Deck 15: Motivation

Question 1

Animals have been found to have innate biological forces that predispose them to behave in a fixed way in the presence of specific environmental conditions.These forces are called:

A) fixed action patterns
B) incentive mechanisms
C) extrinsic motivators
D) self-actualization needs

Answer 1

fixed action patterns

Question 2

Erik Welhenmayer's climb up Mount Everest was unique because he is:

A) blind
B) a paraplegic
C) only eight years old
D) moderately mentally retarded

Answer 2

blind

Question 3

The concept of instinct has been redefined with the idea of:

A) fixed action patterns
B) homeostatic mechanisms
C) extrinsic motives
D) intrinsic motives

Answer 3

fixed action patterns

Question 4

An innate or biological force that determines behavior is the definition of:

A) motivation
B) emotion
C) drive
D) instinct

Question 5

Brian is experiencing an increased level of motivation.According to the textbook,what must he show to be motivated?

A) Brian's behavior must be instinctive.
B) He must direct his energies toward a specific goal.
C) As he reaches his goal, his arousal must subside.
D) The goal that Brian is working towards must be general and not specific.

Question 6

The fixed action patterns of animals predispose them to behave in a fixed way:

A) in order to return their body to homeostasis
B) in the presence of a specific environmental condition
C) in order to develop intrinsic motivation
D) in order to develop extrinsic motivation

Question 7

The notion of instincts received quite a bit of criticism because instincts:

A) are not found in humans
B) require both learning and experience
C) were used to account for general behaviors
D) are not useful in explaining behavior

Question 8

The psychological or physiological factors that cause humans to act in a specific way at a particular time are called:

A) motivation
B) energy
C) instinct
D) drive

Question 9

In what brain areas have researchers found pleasure centers?

A) thalamus and amygdala
B) nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area
C) hypothalamus and cerebral cortex
D) thalamus and corpus callosum

Question 10

According to the _____ law,we should be only slightly aroused when conducting a difficult task,and we should be highly aroused when conducting an easy task.

A) James-Lange
B) Yerkes-Dodson
C) Lazarus-Plutchik
D) Darwin-Izzard

Question 11

According to ethologists,imprinting in birds illustrates:

A) homeostasis
B) an instinct
C) a fixed action pattern
D) a social need

Question 12

____ theory states that we are motivated to seek out activities that provide us with the optimal level of stimulation that will keep us engaged and active.

A) Arousal
B) Self-determination
C) Locus
D) Instinct

Question 13

When we are motivated,we typically show three characteristics.Which of the following is not one of the three characteristics?

A) energized to do something
B) directed to reach a specific goal
C) different intensities of feelings about reaching a specific goal
D) increased arousal after reaching a specific goal

Question 14

The fact that a bird builds a nest in the spring is an example of a(n):

A) extrinsic behavior
B) self-actualization need
C) fixed action pattern
D) drive-reduction

Question 15

You eat because you like to.This best illustrates the idea that motivation is due to:

A) unconscious desires to reduce anxiety
B) instinct
C) the reward/pleasure centers in the brain
D) a drive

Question 16

"I have lots of motivation to do something.I want to do something with my life,but I'm not sure what." This person shows ____ but lacks ____.

A) intensity towards a goal; direction
B) goal-directed behavior; drive reduction
C) energized behavior; direction
D) instinct; incentive

Question 17

McDougall listed curiosity and self-assertion as examples of:

A) learned goals
B) biological needs
C) human instincts
D) personality traits

Question 18

John believes that women make better parents than men because women have an inborn tendency to "mother" children.John's statement would reflect which of the following theories of motivation?

A) instinct
B) incentive
C) cognitive
D) expectation-attribution

Question 19

Which word best summarizes the study of motivation?

A) when
B) why
C) what
D) where

Question 20

In studying how animals adapt to their environment,ethologists focus on how animals use:

A) homeostasis
B) fixed action patterns
C) incentives
D) social roles

Question 21

Which of the following behaviors could be explained by incentive theory and not by pleasure/reward center theory?

