Deck 13: Albert Bandura: Modeling Theory

Question 1

Bandura has found that verbal modeling

A) is as effective as actually observing a model.
B) works best when interspersed with modeled demonstrations.
C) is incapable of changing behavior.
D) increased aggression in children in the Bobo doll study.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The fundamental feature of Bandura's theory is his

A) focus on human subjects.
B) idea of learning by observation or example.
C) emphasis on unconscious influencing variables.
D) denial of the importance of reinforcement.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to studies,the disinhibiting power of modeling is enhanced when the

A) modeled aggression goes unpunished.
B) aggression being observed is socially justified.
C) victim invites attack.
D) all of the answers

Answer 3

D

Question 4

All of the following characteristics of models are important except

A) similarity between model and subject.
B) age and sex of model and subject.
C) status and prestige of model.
D) bonds of friendship between model and subject.

Question 5

According to Bandura,parents of aggressive children are probably

A) rejecting.
B) punitive.
C) aggressive.
D) passive.

Question 6

In Albert Bandura's approach to psychology,

A) learning can occur without direct reinforcement.
B) animals are studied in interaction.
C) internal variables are ignored.
D) learning is based on inborn reflex behaviors.

Question 7

In modeling,new responses are acquired

A) in the absence of other people.
B) before ever performing or displaying them.
C) only after sufficient reinforcement.
D) in the same way a rat learns to press the lever in the Skinner box.

Question 8

According to Bandura,deviant people

A) were not reinforced sufficiently in childhood.
B) resisted attempts at modeling in childhood.
C) were exposed to negative reinforcers in childhood.
D) followed different models that the rest of society considers undesirable.

Question 9

Bandura pointed out that operant conditioning is

A) an inefficient way to learn certain skills.
B) less important in human behavior than respondent conditioning.
C) usually ineffective.
D) a way of learning by observing others.

Question 10

The observational learning approach

A) is a less extreme form of behaviorism than Skinner's.
B) uses laboratory studies, not clinical case studies.
C) studies normal human subjects.
D) all of these

Question 11

In modeling experiments,as the similarity between model and subject decreases,the degree of modeling

A) decreases.
B) increases.
C) remains the same.
D) changes, depending on the reinforcement.

Question 12

Hostile and aggressive behaviors,as seen in research,tend to be strongly imitated

A) only by adolescents.
B) only by rational or normal persons.
C) by infants.
D) especially by children.

Question 13

All of the following are ways Albert Bandura differs from Skinner except

A) the study of human subjects in interaction with others.
B) the study of observational learning.
C) learning as a function of reinforcement.
D) learning without directly experiencing reinforcement.

Question 14

Bandura believed that people are more likely to discard their inhibition against aggressive behavior if they see other people doing so.This is called

A) disinhibition.
B) disinclination.
C) imitation.
D) lightening up.

Question 15

Bandura criticizes Skinner for his

A) focus on operant rather than respondent behavior.
B) lack of attention to physiological processes.
C) study of individual animal subjects rather than on human subjects interacting with one another.
D) beliefs that abnormal behavior is learned.

Question 16

Bandura believes that all forms of behavior can be learned

A) without social interaction.
B) through the use of intelligence and foresight.
C) from good parents in childhood.
D) without directly experiencing any reinforcement and by observing the behavior of others.

Question 17

Bandura believes that reinforcement

A) is less important than physiological drives.
B) can occur vicariously and still affect behavior.
C) is more important than perception of the reinforcement.
D) causes abnormal behavior but not normal behavior.

Question 18

The behavior of children who watched an adult model attack a Bobo doll was

A) not as aggressive as the behavior of children who watched the attack on television.
B) twice as aggressive as the behavior of children who watched the attack on television.
C) aggressive for children who already had aggressive tendencies.
D) twice as aggressive as the behavior of children in the control group.

Question 19

_________ can involve what a person looks at or perceives when they observe others.

A) Modeling
B) Examination
C) Monitoring
D) Coping

Question 20

Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment demonstrated the power of

A) punishment.
B) modeling.
C) token reinforcement.
D) aggressive urges in children.

Question 21

To retain behavior that has been observed,a person must

A) first perform the observed behavior.
B) reinforce the retention directly.
C) encode the model's behavior and represent it symbolically.
D) ignore conscious processes to focus on the behavior.

Question 22

In Bandura's __________ learning,we form a mental picture of the model's behavior and use it as a basis for imitation at a future time.

A) overt
B) vocal
C) verbal
D) observational

Question 23

Bandura's research has shown that observers pay closer attention to modeled behavior that

A) produces neutral outcomes rather than positive or negative behaviors.
B) is aggressive, violent, and dangerous.
C) produces positive or negative consequences rather than neutral outcomes.
D) is performed by someone of different age, status or sex.

Question 24

If you want competent,confident people,find ways to increase their sense of

A) self-reinforcement.
B) self-efficacy.
C) self-starting.
D) self-centeredness.

