Deck 18: Emotional and Social Development in Late Adulthood

Question 1

Erikson's widow,Joan Erikson,suggested an additional stage of psychosocial development called __________.

A) gerotranscendence
B) disengagement
C) body differentiation
D) reminiscence

Answer 1

A

Question 2

While 80-year-old Naomi's contemporaries have died,she faces the reality of death constructively through efforts to make life more secure,meaningful,and gratifying for younger generations.According to Peck,Naomi has attained __________.

A) ego transcendence
B) body transcendence
C) ego differentiation
D) body differentiation

Answer 2

A

Question 3

When 62-year-old Maxine retired,she looked forward to a time of self-realization and high life satisfaction.Like other baby boomers,Maxine is most likely to view retirement as a(n)__________.

A) time of personal fulfillment
B) period of physical decline
C) extended vacation
D) one-way, age-graded event

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Emme selectively attends to and better recalls emotionally positive over negative information.Emme has the ability to maximize positive emotion and dampen negative emotion.This ability is known as __________.

A) gerotranscendence
B) reminiscence
C) ego transcendence
D) the positivity effect

Question 5

According to Erikson,__________ occurs when aging adults feel they have made many wrong decisions,yet time is too short to find an alternate route to integrity.

A) mistrust
B) despair
C) stagnation
D) isolation

Question 6

__________ reminiscence is linked to adjustment problems.

A) Life review
B) Self-focused
C) Other-focused
D) Knowledge-based

Question 7

In a study that followed a sample of women diverse in SES throughout adulthood,__________ predicted ego integrity in late adulthood.

A) college graduation
B) midlife generativity
C) early retirement
D) adolescent identity foreclosure

Question 8

As he approached his ninetieth year,Franco spent more time in quiet reflection.He had a heightened inner calm and contentment.According to Joan Erikson,Franco had reached __________.

A) the Third Age
B) affect optimization
C) gerotranscendence
D) body differentiation

Question 9

Contemporary older people in industrialized nations are largely __________.

A) focused on living in the past
B) biased toward negative emotions
C) present- and future-oriented
D) focused on the nearness of death

Question 10

Seventy-year-old Isabel's life goals emphasized money and prestige.She is likely to __________.

A) fear the end of life
B) continue service to society
C) express acceptance of her own death
D) feel increased contentment in late life

Question 11

According to Erikson,the final psychological conflict,__________,involves coming to terms with one's life.

A) intimacy versus isolation
B) generativity versus stagnation
C) ego integrity versus despair
D) ego identity versus role confusion

Question 12

Added years of longevity and health plus financial stability have granted an active,opportunistic time of life to so many older adults that some experts believe a new phase of late adulthood has evolved,known as __________.

A) the Second Age
B) the Third Age
C) emerging old age
D) extended old age

Question 13

When they cannot avoid negative experiences,older adults are especially effective at __________.

A) problem-focused evaluation
B) fault finding and blaming others
C) emotion-centered coping
D) ruminating about past disappointments

Question 14

According to Robert Peck,__________ involves affirming self-worth through family,friendships,or community life for those who invested heavily in their careers.

A) ego differentiation
B) body differentiation
C) ego transcendence
D) body transcendence

Question 15

Neil,age 73,has learned to focus on his psychological strengths.He overcomes his physical limitations by emphasizing the compensating rewards of cognitive,emotional,and social powers.According to Peck,Neil has attained __________.

A) body differentiation
B) ego differentiation
C) body transcendence
D) ego transcendence

Question 16

Which statement is true about reminiscence?

A) Life review reminiscence is maladaptive for younger and older adults.
B) Research reveals no age differences in total quantity of reminiscing.
C) Older adults who participate in counselor-led life review report increased depression.
D) Life review reminiscence occurs more often among younger than older adults.

Question 17

Tessa tells stories about people and events from her past and shares associated thoughts and feelings.Tessa engages in __________.