A) drinking when thirsty
B) studying hard for a subject you dislike
C) buying clothes for work in a cold environment
D) eating when full

Question 22

Social needs are acquired through:

A) heredity
B) homeostatic mechanisms
C) peripheral cues
D) learning and experience

Question 23

What is the disorder that affects the hypothalamus,which results in abnormal eating behavior?

A) Epstein-Barr syndrome
B) Prader-Willi syndrome
C) Turner syndrome
D) Klinefelter syndrome

Question 24

Understanding how people decide which needs to satisfy first is the goal of:

A) Maslow's hierarchy of needs
B) peripheral cues
C) drive-reduction theory
D) the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Question 25

Food,sleep,and sex are examples of:

A) social needs
B) safety needs
C) biological needs
D) self-actualization needs

Question 26

Becky and Jeff recently got married.One reason they got married was to form a long-lasting relationship with each other.Therefore,marriage for them satisfied their:

A) need for affiliation
B) self-actualization
C) need for autonomy
D) need for order

Question 27

Intrinsic is to ____ as extrinsic is to ____.

A) biological; psychological
B) instinct; social
C) biological; internal
D) internal; external

Question 28

Which of the following is probably the best explanation for why people choose to engage in "bungee jumping"?

A) the fear of failure
B) the overjustification effect
C) sensation seeking
D) the self-handicapping strategy

Question 29

Variables that motivate you because of their importance to our survival and physical well-being are called:

A) social needs
B) safety needs
C) biological needs
D) self-actualization needs

Question 30

Carla works hard to get As on her report card because it is personally rewarding.Her behavior is being influenced by:

A) fixed action patterns
B) intrinsic motivation
C) extrinsic motivation
D) drive-reduction theory

Question 31

Of the following summary statements of the theories of motivation presented in the textbook,which one is incorrect?

A) Instinct theory explains the behavior of humans
B) Pleasure can motivate us
C) We can use the incentive theory to explain behavior done to obtain some external reward
D) Self-determination theory says that we can experience either autonomous or controlled motivation

Question 32

According to the _____ theory,we try to fulfill several different basic psychological needs in order to experience either autonomous or controlled motivation.

A) sensation-seeking
B) psychobiological
C) self-determination
D) motivational schema

Question 33

Carl works hard to get As on his report card because his mother pays him 25 dollars.Carl's behavior is being influenced by:

A) fixed action patterns
B) a hierarchy of needs
C) extrinsic motivation
D) drive-reduction theory

Question 34

Which of the following words best explains the incentive theory of motivation?

A) pulling us
B) pushing us
C) helping us
D) hurting us

Question 35

"I want to get good grades so I can get a good job and make lots of money." This individual best illustrates:

A) the instinct theory
B) the incentive theory
C) intrinsic motivation
D) self-actualization needs

Question 36

A race car driver wants to win the prize money and feels as if the money is pulling him to win.Which of the following would explain this behavior?

A) pleasure-center theory
B) fixed action patterns
C) incentive theory
D) instinct theory

Question 37

Intrinsic motivation influences us to engage in behaviors that:

A) obtain rewards or incentives important for survival
B) are personally rewarding
C) satisfy biological needs
D) are instinctual fixed action patterns

Question 38

According to Maslow,we satisfy our needs:

A) in a somewhat random order
B) with the overall goal of increasing our self-esteem
C) in a certain order based on a set hierarchy
D) only when we feel competent in doing so

Question 39

External stimuli or rewards that we desire and can motivate behavior are called:

A) needs
B) drives
C) incentives
D) peripheral cues

Question 40

Beliefs,expectations,and goals are important concepts in which of the following theories of motivation?

A) instinct theory
B) drive-reduction theory
C) self-actualization
D) cognitive theory

Question 41

Which of the following social needs has been found to be important in determining physical health and psychological well-being?

A) avoidance of pain
B) need for food
C) need for affiliation
D) need for shelter

Question 42

To be achieving,competent,and to gain approval and recognition from others is to reach the ____ level of Maslow's hierarchy.

