Deck 7: Diagnosis and Classification Issues

Question 1

Disorders such as minor depressive disorder are not official diagnoses and are listed as _____ in an appendix of the DSM-IV.

A) upcoming diagnoses
B) research disorders
C) provisional disorders
D) cultural diagnoses

Answer 1

provisional disorders

Question 2

Jerome Wakefield is the creator of the theory of _____.

A) harmful dysfunction
B) the unconscious
C) aberrant behavior
D) categorical disorders

Answer 2

harmful dysfunction

Question 3

The first edition of the DSM was published in _____.

A) 1914
B) 1930
C) 1952
D) 1986

Answer 3

1952

Question 4

All editions of the DSM have been published by the _____.

A) American Psychiatric Association
B) American Psychological Association
C) American Psychological Society
D) American Counseling Association

Question 5

DSM-III was published in _____.

A) 1952
B) 1968
C) 1980
D) 1994

Question 6

The first edition of the DSM contained only three broad categories:

A) psychoses, neuroses, and character disorders.
B) internalizing, externalizing, and mediating disorders.
C) primary, secondary, and tertiary disorders.
D) Freudian, Jungian, and undifferentiated disorders.

Question 7

The DSM is primarily authored by _____.

A) social workers
B) counselors
C) psychologists
D) psychiatrists

Question 8

The DSM-IV conceptualizes mental disorders as

A) clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndromes.
B) being associated with present distress or disability.
C) significantly increasing risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom.
D) all of the above

Question 9

Emil Kraepelin was a pioneer of the diagnosis of mental disorders.Among the categories he identified were _____,which is similar to the current label of bipolar disorder,and _____,which is similar to the current label of schizophrenia.

A) manic-depressive psychosis; dementia praecox
B) anxiety neurosis; disorderly thought psychosis
C) dementia praecox; separation disorder
D) none of the above

Question 10

DSM-III differed from its predecessors in significant ways,such as

A) the inclusion of a multiaxial system by which clinicians could diagnose clients on five separate axes.
B) the use of specific diagnostic criteria to define disorders.
C) a greater reliance on empirical data rather than clinical consensus.
D) all of the above

Question 11

Hippocrates identified an imbalance in _____ as the source of abnormality.

A) the ego
B) spiritual harmony
C) bodily fluids
D) the unconscious

Question 12

The harmful dysfunction theory of mental disorders was developed by _____.

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Jerome Wakefield
C) Emil Kraepelin
D) B. F. Skinner

Question 13

DSM-I and DSM-II

A) were entirely empirically based.
B) reflected a psychoanalytic orientation.
C) included lists of specific symptoms or criteria for each disorder.
D) all of the above

Question 14

The DSM reflects a medical model of psychopathology,according to which

A) each mental disorder is a byproduct of a medical disorder centered in a part of the body other than the brain.
B) each mental disorder is an entity defined categorically and features a list of specific symptoms.
C) medication is the only acceptable form of treatment for mental disorders.
D) psychotherapy cannot be expected to succeed unless it is accompanied by medication.

Question 15

According to the harmful dysfunction theory of mental disorders,when we try to determine what is abnormal,we should consider

A) scientific or evolutionary data.
B) the social values that provide the context for the behavior in question.
C) all of the above
D) none of the above

Question 16

Minor depressive disorder

A) is not mentioned in the current DSM at all.
B) is listed as a provisional (not official) disorder in an appendix of the current DSM.
C) is listed as a full-fledged official disorder in the current DSM.
D) is included in the current DSM as a subtype of major depressive disorder.

Question 17

During the late 1800s and early 1900s,the primary purpose of diagnostic categories was

A) the diagnosis of prisoners.
B) the collection of statistical and census data.
C) compliance with health insurance and managed care company policies.
D) to offer guidance toward particular forms of medication and psychotherapy.

Question 18

In the mid-1900s,_____ developed a classification system to treat World War II soldiers that had a significant influence on the creation of the first DSM.

A) NATO
B) the World Health Organization
C) the U.S. Army and Veterans' Administration
D) the European Psychiatric Association

Question 19

Which of the following is true?

A) DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR contain exactly the same disorders defined by exactly the same criteria. DSM-IV-TR includes text surrounding the diagnostic criteria that is not included in DSM-IV.
B) DSM-IV contains more disorders than DSM-IV-TR.
C) DSM-IV-TR contains about twice as many disorders than DSM-IV.
D) none of the above

Question 20

According to the current DSM,there are 9 possible symptoms of a depressive episode.To be diagnosed with minor depressive disorder,a client would need to exhibit at least _____ of these symptoms.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

Question 21

Where are disorders such as minor depressive disorder and premenstrual dysphoric disorder listed in DSM-IV-TR?

Question 22

The list of culture-bound syndromes first appeared in _____.

A) DSM-I
B) DSM-II
C) DSM-III
D) DSM-IV

Question 23

Categorical diagnosis of mental illness has many advantages,including the fact that it

A) facilitates communication between professionals.
B) forces professionals to think categorically, which is an unnatural and uncommon manner of cognition among human beings.
C) all of the above
D) none of the above

Question 24

Compared to the definition of generalized anxiety disorder in DSM-IV-TR (2000),the definition of anxiety neurosis in DSM-II (1968)

A) contains more specific diagnostic criteria.
B) contains more terminology derived from psychoanalysis.
C) all of the above
D) none of the above

Question 25

The _____ approach to diagnosis examines where on a continuum a client's symptoms fall.

Question 26

List one criticism of the current DSM.

Question 27

A potential risk of expanding the range of pathology included in the DSM is that

A) more people may have to live with stigma associated with a diagnostic label.
B) the concept of mental illness could be trivialized because it is applied to so many people and experiences.
C) all of the above
D) none of the above

Question 28

In recent years,researchers have offered alternatives to the categorical approach to the diagnosis of mental disorders.Specifically,the _____ approach has received significant attention,especially regarding the _____ disorders.

A) dimensional; anxiety
B) dimensional; personality
C) multiaxial; mood
D) medical model; eating

Question 29

Briefly explain how the inclusion of minor depressive disorder could have beneficial or problematic consequences for clients in the future.

Question 30

The DSM reflects a _____ model of psychopathology.

Question 31

The current edition of the DSM has received numerous criticisms.Which of the following is inconsistent with these criticisms?

A) DSM has not expanded rapidly enough, and as a result the current edition includes approximately the same number of disorders as the original edition.
B) The cutoffs that separate those who qualify for the disorders from those who do not qualify are often arbitrary rather than empirically based.
C) Nonempirical influences, such as political and social forces, may have too much influence on the decisions made by DSM authors.
D) all of the above

Question 32

Proposed changes to DSM-IV that will appear in DSM-5 include

A) the inclusion of premenstrual dysphoric disorder and binge eating disorder as official diagnoses.
B) a lower threshold for binging and purging frequency in bulimia nervosa.
C) elimination of some disorders, including some types of personality disorders.
D) all of the above

Question 33

Which edition of the DSM was the first to rely heavily on empirical data to determine which diagnoses to include?

Question 34

What is harmful dysfunction theory?

Question 35

Researchers who endorse the dimensional approach to diagnosis of mental problems most often recommend that _____ serve as the basis for the dimensions.

A) the five-factor model of personality
B) cognitive thought distortion categories
C) baseline behavioral data
D) neurosis and psychosis

Question 36

All editions of the DSM have offered a _____ approach to diagnosis.

A) dimensional
B) symptom- or criteria-based
C) categorical
D) multiaxial

Question 37

Essentially,a categorical approach to diagnosis of mental disorders suggests that an individual

A) has a disorder or does not have it.
B) has every disorder to some extent.
C) can only be diagnosed with one disorder at a single point in time.
D) can have multiple disorders at the same time only if those disorders fall within the same larger category, such as mood disorders or anxiety disorders.

Question 38

Which edition of the DSM was the first to include culture-bound syndromes?

Question 39

List one proposed change to the current DSM that is likely to appear in DSM-5.

Question 40

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

A) was an official disorder in the original edition of the DSM, but is not mentioned at all in the current edition.
B) is listed as a provisional disorder, or a "criteria set for further study," in the current DSM.
C) is a subtype of bipolar disorder.
D) is the only official disorder appearing in DSM-IV-TR that did not appear in DSM-IV.

Question 41

Describe two of the proposed changes to the current DSM that may appear in DSM-5.

Question 42

Compare and contrast the categorical and dimensional approaches to diagnosis.

Question 43

Briefly explain how the professions of the primary authors of the DSM,as well as its publisher,has influenced its approach to conceptualizing mental disorders.