A) rumination
B) the positivity effect
C) reminiscence
D) gerotranscendence

Question 18

Research suggests that as people grow older,__________.

A) ego differentiation increases and body transcendence decreases
B) both body transcendence and ego differentiation decrease
C) both body transcendence and ego transcendence increase
D) ego transcendence decreases and ego differentiation increases

Question 19

Mr.Suko is 80 years old.He is argumentative,bitter,and regretful.He has a tendency to blame others for his personal failures.According to Erikson,Mr.Suko's behavior disguises __________.

A) fear
B) mistrust
C) isolation
D) self-contempt

Question 20

Marlon,an extraverted 75-year-old,reminisces about his wife,who passed away when Marlon was 56.He enjoys reliving his relationship with his wife.Marlon engages in __________ reminiscence.

A) self-focused
B) other-focused
C) knowledge-based
D) negative-based

Question 21

Older adults who are high in __________ tend to cope poorly with stressful events and are at risk for health problems.

A) neuroticism
B) agreeableness
C) extroversion
D) openness to experience

Question 22

Which older adult is more likely to be involved in both organized and informal religious activities?

A) Andres, a high-SES European American
B) Melanie, a middle-SES European American
C) Merlene, a high-SES African American
D) Jarrod, a low-SES African American

Question 23

For young and old alike,reminiscence __________.

A) is ruminative
B) reinforces negative stereotypes
C) often occurs during times of life transition
D) is maladaptive and leads to depression

Question 24

Much research confirms that feelings of __________ diminish in late life.

A) dependence
B) melancholy
C) personal control
D) anxiousness

Question 25

Marion,age 78,has come to terms with life despite its imperfections.She has become increasingly generous,acquiescent,and good-natured.Marion shows gains in __________.

A) neuroticism
B) agreeableness
C) extroversion
D) openness to experience

Question 26

Charise,age 74,is involved in organized religion.Longitudinal research suggests that Charise will __________ than her agemates who do not participate in organized or informal religion.

A) be less generative
B) reminisce less
C) live longer
D) experience greater death anxiety

Question 27

Among the strongest risk factors for late-life depression is __________.

A) physical distance from family
B) chronic disease
C) financial difficulty
D) boredom

Question 28

August stops by his mother April's house every week.If April has no trouble with tasks like making coffee or unloading the dishwasher,then August withdraws.August's behavior toward April illustrates the __________ script.

A) dependency-support
B) independence-ignore
C) assisted independence
D) codependency-support

Question 29

Which statement is true about personality traits in late adulthood?

A) A flexible, optimistic approach to life is common in old age.
B) Most older adults show a modest age-related dip in acceptance of change.
C) Old age is a time in which the personality inevitably becomes rigid.
D) Older adults tend to score higher in extroversion than middle-aged adults.

Question 30

Older adults who score high in openness to experience engage,at times,in __________ reminiscence,drawing on their past for effective problem-solving strategies.

A) self-focused
B) other-focused
C) knowledge-based
D) negative-based

Question 31

Evidence indicates that among religious older people,__________ contributes substantially to higher self-esteem,optimism,and life satisfaction.

A) belief in fate
B) belief in God's powers
C) religious activity, not belief,
D) decreased social engagement

Question 32

African-American and Chinese immigrant older adults are more likely than their European-American counterparts to use __________.

A) reminiscence to revive bitter events
B) reminiscence to teach others about the past
C) the positivity effect to minimize positive emotion
D) gerotranscendence to teach younger generations effective problem-solving

Question 33

Which statement is true about sex differences in religious involvement and spirituality in late adulthood?

A) Women are more likely than men to engage in religious activities.
B) Men are more likely than women to say that religion is very important to them.
C) Men and women are equally likely to turn to religion for social support.
D) Men are more likely than women to engage in a personal quest for connectedness with a higher power.