A) incentive
B) esteem
C) self-actualization
D) intrinsic

Question 43

One advantage of Maslow's hierarchy is that it:

A) has a strong empirical database to support it
B) establishes a priority for taking care of various needs
C) explains differences among people
D) is universally accepted

Question 44

Researchers have criticized Maslow's hierarchy of needs because:

A) it integrates biological and social needs
B) it is difficult to assess some of his proposed needs
C) people satisfy social needs before physiological needs
D) it ignores the notion of basic needs

Question 45

The yearly medical costs associated with obesity is _____.

A) $53.2 million
B) $523.9 million
C) $14 billion
D) $147 billion

Question 46

Arrange Maslow's needs in the correct ascending order.

A) physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, self-actualization
B) self-actualization, physiological, esteem, belongingness, safety
C) safety, esteem, physiological, self-actualization, belongingness
D) belongingness, self-actualization, physiological, safety, esteem

Question 47

The need for affiliation is satisfied by:

A) forming lasting and positive interpersonal attachments
B) getting good grades in college
C) keeping one's life orderly and predictable
D) receiving recognition for hard work

Question 48

Steven is satisfying self-actualization needs,but his basic needs are not satisfied.Steven will most likely:

A) continue to advance up the hierarchy
B) remain at the self-actualized level
C) try and satisfy his esteem needs
D) return to a lower level

Question 49

When the organism has reached a perfect balance between the amount of food consumed and amount of energy needed,the organism is said to have:

A) self-actualization
B) optimum or ideal weight
C) desired weight
D) caloric-energy balance

Question 50

Which of the following book titles would best illustrate the topic of self-actualization?

A) "Meeting Your Goals"
B) "Satisfying Your Body"
C) "Following Your Instincts"
D) "Be All That You Can Be"

Question 51

Ruben has reached his fullest potential as a human being.According to Maslow,Ruben has achieved:

A) physiological fullness
B) self-esteem
C) incentiveness
D) self-actualization

Question 52

According to the textbook,the one level of Maslow's hierarchy that is particularly difficult to assess accomplishment of is:

A) physiological needs
B) safety needs
C) self-actualization needs
D) incentive needs

Question 53

What term is used to describe how much energy food contains?

A) calorie
B) homeostasis
C) fuel quantity
D) glucose potential

Question 54

In 2012,if you randomly selected 100 adults,how many would be obese?

A) 10
B) 36
C) 54
D) 72

Question 55

Carlo lives in a high-crime neighborhood.Of all of Maslow's needs,he is most concerned about:

A) safety needs
B) esteem needs
C) belongingness needs
D) extrinsic needs

Question 56

Maslow defined self-actualization as:

A) affiliation with others
B) achievement, competency, gaining approval, and recognition
C) fulfillment of one's unique potential
D) the perception of one's own body

Question 57

"I am a member of the college's chess club and we often get together and talk about life and chess.My best friends are also members." This best illustrates what Maslow called:

A) safety needs
B) esteem needs
C) belongingness needs
D) self-actualization

Question 58

A researcher wishes to investigate the eating patterns of people who would be defined medically as obese.If he uses the definition of obesity provided in the text,his subjects will:

A) be males having a waist size over 46 and females over 38
B) have a fat cell to muscle tissue ratio that is greater than 2 to 1
C) be in the top 20 percent for weight in their age, sex, and height category
D) have a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher

Question 59

The two primary reasons for being overweight are:

A) eating more food than needed and social support for being overweight
B) eating more food than needed and genetic predisposition
C) eating more food than needed and lack of exercise
D) eating foods with high fat content and genetic predisposition

Question 60

The "when," "where," and "how much" we eat are influenced by three factors.Which of the following is not among the three factors cited in your textbook?

A) biological hunger factors
B) psychosocial hunger factors
C) genetic hunger factors
D) cognitive hunger factors

Question 61

If an adopted adult's weight is more strongly correlated with the weight of their biological parents rather than their adopted parents,then this provides evidence for:

A) environmental factors
B) psychosocial hunger factors
C) peripheral cues
D) genetic hunger factors

Question 62

If we were to destroy the ventromedial hypothalamus in a group of rats,what would we expect to find when these rats were compared to a group of control rats?

A) The experimental rats would die of starvation.
B) The experimental rats would be much larger than the control rats.
C) The experimental rats would be dehydrated.
D) The experimental rats would sleep much less than the control rats.

