blank
D) fill-in-the blank; multiple choice

Question 46

What name is best associated with repression?

A) Abraham Maslow
B) Edward Tolman
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Carl Rogers

Question 47

"I've moved so many times in the last five years,I get confused trying to remember all my phone numbers.I don't have any problems remembering my current phone number,but all the others are hard to remember." This most clearly illustrates:

A) repression
B) interference
C) regression
D) memory specificity

Question 48

You are helping to plan your family reunion.Ninety-six-year old Grandma Cassie is helping you to identify long-lost relatives.She remarks that she hasn't seen some of the relatives for decades and can't exactly remember their names.Which of the following strategies would help Grandma Cassie remember the names of these relatives?

A) Teach Grandma Cassie to use the method of loci to help her with the names.
B) Grandma Cassie should write down all the names she can remember.
C) Show Grandma Cassie some pictures of these relatives.
D) Ask Grandma Cassie to think really hard about these relatives.

Question 49

Why would a memory be repressed?

A) The memory regularly blocks more important information, so it is put "away" so that it will not interfere anymore.
B) The memory is incomplete and fragmented due to amnesia.
C) The memory is emotionally threatening or it provokes anxiety.
D) The memory is poorly connected or associated with other information.

Question 50

Reminders we create in making associations between previously learned information and newly learned information are called:

A) retrieval cues
B) nodes
C) scripts
D) schemas

Question 51

If memory loss follows a blow or damage to the brain,the person is suffering from:

A) amnesia
B) Korsakoff's syndrome
C) Wernicke's aphasia
D) interference

Question 52

Harry can't remember anything that happened after he was taken prisoner and tortured during the war.Harry is suffering from:

A) Alzheimer's disease
B) Korsakoff's syndrome
C) amnesia
D) interference

Question 53

Bryce attended his 25-year high school reunion.As he was driving to the reunion,he tried to remember the names of some of his classmates.This is called ____; at the reunion,he could remember his classmates when he saw their faces.This is called ____.

A) recognition; recall
B) recall; recognition
C) potentiation; recognition
D) recall; relearning

Question 54

Much of the controversy surrounding repression involves:

A) the accuracy of eyewitness testimony
B) the accuracy of flashbulb memories
C) recovered memories of sexual abuse
D) the validity of Freud's theory of personality

Question 55

You hear about a woman who was receiving therapy and found out that she had repressed memories of being sexually abused 20 years ago.Given the information in this module,what would be the most important question about her case?

A) How completely was the memory repressed?
B) Did the therapist implant or suggest the memory?
C) How old was the woman when she was abused?
D) At what age did the repressed memory occur?

Question 56

The inability to retrieve,recall,or recognize information that was stored or is still stored in long-term memory is called:

A) interference
B) forgetting
C) disuse
D) decoding

Question 57

Wow! The lecture in psychology last week was very interesting.But you wonder how much of it you'll remember in seven years.The research says that we forget about ____ of interesting information.

A) 80%
B) 60%
C) 40%
D) 15%

Question 58

The reason that suggests that people forget information because other information gets in the way and blocks its retrieval is called:

A) schema confusion
B) network overload
C) interference
D) eidetic imagery

Question 59

When the mind pushes some traumatic memory into the unconscious,only to stay there until it is released,____ is said to have taken place.

A) regression
B) sublimation
C) repression
D) rationalization

Question 60

You are creating a website to describe interference.What would be the most appropriate website name?

A) www.retrieval.com
B) www.amnesia.com
C) www.emotion.edu
D) www.block.edu

Question 61

This semester you are taking psychology; last semester you took sociology and did well.Now,sociological terms are interfering with your memory of psychological terms.This illustrates:

A) primary interference
B) secondary interference
C) retroactive interference
D) proactive interference

Question 62

Lena has started to watch a video at Tina's house.Lena says that she saw the movie last month.She tries to anticipate the next scene or what a character will say,but she is wrong and says,"Maybe I'm getting this movie confused with another movie I saw last year." Lena is most likely experiencing:

A) long-term potentiation
B) repression
C) proactive interference
D) retroactive interference

Question 63

Proactive interference is to ____ as retroactive interference is to ____.

