Deck 14: Mini- Theories: Locus of Control, sensation Seeking, learned Helplessness, optimismpessimism, positive Psychology, and Happiness and Success

Question 1

Julian Rotter advanced a(n)

A) social-learning approach to psychology.
B) behaviorist approach to psychology.
C) analytic approach to psychology.
D) cognitive-behaviorist approach to psychology.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Evidence suggests that locus of control is learned in childhood and is directly related to

A) positive reinforcement.
B) peer pressure.
C) parental behavior.
D) culture.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

According to physical health differences studies,internals tend to be more cautious about their health and are more likely

A) to wear seat belts, exercise, and quit smoking.
B) to take better care of their health in general.
C) to be more at risk for HIV.
D) to have more eating disorders.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A study of adolescents in the African nation of Botswana showed Black male and female adolescents were more likely to be externally oriented than were ____ adolescents.

A) Middle-Eastern
B) White
C) Asian
D) Mixed-Race

Question 5

Women who have been physically abused tend to show an ____ locus of control.

A) external
B) inner
C) internal
D) outer

Question 6

For ____,success is viewed more as a product of external than internal factors.

A) Caucasian-Americans
B) Native Americans
C) African-Americans
D) Asian-Americans

Question 7

Julian Rotter had an early interest in ____ insights about human nature.

A) analytic
B) cognitive
C) behavioral
D) humanistic

Question 8

Rotter noted that ____ has become "one of the most studied variables in psychology."

A) reinforcement
B) self-efficacy
C) self-esteem
D) locus of control

Question 9

When Rotter began teaching at Ohio State,___________ was the director of the clinical psychology program.

A) B. F. Skinner
B) George Kelly
C) Albert Bandura
D) Karen Horney

Question 10

____ oriented people may be physically healthier than ____ oriented people.

A) Positively; negatively
B) Extroverted; introverted
C) Internally; externally
D) Future; past

Question 11

As far as cultural differences studies,students from more collectivist cultures scored _____________________,while those students from individualistic cultures tended to score _____________________.

A) high in external locus of control/high in internal locus of control
B) low in external locus of control/low in internal locus of control
C) equally in external locus of control/high in external locus of control
D) low in external locus of control/equally in external locus of control

Question 12

People apparently become more internally oriented as they grow older,peaking in

A) older age.
B) middle age.
C) mid-20s.
D) mid-70s.

Question 13

Rotter developed the Internal-External (I-E)Scale to measure his concept of locus of control.Another scale to assess locus of control is the

A) Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External Scale.
B) Inventory of Internal-External Scale for Children.
C) Functional Analysis Scale of Internal-External Measures.
D) Personal Construct Locus of Control Scale.

Question 14

If Jim says he has the "luck of the Irish",his locus of control is probably

A) internal.
B) external.
C) extraverted.
D) Introverted.

Question 15

Those children in large single-parent families headed by women tended to have a(n)____ locus of control.

A) internal
B) external
C) reinforced
D) structured

Question 16

Research shows that people scoring ______ in internal academic locus of control were more likely to persist in online college programs than those _____ in internal academic locus of control.

A) wide/long
B) low/high
C) equal/equal
D) high/low

Question 17

Rotter assessed research participants with the use of

A) physiological observations.
B) achievement tests.
C) projective tests.
D) self-report inventories.

Question 18

More college students have been found to have an _______ rather than an ______ orientation of locus of control.

A) internal/external
B) external/internal
C) inner/outer
D) experiential/emotional

Question 19

In recent research,children whose mothers were depressed and had little education or income were likely to

A) have an extroverted personality
B) have an introverted personality.
C) develop an internal locus of control.
D) develop an external locus of control.

Question 20

People higher in internal locus of control experience less

A) injuries and accidents.
B) anxiety and depression.
C) rejection and correction.
D) wages and money.

Question 21

The concepts of Bandura's ____ and of Rotter's concept of ____ have a strong relationship,according to research.

A) self-esteem; self-concept
B) logical forms; reinforcement
C) self-control; parental control
D) self-efficacy; locus of control

Question 22

Those that have high rates of illicit sex,smoke cigarettes,and drink alcohol are probably

A) sensation seekers.
B) young children.
C) bankers and bookkeepers.
D) salespeople.

Question 23

Prosocial risk takers,such as police officers and firefighters,had significantly ____ scores for sensation seeking than for those who are identified as anti-social risk takers.