Question 63

Researchers estimate that in maintaining a particular body size and weight,inherited factors contribute about ____ while environmental factors contribute about ____.

A) 40%; 60%
B) 50%; 50%
C) 70%; 30%
D) 30%; 70%

Question 64

A person begins to suffer weight loss for no apparent reason.All organs are intact.Also,the person does not want to lose weight.However,he claims that he is rarely hungry.Which diagnosis would be most likely in this case?

A) damage to the lateral hypothalamus
B) hyperphagia
C) anorexia nervosa
D) bulimia

Question 65

Which of the following is a genetic hunger factor that regulates body weight?

A) peripheral cues
B) fixed action patterns
C) number of fat cells
D) pheromones

Question 66

The 'start eating' center in the hypothalamus is the ____.The 'stop eating' center is the ____.

A) hyperphagia; hypophagia
B) lateral hypothalamus; ventromedial hypothalamus
C) CCK, stomach
D) lateral hypothalamus; anterior hyperphagia

Question 67

With regard to hunger,blood chemistry is to watching TV as ____ is to ____

A) PYY; CKK
B) CCK; set point
C) biological; psychosocial
D) genetic; environmental

Question 68

If you could shrink yourself and enter someone's liver,what would you see the liver do when it detects rising glucose levels?

A) produce norepinephrine
B) stimulate the stomach to produce galanin
C) signal fullness
D) signal hunger

Question 69

You are doing a Google search for information related to biological hunger factors.Which set of search words would you use?

A) genetics, heredity, set point
B) depression, body image
C) sociocultural, personality
D) blood chemistry, digestion, peripheral cues, CCK

Question 70

The ventromedial hypothalamus interprets the hormones PPY and CCK as:

A) dehydration signals
B) signals to eat more carbohydrates
C) hunger signals
D) full signals

Question 71

A part of the brain that seems to be directly involved with hunger and eating is the:

A) cerebellum
B) hypothalamus
C) thalamus
D) occipital lobe

Question 72

The intestines secrete hormones called:

A) norepinephrine and leptin
B) ghrelin, PYY, and CCK
C) dopamine and estrogen
D) androgens

Question 73

What effect do falling levels of leptin have on hunger?

A) appetite for fats increase
B) appetite for sweets increase
C) appetite is decreased
D) appetite is increased

Question 74

Research with obese-prone rats shows cells in the _____ don't grow much and are less sensitive to _____.

A) thalamus; CCK
B) ventromedial hypothalamus; leptin
C) lateral hypothalamus; PYY
D) medulla; PYY

Question 75

You are watching an infomercial on TV that describes an "amazing weight loss" drug.You know that the product is a sham because the first thing the spokesperson says is wrong.What did she say?

A) "Leptin maintains a constant level of body fat."
B) "Through a hormone, the intestines signal the hypothalamus to stop eating."
C) "There are peripheral cues and central cues for hunger."
D) "Signals for hunger just come from the stomach."

Question 76

If human hunger was entirely regulated by biological factors,what would happen to your weight?

A) Your weight would remain at the optimum weight.
B) Your weight would randomly fluctuate.
C) Your weight would stay about the same.
D) Your weight would probably increase.

Question 77

Peripheral cues for hunger come from ____,whereas central cues come from ____.

A) learning; experience
B) body image; actual weight
C) digestive organs; the brain
D) the hypothalamus; hormones

Question 78

Which option lists parts of the body that provide peripheral cues?

A) stomach, liver, intestines, and fat cells
B) galanin, intestines, liver, and lateral hypothalamus
C) hypothalamus, fat cells, liver, and stomach
D) hypothalamus, lateral hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus, and fat cells

Question 79

What describes the role of genes in increased risk for obesity?

A) there are as many as 100 fat genes
B) there are as many as 3 fat genes
C) there are as many as 500 fat genes
D) there is no evidence that there are obesity genes

Question 80

After a large lunch,Karlie sits in her early afternoon class.Her stomach signals the ____ about its fullness.

A) liver
B) bile duct
C) digestive organs
D) hypothalamus