A) primary; secondary
B) encode; retrieval
C) forward; backward
D) backward; forward

Question 64

"When my grandmother was alive,she used to call me Gerald,who was her cousin,and my name is not Gerald." Grandmother was experiencing:

A) selective attention
B) proactive interference
C) repression
D) retroactive interference

Question 65

This semester you are taking psychology and doing well; last semester you took sociology and did well.However,you don't remember much about sociology because of:

A) primary interference
B) secondary interference
C) retroactive interference
D) proactive interference

Question 66

Mary uses numerous different colors when she takes notes in her psychology class.If she has difficulty with a question on an exam,she finds it helpful to remember the color of the notes relevant to the question.For Mary,the color of the notes acts as a(n):

A) retrieval cue
B) echoic device
C) pegword cue
D) processing distraction

Question 67

When old information interferes with information that we are trying to learn,____ is occurring.

A) selective attention
B) proactive interference
C) repression
D) retroactive interference

Question 68

"Oh,I know the answer to this question.I can just feel it.Don't say it.Oh,come on.I know it." If you have ever experienced this,then you are familiar with:

A) proactive interference
B) primary interference
C) tip-of-the tongue phenomenon
D) source misattribution

Question 69

Given the research on retrieval cues,which of the following statements are you more likely to remember?

A) "The warm breeze greeted the campers as they set up their tent."
B) "The dog barked loudly, calling for his master."
C) "Flowers this time of year cast a magical glow."
D) "My car laughed as the grape Jell-O bowled a perfect game."

Question 70

Research on retrieval cues has found that it is the ____ of associations that leads to improved recall of events or information.

A) bizarreness
B) detail
C) number
D) strength

Question 71

The Mall of America labels their parking lots with the names of states.Why?

A) It facilitates state-dependent learning.
B) It is a marketing gimmick to get people excited about shopping at the Mall of America.
C) The state names are retrieval cues that help people remember where they parked.
D) To honor the different states.

Question 72

"I know all of my students' names this semester.But I would have a hard time remembering many of the names from past semesters." This illustrates:

A) primary interference
B) secondary interference
C) retroactive interference
D) proactive interference

Question 73

Dr.Wilson cannot remember the name of her advisor when she was in medical school 30 years ago.She "knows" that she knows his name,and makes a great effort,but just can't remember.Dr.Wilson is experiencing:

A) state-dependent learning
B) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
C) repression
D) proactive interference

Question 74

Mental reminders that are created when you form vivid mental images of information are called:

A) retrieval cues
B) echoic devices
C) pegword cues
D) processing distractions

Question 75

Todd runs into Sarah,his former girlfriend.Oh no! He can't remember her name and calls her Robin,the name of his current girlfriend.What type of interference did Todd just experience?

A) primary interference
B) secondary interference
C) retroactive interference
D) proactive interference

Question 76

According to the text,the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon results from:

A) nodes that are misaligned
B) inadequate retrieval cues or interference
C) amnesia
D) misfirings in the nerves that make up the hippocampus

Question 77

We tend to experience the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon when trying to name:

A) people and objects
B) emotional states
C) verbs
D) locations and directions

Question 78

If you get up in the morning remembering a wonderful dream,only to forget it as you go about the day's activities,you've experienced:

A) retroactive interference
B) secondary interference
C) primary interference
D) proactive interference

Question 79

On the second day of class,you can't remember your psychology professor's name.In fact,you have difficulty remembering your other professors' names.If this is an example of interference,where are those memories?

A) The memories are still stored in long-term memory.
B) The memories no longer exist.
C) The memories are located in the nodes between sensory memory and short-term memory.
D) The memories are located in the primary memory cache of working memory.

Question 80

An anthropology professor prides herself in her ability to remember the names of her students,past and present.However,she finds that the longer she is in the profession,the harder it becomes to remember the names of present students,because they become confused with her past students.The professor is having trouble because of:

A) selective forgetting
B) failure to encode
C) retroactive interference
D) proactive interference