Question 25

Incentive and motivational processes

A) affect performance of an observed behavior but not attentional or retention processes.
B) affect attentional and retention processes but not performance.
C) influence attentional and retention processes as well as performance of the desired behavior.
D) are unnecessary for modeling but can facilitate it.

Question 26

Each of the following is a process of observational learning except

A) attentional processes.
B) retention processes.
C) extinction processes.
D) production processes.

Question 27

Internal and verbal representational systems

A) involve value judgments about the behavior being observed.
B) are both oral and verbal.
C) are largely unconscious.
D) help the observer retain the model's behavior.

Question 28

Bandura says much of our behavior is regulated by

A) pangs of conscience.
B) guilt produced by the superego.
C) imitation.
D) self-reinforcement.

Question 29

A child is more likely to model its behavior after a person

A) of the opposite sex.
B) who is very different.
C) rather than a cartoon character.
D) all of these

Question 30

Bandura sees the self as a

A) useless concept because it cannot be seen.
B) psychic agent that determines behavior.
C) set of cognitive processes and structures.
D) set of needs controlled through tension reduction.

Question 31

In modeling and observational learning,reinforcement

A) is required for any learning to occur.
B) is not required for learning to occur.
C) must only occur vicariously.
D) must occur directly for the modeled behavior to be performed.

Question 32

Self-reinforcement is

A) incapable of influencing learning.
B) more important than reinforcement administered by others.
C) more effective with children than adults.
D) somewhat like the conscience or superego, which Bandura denied.

Question 33

Self-efficacy is determined by

A) how well we meet our behavioral standards.
B) models we see.
C) self-actualization.
D) sensorimotor deficits.

Question 34

Self-administered reinforcement

A) is based on standards learned in childhood.
B) involves both reward and punishment.
C) is more effective with adults than young children.
D) all of the answers

Question 35

Which of kind of behavior is most likely to be imitated by children?

A) aggressive
B) simple
C) artistic
D) thoughtful

Question 36

In the production processes,what has been observed and retained is

A) translated into overt behavior.
B) recreated as a rigid memory.
C) produced in the mind.
D) assigned a monetary value.

Question 37

Bandura believes self-reinforcement

A) depends on frequent external reinforcement.
B) is particularly effective in children.
C) is like requiring personal standards of behavior and achievement.
D) is not as effective as reinforcement administered by others.

Question 38

According to Bandura,attentional processes

A) facilitate modeling but are not necessary for modeling to occur.
B) can be influenced by the model's attractiveness and confidence.
C) provide direct reinforcement to the observer.
D) are less important than retention processes.

Question 39

People who are low in ___________ and ____________ are much more likely to imitate a model's behavior than are people high in these two areas.

A) self-confidence/self-esteem
B) IQ/grades
C) ego/superego
D) happiness/assertiveness

Question 40

Which behaviors are more likely to be imitated?

A) simple rather than complex behaviors
B) hostile and aggressive behaviors
C) behaviors that are rewarded
D) all of the answers

Question 41

Self-efficacy in old age

A) is of little value.
B) is impervious to change because it is firmly established early in life.
C) may be lowered because of declining physical abilities and retirement from work.
D) is higher than during earlier stages of life.

Question 42

One advantage of modeling as therapy is that it can

A) break down unconscious resistances.
B) be used with groups.
C) decrease self-efficacy.
D) all of the answers

Question 43

Seeing other people fail at some activity

A) increases self-efficacy.
B) can lower self-efficacy.
C) affects self-efficacy only in children.
D) increases the need for enactive attainment.

Question 44

Bandura sees human nature as influenced by

A) personal theories about how the world works.
B) an innate drive for self-actualization.
C) past learning experiences
D) all of these

Question 45

The modeling approach to behavior modification

A) is effective only with overt behavior.
B) can improve self-efficacy.
C) can modify fear but not self-efficacy.
D) is used with psychotherapy to induce changes in feelings and attitudes.

Question 46

Arguing in favor of behavior modification,Bandura says it

A) is the only effective way to resolve unconscious conflicts.
B) actually increases personal freedom.
C) enables a person to adjust to behavior problems.
D) reduces freedom only slightly.

Question 47

Modeling has been shown to

A) reduce anxiety about surgery.
B) reduce anxiety about tests.
C) work even when subjects only imagine a model.
D) all of these

Question 48

The most influential source of efficacy judgments is

A) performance attainment.
B) level of physiological arousal.
C) observation of the behavior of others.
D) verbal persuasion.

Question 49

All of the following are ways of increasing self-efficacy except

A) verbal persuasion.
B) strengthening physiological arousal.
C) counseling to increase enactive attainment.
D) enhancing vicarious success experiences.

Question 50

All of the following statements about the developmental aspects of modeling are true except which?

A) Modeling in infancy is limited to immediate imitation.
B) By age two, children are ready to imitate behavior some time after it has been observed.
C) Modeling is not important in development until after age two.
D) The behaviors we find reinforcing change with age.