Question 34

Researchers ask 85-year-old Gerald to respond to the question,"Who am I?" Gerald is likely to express __________.

A) an inconsistent self-definition
B) no hoped-for selves
C) more positive than negative self-evaluations
D) the same possible selves he had at age 65

Question 35

Ida is mostly self-reliant.She experiences no difficulty with daily activities.Ida probably views social contact as __________.

A) demeaning
B) unpleasant
C) a necessary chore
D) highly satisfying

Question 36

The autobiographical selves of older adults are more likely than those of younger adults to emphasize __________.

A) conflicting themes
B) coherence and consistency
C) idealism and wishes
D) negative self-evaluations

Question 37

In some research,religious activity-not religious belief or membership in a congregation-was associated with __________ following negative life events.

A) declines in distress
B) declines in optimism
C) increases in distress
D) increases in pessimism

Question 38

May stops by her mother June's house every day.If June is having trouble getting dressed or making the bed,then May helps her,and the two women chat while they work.May's behavior toward June illustrates the __________ script.

A) dependency-support
B) independence-ignore
C) assisted independence
D) codependency-support

Question 39

Which statement is true about social contact among older adults?

A) Among older adults who have trouble performing daily activities, social contact is frequently associated with a less positive everyday existence.
B) Among older adults who experience no difficulty with daily activities, social contact is linked to a less positive everyday existence.
C) Social interaction involving assistance with physical care and household chores is always meaningful and rewarding for older adults.
D) Older adults frequently attribute their independence to underresponsive social partners.

Question 40

The late-life increase in religiosity is __________.

A) universal
B) usually modest
C) a Western phenomenon
D) inevitable

Question 41

Older __________ more often say that __________.

A) men; their social relations are a source of stress
B) women; they depend on others for caregiving
C) men; their social relations are a cause of depression
D) women; others depend on them for emotional support

Question 42

Dr.Rosenberg believes that social barriers to engagement,not the desires of older adults,cause declining rates of interaction.Dr.Rosenberg subscribes to the __________ theory of aging.

A) continuity
B) activity
C) disengagement
D) socioemotional selectivity

Question 43

__________ predicts psychological well-being in old age.

A) Having a large social network
B) Engaging in more activities
C) Quality of relationships
D) Focusing on one's inner life

Question 44

Harriet can handle dressing,shopping,and food preparation by herself.However,Harriet allows her daughter Ada to assist with these activities,leaving Harriet more stamina for gardening.Harriet is managing her aging by __________.

A) becoming overly dependent on Ada
B) readily accepting formal support from Ada
C) giving up personal control of her social support
D) freeing up energy for endeavors that are personally satisfying

Question 45

Suicide rates are elevated when a sick older person __________.

A) has minimal caregiver support
B) lives with family members
C) uses emotion-centered coping
D) has personal control over daily life

Question 46

__________ is associated with a positive outlook in older adults with disabilities.

A) Perceived social support
B) The amount of formal support actually received
C) The amount of help family and friends provide
D) The sheer quantity of social contact

Question 47

Older adults emphasize the __________ function of interaction.

A) information-seeking
B) emotion-regulating
C) self-affirmation
D) networking

Question 48

Which statement is true about formal support for older adults?

A) Formal support spares older adults from feeling overly dependent in their close relationships.
B) Ethnic minority older adults more readily accept formal assistance than members of the majority culture.
C) African-American older adults say they rely more on their church than on their families for assistance.
D) Formal support results in psychological distress because older adults do not like to accept help from strangers.

Question 49

Shenita,a retired drama teacher,spends a lot of her time volunteering at a local community theater.She also enjoys weekend trips to see plays with her former colleagues.Shenita's activities are consistent with the __________ theory of aging.

A) continuity
B) activity
C) disengagement
D) socioemotional selectivity

Question 50

In a Hong Kong study,aging adults scoring high in interdependence __________.

