Deck 11: General Issues in Psychotherapy

Question 1

A(n)_____ statistically combines the results of many separate studies to create numerical representations of the effects of psychotherapy as tested across massive numbers of settings,therapists,and patients.

A) tripartite model
B) meta-analysis
C) effectiveness study
D) outcome evaluation

Answer 1

meta-analysis

Question 2

The most common professional activity of clinical psychologists is _____.

A) personality assessment
B) intelligence testing
C) psychotherapy
D) teaching

Answer 2

psychotherapy

Question 3

A study conducted in a controlled laboratory setting is most like a study examining _____.

A) power
B) effectiveness
C) efficiency
D) efficacy

Answer 3

efficacy

Question 4

The dodo bird verdict has been challenged by some psychotherapy researchers,including _____.

A) Bruce Wampold
B) Dianne Chambless
C) Stanley Messer
D) all of the above

Question 5

The extent to which a psychotherapy works in "real-world" settings such as clinics,private practices,and hospitals is best described as the _____ of that form of psychotherapy.

A) efficacy
B) effectiveness
C) evidence
D) none of the above

Question 6

The correct order of Lambert and Ogles's (2004)three-stage sequential model of common factors is

A) support, learning, action.
B) learning, action, support.
C) action, support, learning.
D) learning, support, action.

Question 7

Compared to effectiveness studies,efficacy studies of psychotherapy outcome

A) typically have stronger internal validity.
B) typically include a wider variety of clients with more complex diagnostic profiles.
C) all of the above
D) none of the above

Question 8

The tripartite model,a theory related to the measurement of psychotherapy outcome,was created by _____.

A) Hans Eysenck
B) Hans Strupp
C) Dianne Chambless
D) Bruce Wampold

Question 9

According to surveys of clinical psychologists since 1960,the most commonly endorsed psychotherapy orientation

A) was the eclectic/integrative orientation until 2010, when the cognitive orientation was most commonly endorsed.
B) has consistently been the behavioral orientation.
C) has consistently been the psychodynamic orientation.
D) was the psychodynamic orientation until the 1980s, and has been the behavioral orientation since that time.

Question 10

An approach to psychotherapy in which specific therapy techniques are viewed as the treatment of choice for specific disorders is best described as the _____ approach.

A) behavioral
B) prescriptive
C) common-factors
D) relationship-based

Question 11

The 1995 psychotherapy study published in Consumer Reports magazine

A) is an example of an efficacy study.
B) is an example of an effectiveness study.
C) concluded that treatment by a mental health professional usually did not produce benefits.
D) included a comparison group of individuals who were on the waiting list for psychotherapy but did not receive it.

Question 12

Despite the overwhelming evidence offered by efficacy studies,

A) there is a gap between those who conduct efficacy research on psychotherapy and those who practice it.
B) the studies' results are not always heeded by those who practice therapy in the real world.
C) some practicing clinicians complain that researchers who conduct the studies do so in an artificial, contrived, and irrelevant manner.
D) all of the above

Question 13

The primary finding of Hans Eysenck's 1952 review of psychotherapy outcome studies was that

A) psychotherapy was of little benefit, since most clients got better without it.
B) psychotherapy was beneficial when practiced by therapists with doctoral degrees, but not beneficial when practiced by therapists with master's or bachelor's degrees.
C) humanistic psychotherapy was significantly more effective than psychodynamic psychotherapy.
D) cognitive psychotherapy was significantly more effective than behavioral psychotherapy.

Question 14

In addition to effectiveness and efficacy,other ways to measure psychotherapy outcome include

A) the neurobiological effects of psychotherapy.
B) medical cost offset.
C) all of the above
D) none of the above

Question 15

Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes the results of the thousands of psychotherapy efficacy studies that have been conducted?

A) Psychotherapy doesn't work.
B) Psychotherapy works.
C) Psychotherapy with female clients works; psychotherapy with male clients doesn't work.
D) It is not possible to determine whether psychotherapy works.

Question 16

Psychotherapy outcome researchers have proposed that _____ is a common factor across diverse forms of psychotherapy.

A) the therapeutic relationship
B) hope/positive expectations
C) all of the above
D) none of the above

Question 17

The "dodo bird verdict" refers to the finding that

A) behavioral psychotherapy is more beneficial than cognitive psychotherapy.
B) psychodynamic psychotherapy is more beneficial than humanistic psychotherapy.
C) behavioral psychotherapy is more beneficial than all other forms of psychotherapy.
D) various forms of psychotherapy are about equally beneficial

Question 18

According to surveys of clinical psychologists since 1960,the popularity of cognitive therapy

A) has decreased.
B) has increased.
C) increased in the 1960s and 1970s, but decreased in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s.
D) has remained constant.