A) higher
B) better
C) lower
D) less

Question 24

According to Zuckerman,the need to seek release in uninhibited social activities is called

A) disinhibition.
B) distribution.
C) deterioration.
D) denial.

Question 25

Zuckerman used the ______________,a 40-item paper and pencil questionnaire,as his method of research.

A) Correlation Coefficient Scale
B) Scientific-Seeking Scale
C) Sensation Seeking Scale
D) Group Analysis Survey

Question 26

Zuckerman assessed his research with the use of

A) questionnaires.
B) multiple observations.
C) random sampling.
D) case studies.

Question 27

According to research on Zuckerman's theory of sensation seeking,those who experiment with drugs,alcohol,and marijuana use have ____ scores in comparison to those who do not take drugs or alcohol.

A) equal
B) lower
C) higher
D) variable

Question 28

_______ sensation-seeking scores correlate positively with extraversion,as described by Jung and measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.

A) Low
B) Equal
C) Equally-scored
D) High

Question 29

A condition resulting from the perception that we have no control over our environment is called

A) external locus of control.
B) negative self-image.
C) learned helplessness.
D) depression.

Question 30

On the Sensation Seeking Scale,college students scored __________ compared to those who did not attend college.

A) much lower
B) significantly lower
C) significantly higher
D) the same

Question 31

Zuckerman conducted research on a limited-domain aspect of personality called

A) bizarre behavior.
B) sensation seeking.
C) physiological excitement.
D) dangerousness.

Question 32

All of the following are examples of an internal locus of control except

A) a person's resistance to attempts to influence him or her.
B) good performance on laboratory tasks.
C) highly valuing one's skills and achievements.
D) having little belief in the possibility of controlling one's life.

Question 33

Asians scored ____ on the Sensation Seeking Scale for thrill seeking than did people in Western countries.

A) lower
B) the same
C) higher
D) extremely high

Question 34

According to Zuckerman,those who have a desire for intense experiences and have the willingness to take risks are probably

A) dependent personalities.
B) alcoholics.
C) sensitive people.
D) sensation seeking.

Question 35

According to Zuckerman,sensation seeking begins to ________ during the middle school years and then ______ in one's 20s.

A) halt/increase
B) increase/decrease
C) decrease/increase
D) decrease/halt

Question 36

According to Zuckerman's research,____ people are more inclined to seek adventure,risk,and novel experiences than ____ people.

A) older; younger
B) Asian, American Indian
C) happier; depressed
D) younger; older

Question 37

High scores on the Sensation Seeking Scale correlate strongly with other measures of ________ factors

A) autonomy.
B) variability.
C) validity.
D) personality.

Question 38

Zuckerman used the method of ____ to identify sensation seeking.

A) item analysis
B) factor analysis
C) statistical reduction
D) test-retest

Question 39

A person with an external locus of control would be likely to say

A) "If at first you don't succeed, try, try again."
B) "The early bird gets the worm."
C) "Winners don't quit and quitters don't win."
D) "You can't fight city hall."

Question 40

A person who has a job as a police officer or race-car driver,according to Zuckerman,is

A) experimenting with life.
B) ego-dystonic.
C) sensation seeking.
D) a catatonic schizophrenic.

Question 41

Research in Germany found the most important choices among life goals that related directly to happiness included the characteristics of one's partner,a healthy lifestyle,

A) a wonderful career, a great house, and a large bank account.
B) a modest amount of exercise, positive thinking, and loving pets.
C) a proper balance of work and leisure, and social involvement.
D) a lot of kids, contentment, and good hobbies.

Question 42

According to Seligman,a(n)____ explanatory style can prevent learned helplessness.

A) optimistic
B) pessimistic
C) radical
D) cyclical

Question 43

Julian Rotter was first interested in Skinner's ideas,and went on to become a behavioral theorist.

Question 44

Overall,people who do not have children report _______ happiness than people with children.People with __________ children are the least happy group.

A) greater/very young
B) lower/adolescent
C) the same amount of/adult
D) less/older

Question 45

The optimistic explanatory style varies the most across

A) age.
B) gender.
C) cultures.
D) families.

Question 46

People with an optimistic explanatory style tend to ___________ than people with a pessimistic explanatory style.

A) make more self-associations
B) have higher blood sugar levels
C) recover faster from some medical procedures
D) have more sensation-seeking abilities

Question 47

__________ were shown to develop stronger immune systems and to be more likely to recover from heart attacks.

A) Realists
B) Pessimists
C) Optimists
D) Wealthy adults

Question 48

__________ psychology deals with happiness,excellence,and optimal life functioning.

A) Optimistic
B) Positive
C) Powerful
D) Purposeful

Question 49

People who have a more ____________ lifestyle will recover more quickly from failure or negative life pressures,as they also experience less feelings of helplessness.