Question 51

A snake phobia can be eliminated by

A) positively reinforcing subjects for touching snakes.
B) simply ignoring it.
C) having subjects observe a live model, then actually handle the snake.
D) focusing on internal representational systems.

Question 52

All of the following are sources of information about efficacy except

A) performance attainment.
B) vicarious experiences.
C) verbal persuasion.
D) performance on projective tests.

Question 53

Bandura does not attempt to deal with

A) underlying unconscious conflicts.
B) behaviors or symptoms.
C) modifying or changing learned behaviors.
D) fears or phobias

Question 54

According to Bandura's position on free will versus determinism,we are

A) free agents who can become whatever we choose.
B) (along with our environment) reciprocal determinants of each other.
C) powerless objects controlled by environmental forces.
D) (in the long run) helpless and hopeless in a chaotic universe.

Question 55

Triadic reciprocality is the interaction of behavior,environment,and

A) self-actualization.
B) genetics.
C) cognitive factors.
D) self-efficacy.

Question 56

By about the age of ____,children have developed sufficient attentional,retention,and production processes to begin imitating behavior some time after the observation rather than immediately.

A) 13.
B) 2.
C) 5
D) 8

Question 57

Bandura applied modeling techniques

A) with live models but not with filmed models.
B) more effectively on animals rather than people.
C) to eliminate fears and other intense emotional reactions
D) in a way similar to psychoanalysis.

Question 58

Bandura's approach to behavior modification is based on the assumption that

A) abnormal behavior is learned.
B) maladaptive traits must be uncovered.
C) unconscious conflicts must be uncovered.
D) Skinner's approach to therapy is completely wrong.

Question 59

Bandura's work on ______________ has been criticized for exploiting people,manipulating and controlling them against their will.

A) behavior modification.
B) vicarious reinforcement.
C) self-efficacy.
D) self-reinforcement.

Question 60

Persons high in self-efficacy

A) are self-confident, but give up too quickly.
B) believe they deal effectively with life events.
C) have more rigid superegos than persons low in self-efficacy.
D) tend to be introverted loners.

Question 61

Bandura's research

A) is limited to children.
B) relies only on the correlational method.
C) studies large groups of subjects and compares their average performance by statistical analysis.
D) is mostly limited to observational learning and is not statistically valid.

Question 62

In the Bobo doll experiments by Bandura,the experimental group was found to be less aggressive than the control group.

Question 63

Bandura believed that violent behavior is learned by imitating behavior seen in television, movies,and video games.

Question 64

Research on self-efficacy shows that it is

A) partly a function of gender and age.
B) innate.
C) higher in women than men.
D) greatest in early childhood.

Question 65

Bandura believed that only positive behaviors such as strength,courage,and optimism will be reinforced when children learn this behavior from parents or other models.

Question 66

Self-efficacy has been shown to influence

A) academic performance.
B) mate selection.
C) gender preference.
D) political party preference.

Question 67

Research suggests that women perceive themselves as high in self-efficacy

A) when they have traditionally female occupations.
B) when they have traditionally male occupations.
C) if their marriages are successful.
D) if their mothers were high in self-efficacy.

Question 68

People high in self-efficacy

A) set higher goals for themselves on the job.
B) focus on personal deficiencies and fear of failure.
C) tend to be women over age 60.
D) tend to perform poorly in school.

Question 69

The attentional process is retaining or remembering the model's behavior so that we can imitate or repeat it at a later time.

Question 70

High self-efficacy is associated with

A) physical appearance.
B) career choice and job performance.
C) physical health.
D) all of the answers

Question 71

A distinctive feature of Bandura's theory is vicarious reinforcement which involves observing the behavior of other people.

Question 72

In a study of adults in Germany,those who scored high in personal self-efficacy presented themselves on Facebook as

A) more formal and less confident in comparison to others.
B) relaxed, funny and cool in comparison to others that were low in personal self-efficacy.
C) less confident in exploring online and posting.
D) capable, strong, and serious.

Question 73

Modeling is observing the behavior of a model and repeating the behavior ourselves.

Question 74

Bandura believes we have trouble regulating our own behavior when it comes to visualizing or imagining consequences,even though we experience them ourselves.

Question 75

Bandura points out that reinforcement

A) is necessary to change behavior.
B) is negated by internal representational systems.
C) works only when positive, not negative.
D) does not automatically change behavior.

Question 76

Bandura's assessment techniques include

A) self-report inventories and self-ratings.
B) projective techniques.
C) free association.
D) dream analysis.

Question 77

Adults who appear to successfully solve problems are more likely to be imitated by children.

Question 78

Bandura's basic idea is that learning can occur through visualization and imagining,rather than experiencing it.

Question 79

Disinhibition refers to the weakening of an inhibition or restraint through the exposure to a model.

Question 80

According to Bandura,a child who becomes fearful during thunderstorms or is nervous around strangers may acquire such fears from his or her parents.