A) gradually limited their social ties to a few close relationships
B) treated older friends and relatives more kindly than younger ones
C) experienced a steep decline in the number of friendships they maintained
D) sustained the same number of peripheral social partners into advanced old age

Question 51

Which statement is true about suicide in late adulthood?

A) More older women than older men take their own lives.
B) Failed suicides are much rarer in old age than in adolescence.
C) Overreporting of suicides is more common in old age than in earlier life.
D) Ethnic minority older adults have higher suicide rates than the white majority.

Question 52

More than __________,__________ predict(s)depressive symptoms.

A) mental health problems; physical disabilities
B) perceived mental health problems; actual dependency
C) actual physical limitations; perceived negative physical health
D) perceived physical limitations; actual negative physical health

Question 53

Striving for continuity is essential for attaining Erikson's sense of __________,which depends on preserving a sense of personal history.

A) intimacy
B) ego identity
C) ego integrity
D) initiative

Question 54

Which older adult is more likely to fare better in terms of health and income?

A) Rex, who lives in a rural area
B) Tomoko, who lives in a small town
C) Audrea, who lives in a rural area
D) Ciera, who lives in an urban area

Question 55

As Salvatore grows older,he feels closer to his siblings and more connected with his spouse.At 85,his contact with acquaintances has diminished and he is left with a few very close relationships.He is not terribly interested in forming any new social ties.Salvatore's behavior is consistent with __________ theory.

A) continuity
B) activity
C) disengagement
D) socioemotional selectivity

Question 56

According to disengagement theory,older people __________.

A) become less and less preoccupied with their inner lives over time
B) decrease their activity levels and interact less frequently with age
C) strive to maintain a personal system that promotes life satisfaction
D) use familiar skills and engage in familiar activities with familiar people

Question 57

Most older adults __________.

A) do not disengage from society
B) disengage from society after age 75
C) increase the number of social contacts over the years
D) retreat from social interaction and are self-focused

Question 58

Lela,age 81,has lived in her own apartment since her husband died six years ago.Lately,she has been having difficulty with tasks of daily living.Lela's family and friends want to help.For social support to foster her well-being,__________.

A) it should be informal rather than formal
B) Lela must take personal control of it
C) it should follow the dependency-support script
D) it should follow the independence-ignore script

Question 59

Maple is an older adult living in a small town.Which statement is most likely to be true about Maple?

A) Maple has greater access to social services than urban older adults.
B) Maple is more likely than urban older adults to live near her children.
C) Maple is more likely than urban older adults to be satisfied with life.
D) Maple has better access to transportation than urban older adults.

Question 60

__________ increases the odds of living longer.

A) Providing financial support to others
B) Availability of social support
C) Acceptance of physical dependency
D) Providing physical care to others

Question 61

Which adult child is likely to feel an especially strong obligation to care for an aging parent?

A) Hugo, who is of French descent
B) Chloe, who is of Irish descent
C) Anna, who is of Polish descent
D) George, who is of English descent

Question 62

Harry lives in a complex that provides a variety of support services,including meals in a common dining room,recreational activities,and transportation assistance,but does not offer nursing care.Harry lives in a(n)__________.

A) independent living community
B) nursing home
C) federally subsidized apartment
D) life-care community

Question 63

When marital dissatisfaction exists in later life,__________.

A) high-quality friendships can reduce its negative impact on well-being
B) men more often try to work on the troubling relationship
C) it often takes a greater toll on women than on men
D) women are more likely to protect themselves by withdrawing

Question 64

__________ predicts nursing home residents' life satisfaction.

A) Interaction with people in the outside world
B) Having physical but not mental impairments
C) Interaction within the institution
D) Living in a hospital-like setting

Question 65

Life-care communities __________.

A) are federally subsidized apartment units for low-income aging adults
B) offer a range of housing alternatives, from independent living to full nursing home care
C) are limited to 10 or fewer residents, who live in private bedroom-bathroom suites
D) provide a hospital-like setting with extreme restrictions on autonomy and social integration

Question 66

With age,ships in the social convoy __________.

