Deck 11: The Ethics of Punishments and Corrections

Question 1

Mackie describes three specific types of retribution.Which of the following is one of these three types?

A) permissive retribution
B) limited retribution
C) capital retribution
D) psychological retribution

Answer 1

A

Question 2

There are two types of deterrence:

A) restorative and punitive
B) specific and general
C) primary and secondary
D) personal and public

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The retributive rationale postulates that:

A) punishment is an end in itself
B) punishment is a means rather than an end
C) punishment is not and should not be the only response to crime
D) punishment is never an option

Answer 3

A

Question 4

According to the text,there are five essential elements to the definition of punishment.Which of the following is not one of these five elements?

A) There are at least two persons involved.
B) The person who inflicts the punishment causes a certain harm to the person who is being punished.
C) The person who inflicts the punishment has been authorized, under a system of rules or laws, to harm the person who is punished in this particular way.
D) The person who is being punished has been identified and judged by his/her victim.

Question 5

Penal harm refers to the idea that the system:

A) intentionally inflicts pain on offenders during their imprisonment, because merely depriving them of liberty is not considered sufficiently painful
B) must provide additional pain in order to offenders to be truly rehabilitated
C) should focus its efforts in reducing harm and increasing rehabilitative programs
D) should inflict pain but not cause permanent harm

Question 6

Detaining only those who are at the highest risk of offending or re-offending is a form of:

A) general deterrence
B) specific deterrence
C) selective incapacitation
D) general incapacitation

Question 7

Von Hirsch's conceptualization that the punishment of the individual should be purely retributive and balanced to the seriousness of the crime is embodied in the:

A) treatment model
B) justice model
C) incapacitation model
D) restitution model

Question 8

Which set of thinkers saw criminal acts as symptoms of underlying pathology?

A) Neo-classicists
B) Utilitarians
C) Positivists
D) Formalists

Question 9

Which type of sentencing is based on the seriousness of the crime and is consistent with retributive punishment?

A) indeterminate
B) treatment
C) incapacitation
D) determinate

Question 10

A positive retribution:

A) demands that one who is guilty ought to be punished
B) allows that one who is guilty may be punished
C) dictates that one who is not guilty must not be punished for a crime
D) does not allow for atonement

Question 11

A permissive retribution:

A) demands that one who is guilty ought to be punished
B) allows that one who is guilty may be punished
C) dictates that one who is not guilty must not be punished for a crime
D) does not allow for atonement

Question 12

What form of prevention is aimed at people other than the offender?

A) general deterrence
B) specific deterrence
C) selective incapacitation
D) general incapacitation

Question 13

The idea that an offender must suffer in order to achieve salvation is associated with the _____________ punishment rationale.

A) retribution
B) treatment
C) incapacitation
D) deterrence

Question 14

In your text,anything used to induce behavioral change with the goal of eliminating dysfunctional or deviant behavior and encouraging productive and normal behavior patterns is referred to as:

A) punishment
B) retribution
C) treatment
D) restoration

Question 15

Atonement is most closely associated with the concept of:

A) retribution
B) prevention
C) deterrence
D) treatment

Question 16

In Washington v.Harper,the U.S.Supreme Court ruled that:

A) an inmate's right to refuse antipsychotic medication is not unconstitutional
B) an inmate does not have the right to question the treatment prescribed by treatment staff and seek a second opinion
C) an inmate has the right to question the treatment prescribed by treatment staff and to demand a second opinion
D) an inmate's right to refuse antipsychotic medication did not outweigh the state's need to administer it if there was a showing that the inmate posed a security risk

Question 17

Which of the following individuals viewed the criminal as rational and as having free will?

A) Michael Milken
B) Cesare Beccaria
C) Jeremy von Hirsch
D) Bentham Quetelet

Question 18

A negative retribution:

A) demands that one who is guilty ought to be punished
B) allows that one who is guilty may be punished
C) dictates that one who is not guilty must not be punished for a crime
D) does not allow for atonement

Question 19

Which of the following is not a method of prevention?

A) deterrence
B) treatment
C) incapacitation
D) just deserts

Question 20

Which of the following is not one of Mackie's types of retribution?

A) negative retribution
B) positive retribution
C) punitive retribution
D) permissive retribution

Question 21

The Ethics of Care is consistent with restorative justice.