Question 19

According to surveys of clinical psychologists since 1960,the popularity of psychodynamic psychotherapy

A) has generally decreased.
B) has remained constant.
C) decreased through the 1960s and 1970s, but increased in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s.
D) has increased.

Question 20

The term common factors refers to the idea that

A) intelligence tests by various authors (e.g., Wechsler, Binet) are based on the same underlying factors.
B) various forms of psychotherapy work about equally well because of fundamental, shared components.
C) the techniques used by behavioral, humanistic, psychodynamic, and cognitive psychotherapists are essentially similar.
D) projective and objective personality tests share essentially the same structure.

Question 21

A survey of clinical psychologists (Norcross & Karpiak,2012)found that the format of psychotherapy that was practiced by the highest percentage of clinical psychologists was _____.

A) marital/couples
B) individual
C) family
D) group

Question 22

A(n)_____ approach to therapy blends techniques to create an entirely new,hybrid form of therapy.

Question 23

A(n)_____ approach to psychotherapy involves blending techniques in order to create an entirely new,hybrid form of therapy.

A) integrative
B) psychodynamic
C) eclectic
D) behavioral

Question 24

In the stages of change model developed by Norcross,Krebs,and Prochaska (2011),a patient in the _____ stage is aware that a problem exists,considering doing something to address it,but is not ready to commit to any real effort in that direction.

A) precontemplation
B) contemplation
C) preparation
D) action

Question 25

Chiles et al.(1999)conducted a review of over 90 studies of the effect of psychotherapy on medical costs and found that,in comparison to clients receiving no psychotherapy,clients receiving psychotherapy

A) had higher medical costs.
B) spent more days in the hospital.
C) all of the above
D) none of the above

Question 26

In 2010,what was the orientation most endorsed by clinical psychologists?

Question 27

What is the most common format of psychotherapy practiced by clinical psychologists?

Question 28

List and briefly explain three common factors proposed by psychotherapy outcome researchers.

Question 29

Researchers have measured the outcome of psychotherapy by

A) assessing the reduction in spending on medical services when psychotherapy is provided.
B) using PET and fMRI scans to view changes in the brain subsequent to psychotherapy.
C) surveying clients about their experiences in psychotherapy.
D) all of the above

Question 30

What is the difference between the efficacy and effectiveness of a form of psychotherapy?

Question 31

Briefly compare and contrast eclectic and integrative approaches to psychotherapy.

Question 32

What is the dodo bird verdict?

Question 33

According to a survey of experts in the field of clinical psychology (Norcross,Hedges,& Prochaska,2002),which of the following is likely to happen in the near future?

A) a rise in the use of cognitive and behavioral approaches to psychotherapy
B) a decline in the use of evidence-based forms of psychotherapy
C) a decline in the use of eclectic/integrative approaches to psychotherapy
D) a rise in the use of classic psychoanalysis

Question 34

According to surveys of clinical psychologists since 1960,the humanistic orientation to psychotherapy

A) was the most commonly endorsed orientation in the 1970s.
B) was the most commonly endorsed orientation in the 1990s.
C) all of the above
D) none of the above

Question 35

A(n)_____ approach to psychotherapy involves selecting the best treatment for a given client based on empirical data from studies of the treatment of similar clients.

A) integrative
B) psychodynamic
C) eclectic
D) behavioral

Question 36

_____ refers to how well psychotherapy works "in the lab."

Question 37

What was the conclusion of Hans Eysenck's (1952)study of psychotherapy?

Question 38

Who are the three parties described in the tripartite model that should be consulted to determine what constitutes a successful therapy outcome?

Question 39

The tripartite model,created by Hans Strupp and colleagues,essentially suggests that

A) multiple parties may have meaningful and potentially inconsistent views of psychotherapy outcome.
B) various styles of psychotherapy are equally effective due to common factors.
C) the success of the first three sessions of psychotherapy correlate very strongly to the eventual success of psychotherapy after its completion.
D) psychotherapy yields the best results when at least three approaches are blended together into a new, integrative approach.

Question 40

List two common factors discussed in the text.

Question 41

List and briefly describe each of the stages in Norcross,Krebs,and Prochaska's (2011)stages of change model.