A) increase in number
B) increase in size
C) exchange places
D) decrease in importance

Question 67

Divorce among people age 65 and older has __________ over the past three decades.

A) decreased significantly
B) stayed steady
C) doubled
D) quadrupled

Question 68

Compared with younger adults,older adults who divorce __________.

A) find it easier to separate their identity from that of their former spouse
B) suffer less from a sense of personal failure
C) seldom express regret over leaving an unhappy marriage
D) are less likely to spend their remaining years living alone

Question 69

Which older adult is at the greatest risk for adjustment difficulties?

A) Ernie, a divorced male who remarries
B) Roy, a divorced male who remains single
C) Angel, a divorced female who remains single
D) Analisa, a divorced female who remarries

Question 70

Among frail aging adults living alone and in inner-city areas,fear of crime __________.

A) strengthens cognitive functioning
B) undermines morale and restricts activities
C) is usually a smaller worry than health
D) is usually a smaller worry than income

Question 71

Which statement is true about marriage in late adulthood?

A) Marital satisfaction decreases from middle to late adulthood, when it is at its low point.
B) As in early and middle adulthood, paths of late-life marital satisfaction are diverse.
C) Late-life marriages are linked to higher rates of chronic illness and disability and decreased longevity.
D) Compared with younger couples, aging couples disagree more often and rate their relationship as lower in quality.

Question 72

In the United States,about 4 percent of aging adults __________.

A) age in place
B) relocate to other communities
C) relocate within the same town or city
D) stay in the neighborhoods where they spent their adult lives

Question 73

Which statement is true about lesbian and gay partnerships in late adulthood?

A) Unlike heterosexual couples, few report happy, highly fulfilling relationships in late adulthood.
B) Compared with same-sex couples not in a legally recognized relationship, sexual minority couples who are married are advantaged in physical and psychological well-being.
C) Unlike their heterosexual counterparts, sexual minority older couples rate their physical and mental health less favorably than do their single lesbian and gay agemates.
D) A lifetime of coping with an oppressive social environment may have weakened lesbian and gay couples' skills at managing late-life physical and cognitive changes.

Question 74

Which aging American is most likely to be poverty-stricken?

A) Shani, a widowed woman
B) Dion, a married man
C) Mariana, a married woman
D) Frank, a widower

Question 75

Forrest lives in a Green House-style nursing home.Compared with a traditional nursing home resident,Forrest will probably __________.

A) experience a quicker physical decline
B) report a substantially better quality of life
C) interact less often with other residents
D) have less control over his daily schedule

Question 76

Ethel,age 65,and Raymond,age 72,cohabit.If they are typical of cohabiting older adults,which statement is most likely true?

A) They have plans to marry at some point in the future.
B) They are as satisfied with their partnered lives as are their married counterparts.
C) They are less likely than cohabiting younger adults to have a stable relationship.
D) They are more likely than older adults who remarry to have settled for one another.

Question 77

The primary reason why more older adults in Western countries live on their own today than ever before is __________.

A) the high cost of nursing homes
B) lack of assistance from their children
C) decreasing governmental support
D) improved health and economic well-being

Question 78

Older adults who feel socially integrated into a residential community setting are __________.

A) at high risk for loneliness
B) more likely to experience declining health
C) more likely to consider it their home
D) at high risk for anxiety and depression

Question 79

Camila's health is declining.Her son Santiago asked her to move in with him,but Camila refused.__________ theory helps explain Camila's desire to live where many of her memorable life events took place.

A) Disengagement
B) Activity
C) Continuity
D) Socioemotional selectivity

Question 80

Overwhelmingly,aging adults in Western nations __________.

A) relocate to live closer to children
B) move to more temperate climates
C) remain living in or near their old home
D) relocate to pursue leisure interests