Question 22

The Eighth Amendment protects all Americans from:

A) illegal search and seizure
B) cruel and unusual punishment
C) due process and double jeopardy
D) trial by jury

Question 23

General deterrence is consistent with ethical formalism.

Question 24

Criticism of super max prisons include:

A) no human contact
B) little or no exercise
C) inmates being sent there who do not fit the criteria
D) all of the these are criticisms

Question 25

The term pluralistic ignorance describes:

A) ignoring the calls of officers in need
B) the vocal minority shaping the perception of subcultural values
C) competing interest groups operating within the prison
D) conflicts between management and officers being reflected in inmate behavior

Question 26

The Supreme Court has overturned the use of three-strikes laws.

Question 27

Determinate sentencing is consistent with the just deserts model of justice.

Question 28

In Kaufman's description of the CO subculture,someone who was perceived as sympathetic to inmates was known as a:

A) white hat
B) inmate lover
C) bleeding heart
D) slam

Question 29

The veil of ignorance refers to the concept that one should not know who the offender or victim is in order to be fair.

Question 30

The Supreme Court has ruled that it is unconstitutional to execute someone who committed their crime when they were under 18 years old.

Question 31

Stigmatizing shaming is:

A) the idea that certain types of punishment can lead to a reduction of recidivism as long as they do not involve banishment
B) the effect of punishment whereby the offender feels cast aside and abandoned by the community
C) partly accomplished by exiling the individual
D) no longer practice in the industrialized world

Question 32

The First Amendment to the Constitution protects citizens against cruel and unusual punishment.

Question 33

Which ethical system is used to support preventing crime using deterrence,incapacitation,and/or treatment?

A) Ethical Formalism
B) Ethics of Care
C) Rawlsian Ethics
D) Utilitarianism

Question 34

_________ basic formula for punishment provides that the utility of punishment to society (by deterring crime)outweighs the negative of the punishment itself.

A) Beccaria's
B) Bentham's
C) Mackie's
D) Rawls's

Question 35

Expiation is concerned with making amends or being redeemed.

Question 36

There is overwhelming evidence that private corrections can save the state money.

Question 37

R.Johnson's types of CO's include the:

A) white hat
B) counselor
C) enforcer
D) blue cap

Question 38

Which ethical system contends that punishment should be consistent with the veil of ignorance?

A) Ethical Formalism
B) Ethics of Care
C) Rawlsian Ethics
D) Utilitarianism

Question 39

Only about 1/10ᵗʰ of prison beds are managed by private companies.

Question 40

Ethical formalism is most consistent with a ______ form of punishment.

A) Utilitarian
B) Retributive
C) Preventative
D) Incapacitative

Question 41

The term _______________________ refers to Braithwaite's idea that some type of punishment can lead to a reduction of recidivism as long as it is not banishment and induces healthy shame in the individual.

Question 42

Define punishment and then discuss the major rationales of punishment.

Question 43

The _______________________ or habitual offender laws are justified by the predication that previous offenders will commit future crimes.

Question 44

What are the ways in which prison is harmful?

Question 45

How would Bentham defend punishment? Contrast that position with Kant's position.

Question 46

Defend the rationales of punishment through the use of the ethical systems.

Question 47

__________________ is a slang term used to describe an officer who is sympathetic toward inmates.

Question 48

Support three-strike laws through a retributive rationale and then through a utilitarian rationale.

Question 49

______________________ is a form of punishment that results in the offender feeling cast aside and abandoned by his or her community.

Question 50

Support or criticize the use of private corrections and give your reasons.

Question 51

The idea that the majority misperceive the prevalence of a belief because of a vocal minority is called __________________.

Question 52

Fogel's idea that the punishment of an individual should be limited by the seriousness of the crime although treatment could be offered is referred to as the _____________ model.

Question 53

What are some ethical problems with treatment?

Question 54

The term ____________________ refers to anything used to induce behavioral change with the goal to eliminate dysfunctional or deviant behavior and to encourage productive and normal behavior patterns.

Question 55

Discuss imprisonment rates and defend them using utilitarian and retributive philosophies.

Question 56

Explain the issues involved in the use of supermax prisons.

Question 57

A slang term used by both officers and inmates which refers to informing practices is ____________________.

Question 58

What are Mackie's three types of retribution? Compare and contrast them.

Question 59

The term __________ refers to atonement for a wrong to achieve a state of grace.

Question 60

The __________________ defined by von Hirsch stated that the punishment of the individual should be purely retributive and balanced to the seriousness of the crime.