A) optimistic
B) exciting
C) depressed
D) pessimistic

Question 50

Which phrase is consistent with Seligman's theory of learned helplessness?

A) "The Lord willing and the creek don't rise, we'll have crops this year!"
B) "If they can't do anything about this, neither can I!"
C) "You are a fool to trust in others, they will always let you down!"
D) "A wise person does not go back to a wishing well that has no luck!"

Question 51

Learned helplessness has been found to be related to

A) restlessness.
B) depression.
C) excessive risk-taking.
D) a sense of well-being.

Question 52

If you are a person who expects good things to happen to you,then you are a

A) pessimist.
B) realist.
C) sensationalist.
D) optimist.

Question 53

Learned helplessness during infancy and early childhood can predispose us to a(n)

A) control-failure lifestyle.
B) internal locus of control.
C) low self-esteem life cycle.
D) pessimistic explanatory style.

Question 54

Seligman found that a feeling of having ____ control is related to learned helplessness.

A) total
B) greater
C) some
D) less

Question 55

Research shows that optimists are more likely to indulge in____ than pessimists.

A) gambling
B) alcohol use
C) shopping sprees
D) sparse school attendance

Question 56

Physical well-being is an important component of subjective well-being in ______ people.

A) younger
B) healthier
C) athletic
D) older

Question 57

Research shows that ______ and _____ may not have a strong relationship to happiness.

A) age/gender
B) race/cultural differences
C) wealth/poverty
D) intellect/education

Question 58

To Seligman,people with an optimistic explanatory style tend to

A) believe their own actions are of consequence when they are experiencing health problems.
B) believe their own actions will make no difference when they experience health problems.
C) believe others will come to their aid when they are experiencing health problems.
D) believe the same things as someone who has a pessimistic explanatory style.

Question 59

Elderly residents of a nursing home who were given greater choices in their daily lives

A) didn't know what to do with their freedom of choice.
B) showed no difference in their feelings of lethargy and their lack of motivation.
C) were happier and more physically active.
D) remained the same as before under the authority of the staff.

Question 60

In research,Japanese college students were found to be more ____ than American students.

A) optimistic
B) pessimistic
C) radical
D) cyclical

Question 61

Zuckerman's studies found that sensation seeking is primarily related to a conformist lifestyle.

Question 62

Compare and contrast Bandura's concept of self-efficacy and Rotter's concept of locus of control.Explain at least two ways they are similar and at least two ways they are dissimilar.

Question 63

Anti-social risk takers or adventurous risk takers score significantly higher than those identified as prosocial risk takers (police officers and firefighters).

Question 64

Internally-oriented people are more likely to engage in daydreams than those who are externally-oriented.

Question 65

Describe a real-life example (friend,family member,celebrity)of an adult who can be characterized as having an internal locus of control.Name at least five areas in which they display an internal locus of control.

Question 66

Learned helplessness is a condition resulting from the perception that we have no control over our environment.

Question 67

Those with an external locus of control think that other people,fate,or luck controls the rewards they receive.

Question 68

Zuckerman asserted that sensation seeking does decline with age.

Question 69

Zuckerman describes sensation seeking as the need for varied,novel,and complex sensations and experiences.

Question 70

In general,Asians were shown to be more internally oriented than Americans.

Question 71

Disinhibition is an aversion to repetitive experiences,routine work,and predictable people,and a reaction of restless discontent when exposed to such situations.

Question 72

Once the initial excitement has subsided,however,high sensation seekers usually continue the activities that gave them such high stimulation.

Question 73

Zuckerman used the method of the case study to identify four components of sensation seeking.

Question 74

According to Seligman,people who are optimistic tend to be healthier that those who are pessimistic.

Question 75

Positive psychology was advanced in the late 1990s by Zuckerman during his term as president of the American Psychological Association.

Question 76

Define and explain the intent behind the development of Seligman's learned helplessness.In your own opinion,why would this theory be important for the implications for a person's future?

Question 77

Women who have been physically abused tend to show an internal locus of control.

Question 78

A family member has recently moved to a nursing home and you are investigating the conditions and nursing personnel in this home.According to the theory of Seligman's learned helplessness,identify five things the personnel in this nursing home can do to help the family member exhibit enhanced social and emotional adjustment.